机载三通道干涉SAR/GMTI算法与实现方案研究
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摘要
本文对具有重要军事应用价值的机载三通道合成孔径雷达(SAR)地面动目标指示(GMTI)技术的基本原理、算法流程和实现方案进行了较为全面的研究。文中,特别针对存在未知通道幅相误差的情况,研究了四种通道误差校正方法,给实际系统条件下如何提高系统性能提供了有价值的参考。
第一章为绪论,概述了国内外机载雷达动目标指示技术的发展历程和研究现状,阐述了本文的研究意义和研究内容。
第二章建立了SAR目标回波模型,对目标运动引起的多普勒参数变化及其对SAR成像处理的影响进行了理论分析和点目标仿真验证,为后续研究杂波抑制干涉,实现动目标检测提供理论基础。
第三章研究了基于杂波抑制干涉处理的机载三通道SAR/GMTI的基本原理和算法流程,并结合点目标仿真数据验证了理想情况下算法的有效性,给出了动目标检测性能的定量分析结果。
第四章主要针对实际系统存在的各种通道幅相误差,以及校正算法进行了研究。通道间幅相误差是导致SAR/GMTI系统杂波抑制性能下降的一个主要因素,本章对导致通道幅相误差的各类因素进行了分析,并重点研究了四种通道均衡算法。这些方法分别在图像域以及两维频域对通道误差进行校正。文中通过仿真实验以及对实测数据的处理结果验证了这四种算法的有效性。
第五章推导了干涉SAR/GMTI技术对动目标的检测和定位性能,给出了三通道杂波抑制干涉SAR/GMTI方案的检测概率和定位误差等曲线,并进行了深入的仿真研究。
第六章对全文工作进行了总结,指出了有待进一步研究的问题。
In this thesis, the algorithm and implementation methodology for the three-channel airborne SAR/GMTI technique, which is of great value in military application, are studied in detail. Some methods are particularly analyzed in order to correct the unknown phase and amplitude errors among different channels which worsen the performance of a live system. The conclusions obtained from this research provide a valuable reference for improving the system performance under actual conditions.
Chapter 1 is the brief introduction. The history of SAR and GMTI technology are firstly outlined and then the background and main contents of this research are addressed.
Chapter 2 firstly investigates the signal model of moving targets echoes. Then, the impacts of Doppler parameters of moving target on the SAR imaging processing are discusses in detail. At last, the point-target simulation results are also given to validate and lay down the basis for the following studies.
In chapter 3, the realization flowchart for three-channel airborne SAR/GMTI radar based on the clutter suppression interferometry technique is firstly discussed. The point-target simulation then verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm in the case of an ideal condition. At last, the quantitative performance of moving target detection is also analyzed in the text.
In chapter 4, the phase and amplitude errors between different receiving channels which are considered to be primary factors worsening the performance of clutter suppression are discussed in detail, followed by the investigation of four calibtration algorithms. These algorithms calibrate various kinds of errors in different domains, i.e. image and 2D frequency domain. Simulation and experimental clutter suppression results are employed to verify the virtue of these algorithms.
Chapter 5 analyzes the performance of the above mentioned three-channel interferometric SAR/GMTI scheme according to the detection probability and the relocation accuracy for slowly moving targets. Detailed simulations of the three-channel SAR/GMTI are performed in the text.
In chapter 6, the work is concluded and the possible problems to be further researched are also pointed out.
第一章为绪论,概述了国内外机载雷达动目标指示技术的发展历程和研究现状,阐述了本文的研究意义和研究内容。
第二章建立了SAR目标回波模型,对目标运动引起的多普勒参数变化及其对SAR成像处理的影响进行了理论分析和点目标仿真验证,为后续研究杂波抑制干涉,实现动目标检测提供理论基础。
第三章研究了基于杂波抑制干涉处理的机载三通道SAR/GMTI的基本原理和算法流程,并结合点目标仿真数据验证了理想情况下算法的有效性,给出了动目标检测性能的定量分析结果。
第四章主要针对实际系统存在的各种通道幅相误差,以及校正算法进行了研究。通道间幅相误差是导致SAR/GMTI系统杂波抑制性能下降的一个主要因素,本章对导致通道幅相误差的各类因素进行了分析,并重点研究了四种通道均衡算法。这些方法分别在图像域以及两维频域对通道误差进行校正。文中通过仿真实验以及对实测数据的处理结果验证了这四种算法的有效性。
第五章推导了干涉SAR/GMTI技术对动目标的检测和定位性能,给出了三通道杂波抑制干涉SAR/GMTI方案的检测概率和定位误差等曲线,并进行了深入的仿真研究。
第六章对全文工作进行了总结,指出了有待进一步研究的问题。
In this thesis, the algorithm and implementation methodology for the three-channel airborne SAR/GMTI technique, which is of great value in military application, are studied in detail. Some methods are particularly analyzed in order to correct the unknown phase and amplitude errors among different channels which worsen the performance of a live system. The conclusions obtained from this research provide a valuable reference for improving the system performance under actual conditions.
