大面积采空区失稳的重大危险源辨识
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摘要
重大危险源辨识是重大事故预防和控制的第一步。大面积采空区失稳是典型的矿山重大危险源。由于问题的复杂性及研究不足等方面的原因,致使目前对该重大危险源的辨识尚缺乏系统科学的方法。因此,对大面积采空区失稳这一矿山重大危险源进行辨识研究十分必要。
论文研究与多个具体科研项目相结合。运用安全科学、岩石力学、人工智能、灰色系统和突变等理论,以及现场监测预报和数值模拟等技术手段,对大面积采空区失稳的灾害机理、辨识方法和重大危险源分级等问题进行了系统的研究。
主要研究内容有:从岩石力学角度对采空区围岩失稳机理进行了系统的分析和研究;从安全科学角度探讨了采空区围岩失稳的事故致因机理;将人工智能中的神经网络技术用于大面积采空区失稳辨识研究;结合国家科技攻关专题研究,探讨了现场监测基础上的危险源辨识方法;运用数值模拟计算技术对大面积采空区失稳危险源进行辨识研究;对大面积采空区失稳这一矿山重大危险源的危险性进行了分级研究。
研究取得的新进展如下:
(1) 首次对大面积采空区失稳的重大危险源辨识问题进行了系统研究。针对目前重大危险源和矿山重大危险源在概念及分类问题上存在的不明确或不准确现象,论文对二者重新进行了定义,并对矿山重大危险源进行了分类。
(2) 从大面积采空区失稳过程的阶段划分入手,对空区围岩失稳的蠕变特性进行了深入研究,以此为基础,采用组合模型方式建立了大面积空区围岩失稳的流变模型。在此,作者提出并使用了软化元件,从而能够方便地模拟岩体材料失稳时的加速蠕变特性。
(3) 以扰动起源论(即P理论)和能量转移论为基础,提出了岩体失稳灾害的扰动-能量转移事故致因模型,简称P-E模型,并认为该模型同样适用于矿山其它重大灾害事故原因的解释。
(4) 根据岩石材料声发射过程中存在凯塞效应这一内在特性,通过对大量现场观测资料的综合分析,提出了压力-位移-声发射3项观测结果之间存在的4种典型的耦合辨识模式。
(5) 根据开挖过程中能量释放率指标的突变情况,并参考岩体中的拉应力和剪应力情况,以及岩体屈服状况,对采区的极限暴露面积进行了确定。通过编写接口软件,读取有限元计算的结果,并计算能量释放率指标,克服了通用数值模拟计算软件一般不能计算能量释放率指标的缺陷。
It is the first step of major accidents prevention and control that major hazard sources identify. The instability of widespread mined-out area is a typical major hazard sources in mine. Because of complexity of the problem and shortage of the research, the identification of this major hazard source is presently short of scientific systematic methods. Therefore, the study of widespread mined-out area instability identification is necessary.The study was combined with several scientific research projects. Such problems as disaster mechanism of widespread mined-out area instability, identifing methods and grading of major hazard sources were studied in this thesis, using theories in relation to safety science, rock mechanics, artificial intelligence, grey system, catastrophe and so on, and using techniques with regard to in-situ monitoring and prediction, numerical simulation and the like.The main work are as below. From the angle of rock mechanics, systematic analysis and research on the mechanism of mined-out area wall rocks instability were carried out. From the angle of safety science, the accident-cause theories of mined-out area wall rocks instability were approached. Neural networks technique which is belong to artificial intelligence, was used to identify the situation of widespread mined-out area instability. Combined with national science and technology project, identification methods of hazard source based on in-situ monitoring were discussed. Numerical simulation method was used to identify hazard source of widespread mined-out area instability. Hazard grading with regard to widespread mined-out area instability, which is a major hazard source in mine, was conducted.The main developments in this thesis are as follows.(1) It is the first time to research into the identification problem of major hazard source concerning widespread mined-out area instability systematacially. In view of the situation that some concepts and classification of major hazard sources and those in mine are ambiguous or inaccurate at present, the author gave their new definitions and classification of major hazard sources in mine.(2 ) Starting with process partition of widespread mined-out area instability, the creep properties of mined-out area wall rocks instability were researched thoroughly, and based on this, rheological model of widespread mined-out area instability was set up in the mode of combined model. Softening element was herein put forward and used, therefore, the accelerative creep properties of rock materials could be simulated conveniently.(3) An accident-cause model of perturbation-energy transfer (P-E model for short) about rock masses instability was brought forward, based on both perturbation occurs theory and energy transfer theory. It is thought that the model fits for other major disastrous accidents in mines equally.(4) By means of comprehensive analysis on abundant observation data, four typical coupling identification modes among stress, displacement and acoustic emission 3 parameters, were put forward, according to Kaiser effect which is an intrinsic property existing in the
process of rock materials acoustic emission.(5) The limit exposed areas of mining zones were determined, according to the mutation conditions of energy release rate in the process of excavation mainly, and to the coditions of tensile stress, shear stress and rock masses yield. By means of programming interface software, the outcomes of finite element calculation could be get, and the index of energy release rate could be calculated, which solved the problem that general numerical simulation softwares can't do.(6) A method of aggregative index number to judge the unsafe condition of widespread mined-out area was put forward, on the basis of fully considering all sort of geologic factors and mining factors. The hazard of widespread mined-out area instability was divided into 4 levels in the method, and relevant aggregative index number was defined. It is a static classification method, and it has filled a gap of static classification method concerning widespread mined-out area instability.Through the study of this thesis, a set of perfecter identification theories and methods fitting for the major hazard source of widespread mined-out area instability were preliminary established, they will accelerate the study progress of other major hazard sources identification in mine, and advance the consummate of identification theories and standards of major hazard sources in our country. The study combined with projects, therefore, it not only has important theoretical meaning, but also has significant use value.