Chapter 1 is the brief introduction. The history of SAR and GMTI technology are firstly outlined and then the background and main contents of this research are addressed.
Chapter 2 firstly investigates the signal model of moving targets echoes. Then, the impacts of Doppler parameters of moving target on the SAR imaging processing are discusses in detail. At last, the point-target simulation results are also given to validate and lay down the basis for the following studies.
In chapter 3, the realization flowchart for three-channel airborne SAR/GMTI radar based on the clutter suppression interferometry technique is firstly discussed. The point-target simulation then verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm in the case of an ideal condition. At last, the quantitative performance of moving target detection is also analyzed in the text.
In chapter 4, the phase and amplitude errors between different receiving channels which are considered to be primary factors worsening the performance of clutter suppression are discussed in detail, followed by the investigation of four calibtration algorithms. These algorithms calibrate various kinds of errors in different domains, i.e. image and 2D frequency domain. Simulation and experimental clutter suppression results are employed to verify the virtue of these algorithms.
Chapter 5 analyzes the performance of the above mentioned three-channel interferometric SAR/GMTI scheme according to the detection probability and the relocation accuracy for slowly moving targets. Detailed simulations of the three-channel SAR/GMTI are performed in the text.
In chapter 6, the work is concluded and the possible problems to be further researched are also pointed out.
引文
[2]丁鹭飞、耿富录,“雷达原理”[M].西安电子科技大学出版社.2006.
[3]J.C.Kirk,“Digital Synthetic Aperture Radar Technology”, IEEE International Radar Conforence.,1975.
[4]Carl Wiley,“Synthetic Aperture Radars”, IEEE Trans.on AES.,Vol.21,No.3,May 1985,pp: 440-443.
[5]J.C.Kirk,“Digital Synthetic Aperture Radar Technology”,IEEE International Radar Conf.,1975.
[6]保铮、刑孟道、王彤,“雷达成像技术”[M],北京:电子工业出版社,2005:3182319
[7]R.Klemmn,“Current Trends in SAR Technology-an overview of EUSAR’96”,CIE international Conf. of Radar Proc.,1996,pp:1-4.
[8]李春升、李景文,“空载合成孔径雷达技术及展望”,电子学报,Vol.23,No.10,Oct.1995
[9]E.F.Stockburger,D.N.Held,“Interferometric Moving Ground Target Imaging”,IEEE International Radar Conference,Alexandria Virginia,1995,438-443.
[10]S.T.Tsunoda,etal. ,“Lynx:Ahigh-resolution synthetic aperture radar”,SPIE Aerosense, Vol.3704,1999,pp:1-8.
[11]D.C.Schlcher,“MTI and pulsed Doppler Radar”,Boston:Artech House,1991.
[12]G.W.Stimson,“Introduction to Airborne Radar”, Scitech Pulishing,Inc.,1998.
[13]M.T.Fennel, R.P.Wishner,“Battlefield awareness via synergistic SAR and MTI exploitation”, IEEE AES system magazine,1998,13(2),39-45.
[14]王永良、陈建文、吴志文,“现代DPCA技术研究”[J].电子学报, 2000, 28(6): 118-121.
[15]L.Lightstone,et.al.“Multiple phase center DPCA for airborne radar”[A].Radar conference,1999’Proe of 1991 IEEE National [C].Boston,Massachusetts:IEEE,1999.36-40.
[16]Nohara.T.J.Comparison of DPCA and STAP for space-based radar [A].Radar Conference,1995 Record of the IEEE 1995 International[C].Washington D C,US:IEEE,1995.113-119.
[17]单世铎、赵拥军,“干涉合成孔径雷达(INSAR)复图像配准方法”.测绘学院学报, 2005, 22(2): 131-133. Shan Shi-duo and Zhao Yong-jun.“Coregistration of INSARComplex Image”. Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, 2005, 22(2): 131-133.
[18]E. Yadin,“A Performance Evaluation Model for a Two Port Interferometer SAR-MTI”[C], IEEE
[19]R. Klemm,“Principles of Space-Time Adaptive Processing”[M], London, U.K.: IEE Press, 2002
[20]J. ward,“Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Airborne Radar”[M], Technical Report ESC-94-109, Lincoln Laboratory, Dec. 1994
[21]Ender .J.H.G“Space-time Adaptive Processing for Multichannel Synthetic Aprture Radar”,IEE Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal ,February 1999 ,11 : (1) :29238.
[22]Ender .J.H.G,“The Airborne Experimental Multi-channel SARSystemAER-Ⅱ”,Proc.EUSAR’96.,Konigswinter,Germany,1996,pp:49-52
[23]Chen V.C., Lipps Ronald,Bottoms M.,“Radar Imaging of Ground Moving Targets”,2001 IEEE Radar Conference,pp,426-431.
[24]C.V.Jakowatz,et al.,“Spotlight-mode Synthetic Aperture Radar:A Signal Processing Approach”, Kluwer Academic Publishers,1996.
[25]W.G.Carrara,et al.,“Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Signal Processing Algorithms”Artech House,1995.
[26]李景文、李春升、周萌清,“三孔径INSAR动目标检测与成像”。电子学报,1999,27(6):pp40-43
[27]张景文,“合成孔径雷达动目标检测与成像”。北京航空航天大学博士学位论文,1999.
[28]朱岱寅、朱兆达,“机载干涉SAR/ISAR对地面慢动目标成像研究”。电子与信息学报,2003,25(5):pp85-591
[29]叶少华,“机载SAR原始数据成像处理和干涉SAR/GMTI技术研究”,博士学位论文,南京航空航天大学,2002.
[30]李琛,“聚束模式SAR大场景成像算法研究”[D].南京:南京航空航天大学,2005.
[31]康雪艳,“机载SAR地面运动目标检测成像技术研究”,博士学位论文,Jun.2003.
[32]何友、关键、彭应宇、陆大琻,“雷达自动检测和恒虚警处理”,清华大学出版社,1999,5.
[33]宁蔚、廖桂生,“机载雷达双天线时变误差情况的GMTI方法”[J] .系统工程与电子技术,2004,26(10):1381-1384 (Ning Wei , Liao Guisheng. GMTI for along-t rack dual-antenna airborne radar in case of pulse to pulse antenna error changes [J] .Systems Engineering and Elect ronics , 2004 ,26(10) :1381-1384.)
[34]张英、李景文,“基于DPCA的机载SAR/GMTI系统误差分析及补偿方法研究”[J] .电子学报,2003 , 31 (12) : 2031-2034.
[35]张红波、孙进平、毛士艺,“基于信号子空间处理的ATI误差校正方法”,系统工程与电子技术,2009,31(1)
[36]Yadin, E.,“Evaluation of Noise and Clutter Induced Relocation Errors in SAR MTI,”IEEE International Radar Conference RADAR-95, Alexandria VA, May 1995, pp 650-655
[37]杨贤林,“机载双通道SAR地面运动目标检测成像技术研究”,中国科学院电子研究所硕士论文,2005.
[38]Soumekh M. ,“Signal subspace fusion of uncalibrated sensors with application in SAR and diagnostic medicine”[J ] . IEEE Trans . on Image Processing . 1999 ,8 (1) : 1272137.
[39]Soumekh M , Himed B.“SAR/GMTI processing of muti-channel airborne radar measurement (MCARM) data”∥Radar Conf erence , Proceedings of IEEE , 2002 :24228.
[40]K.I.Ranny, M.Soumekh,“Signal subspace change detection in averaged multilook SAR imagery”, IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,Vol.44,NO.1,Jan.2006,pp:201-213.
[41]Ender J H.“The airborne experimental multi-channel SAR system AER-II”。1998 EUSAR Conf Proceedings , Konigswinter Germa- ny , 1998 , London : IEE , 1998 , pp:49 -52
[42]Sanyal.P.K., Perry.R.P., Zasada.D.M.,“Direct,Channel-to-Channel Clutter Cancellation (DC4)with Phase-Interferometry in Multi-Channel SAR for Detectiong Surface Moving Targets”. Hindawi Publishing Corporation EUSARIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing Volume 2008,Article ID 762505,11
[43]朱兆达、朱岱寅,“SAR/GMTI技术研究”,中国国防科学技术报告,2000年1月。
[44]林幼权等,“三孔径SAR-MTI系统性能分析”,系统工程和电子技术,Vol.22,No.10,2000,pp:38-70.
[45]E. Yadin,“A Performance Evaluation Model for a Two Port Interferometer SAR-MTI”[C], IEEE National Radar Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1996, pp:261-266.
[46]Schwabisch M,Geudtner D.“Improvement of phase and coherence map quality using azimuth prefiltering : Examples f rom ERS-1 and X-SAR”. 1995 Internal Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Firenze , Italy , 1995. New J ersey : IEEE , 1995 ,205-207.
[3]J.C.Kirk,“Digital Synthetic Aperture Radar Technology”, IEEE International Radar Conforence.,1975.
[4]Carl Wiley,“Synthetic Aperture Radars”, IEEE Trans.on AES.,Vol.21,No.3,May 1985,pp: 440-443.
[5]J.C.Kirk,“Digital Synthetic Aperture Radar Technology”,IEEE International Radar Conf.,1975.
[6]保铮、刑孟道、王彤,“雷达成像技术”[M],北京:电子工业出版社,2005:3182319
[7]R.Klemmn,“Current Trends in SAR Technology-an overview of EUSAR’96”,CIE international Conf. of Radar Proc.,1996,pp:1-4.
[8]李春升、李景文,“空载合成孔径雷达技术及展望”,电子学报,Vol.23,No.10,Oct.1995
[9]E.F.Stockburger,D.N.Held,“Interferometric Moving Ground Target Imaging”,IEEE International Radar Conference,Alexandria Virginia,1995,438-443.
[10]S.T.Tsunoda,etal. ,“Lynx:Ahigh-resolution synthetic aperture radar”,SPIE Aerosense, Vol.3704,1999,pp:1-8.
[11]D.C.Schlcher,“MTI and pulsed Doppler Radar”,Boston:Artech House,1991.
[12]G.W.Stimson,“Introduction to Airborne Radar”, Scitech Pulishing,Inc.,1998.
[13]M.T.Fennel, R.P.Wishner,“Battlefield awareness via synergistic SAR and MTI exploitation”, IEEE AES system magazine,1998,13(2),39-45.
[14]王永良、陈建文、吴志文,“现代DPCA技术研究”[J].电子学报, 2000, 28(6): 118-121.
[15]L.Lightstone,et.al.“Multiple phase center DPCA for airborne radar”[A].Radar conference,1999’Proe of 1991 IEEE National [C].Boston,Massachusetts:IEEE,1999.36-40.
[16]Nohara.T.J.Comparison of DPCA and STAP for space-based radar [A].Radar Conference,1995 Record of the IEEE 1995 International[C].Washington D C,US:IEEE,1995.113-119.
[17]单世铎、赵拥军,“干涉合成孔径雷达(INSAR)复图像配准方法”.测绘学院学报, 2005, 22(2): 131-133. Shan Shi-duo and Zhao Yong-jun.“Coregistration of INSARComplex Image”. Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, 2005, 22(2): 131-133.
[18]E. Yadin,“A Performance Evaluation Model for a Two Port Interferometer SAR-MTI”[C], IEEE
[19]R. Klemm,“Principles of Space-Time Adaptive Processing”[M], London, U.K.: IEE Press, 2002
[20]J. ward,“Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Airborne Radar”[M], Technical Report ESC-94-109, Lincoln Laboratory, Dec. 1994
[21]Ender .J.H.G“Space-time Adaptive Processing for Multichannel Synthetic Aprture Radar”,IEE Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal ,February 1999 ,11 : (1) :29238.
[22]Ender .J.H.G,“The Airborne Experimental Multi-channel SARSystemAER-Ⅱ”,Proc.EUSAR’96.,Konigswinter,Germany,1996,pp:49-52
[23]Chen V.C., Lipps Ronald,Bottoms M.,“Radar Imaging of Ground Moving Targets”,2001 IEEE Radar Conference,pp,426-431.
[24]C.V.Jakowatz,et al.,“Spotlight-mode Synthetic Aperture Radar:A Signal Processing Approach”, Kluwer Academic Publishers,1996.
[25]W.G.Carrara,et al.,“Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Signal Processing Algorithms”Artech House,1995.
[26]李景文、李春升、周萌清,“三孔径INSAR动目标检测与成像”。电子学报,1999,27(6):pp40-43
[27]张景文,“合成孔径雷达动目标检测与成像”。北京航空航天大学博士学位论文,1999.
[28]朱岱寅、朱兆达,“机载干涉SAR/ISAR对地面慢动目标成像研究”。电子与信息学报,2003,25(5):pp85-591
[29]叶少华,“机载SAR原始数据成像处理和干涉SAR/GMTI技术研究”,博士学位论文,南京航空航天大学,2002.
[30]李琛,“聚束模式SAR大场景成像算法研究”[D].南京:南京航空航天大学,2005.
[31]康雪艳,“机载SAR地面运动目标检测成像技术研究”,博士学位论文,Jun.2003.
[32]何友、关键、彭应宇、陆大琻,“雷达自动检测和恒虚警处理”,清华大学出版社,1999,5.
[33]宁蔚、廖桂生,“机载雷达双天线时变误差情况的GMTI方法”[J] .系统工程与电子技术,2004,26(10):1381-1384 (Ning Wei , Liao Guisheng. GMTI for along-t rack dual-antenna airborne radar in case of pulse to pulse antenna error changes [J] .Systems Engineering and Elect ronics , 2004 ,26(10) :1381-1384.)
[34]张英、李景文,“基于DPCA的机载SAR/GMTI系统误差分析及补偿方法研究”[J] .电子学报,2003 , 31 (12) : 2031-2034.
[35]张红波、孙进平、毛士艺,“基于信号子空间处理的ATI误差校正方法”,系统工程与电子技术,2009,31(1)
[36]Yadin, E.,“Evaluation of Noise and Clutter Induced Relocation Errors in SAR MTI,”IEEE International Radar Conference RADAR-95, Alexandria VA, May 1995, pp 650-655
[37]杨贤林,“机载双通道SAR地面运动目标检测成像技术研究”,中国科学院电子研究所硕士论文,2005.
[38]Soumekh M. ,“Signal subspace fusion of uncalibrated sensors with application in SAR and diagnostic medicine”[J ] . IEEE Trans . on Image Processing . 1999 ,8 (1) : 1272137.
[39]Soumekh M , Himed B.“SAR/GMTI processing of muti-channel airborne radar measurement (MCARM) data”∥Radar Conf erence , Proceedings of IEEE , 2002 :24228.
[40]K.I.Ranny, M.Soumekh,“Signal subspace change detection in averaged multilook SAR imagery”, IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,Vol.44,NO.1,Jan.2006,pp:201-213.
[41]Ender J H.“The airborne experimental multi-channel SAR system AER-II”。1998 EUSAR Conf Proceedings , Konigswinter Germa- ny , 1998 , London : IEE , 1998 , pp:49 -52
[42]Sanyal.P.K., Perry.R.P., Zasada.D.M.,“Direct,Channel-to-Channel Clutter Cancellation (DC4)with Phase-Interferometry in Multi-Channel SAR for Detectiong Surface Moving Targets”. Hindawi Publishing Corporation EUSARIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing Volume 2008,Article ID 762505,11
[43]朱兆达、朱岱寅,“SAR/GMTI技术研究”,中国国防科学技术报告,2000年1月。
[44]林幼权等,“三孔径SAR-MTI系统性能分析”,系统工程和电子技术,Vol.22,No.10,2000,pp:38-70.
[45]E. Yadin,“A Performance Evaluation Model for a Two Port Interferometer SAR-MTI”[C], IEEE National Radar Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1996, pp:261-266.
[46]Schwabisch M,Geudtner D.“Improvement of phase and coherence map quality using azimuth prefiltering : Examples f rom ERS-1 and X-SAR”. 1995 Internal Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Firenze , Italy , 1995. New J ersey : IEEE , 1995 ,205-207.