论文研究与多个具体科研项目相结合。运用安全科学、岩石力学、人工智能、灰色系统和突变等理论,以及现场监测预报和数值模拟等技术手段,对大面积采空区失稳的灾害机理、辨识方法和重大危险源分级等问题进行了系统的研究。
主要研究内容有:从岩石力学角度对采空区围岩失稳机理进行了系统的分析和研究;从安全科学角度探讨了采空区围岩失稳的事故致因机理;将人工智能中的神经网络技术用于大面积采空区失稳辨识研究;结合国家科技攻关专题研究,探讨了现场监测基础上的危险源辨识方法;运用数值模拟计算技术对大面积采空区失稳危险源进行辨识研究;对大面积采空区失稳这一矿山重大危险源的危险性进行了分级研究。
研究取得的新进展如下:
(1) 首次对大面积采空区失稳的重大危险源辨识问题进行了系统研究。针对目前重大危险源和矿山重大危险源在概念及分类问题上存在的不明确或不准确现象,论文对二者重新进行了定义,并对矿山重大危险源进行了分类。
(2) 从大面积采空区失稳过程的阶段划分入手,对空区围岩失稳的蠕变特性进行了深入研究,以此为基础,采用组合模型方式建立了大面积空区围岩失稳的流变模型。在此,作者提出并使用了软化元件,从而能够方便地模拟岩体材料失稳时的加速蠕变特性。
(3) 以扰动起源论(即P理论)和能量转移论为基础,提出了岩体失稳灾害的扰动-能量转移事故致因模型,简称P-E模型,并认为该模型同样适用于矿山其它重大灾害事故原因的解释。
(4) 根据岩石材料声发射过程中存在凯塞效应这一内在特性,通过对大量现场观测资料的综合分析,提出了压力-位移-声发射3项观测结果之间存在的4种典型的耦合辨识模式。
(5) 根据开挖过程中能量释放率指标的突变情况,并参考岩体中的拉应力和剪应力情况,以及岩体屈服状况,对采区的极限暴露面积进行了确定。通过编写接口软件,读取有限元计算的结果,并计算能量释放率指标,克服了通用数值模拟计算软件一般不能计算能量释放率指标的缺陷。
It is the first step of major accidents prevention and control that major hazard sources identify. The instability of widespread mined-out area is a typical major hazard sources in mine. Because of complexity of the problem and shortage of the research, the identification of this major hazard source is presently short of scientific systematic methods. Therefore, the study of widespread mined-out area instability identification is necessary.The study was combined with several scientific research projects. Such problems as disaster mechanism of widespread mined-out area instability, identifing methods and grading of major hazard sources were studied in this thesis, using theories in relation to safety science, rock mechanics, artificial intelligence, grey system, catastrophe and so on, and using techniques with regard to in-situ monitoring and prediction, numerical simulation and the like.The main work are as below. From the angle of rock mechanics, systematic analysis and research on the mechanism of mined-out area wall rocks instability were carried out. From the angle of safety science, the accident-cause theories of mined-out area wall rocks instability were approached. Neural networks technique which is belong to artificial intelligence, was used to identify the situation of widespread mined-out area instability. Combined with national science and technology project, identification methods of hazard source based on in-situ monitoring were discussed. Numerical simulation method was used to identify hazard source of widespread mined-out area instability. Hazard grading with regard to widespread mined-out area instability, which is a major hazard source in mine, was conducted.The main developments in this thesis are as follows.(1) It is the first time to research into the identification problem of major hazard source concerning widespread mined-out area instability systematacially. In view of the situation that some concepts and classification of major hazard sources and those in mine are ambiguous or inaccurate at present, the author gave their new definitions and classification of major hazard sources in mine.(2 ) Starting with process partition of widespread mined-out area instability, the creep properties of mined-out area wall rocks instability were researched thoroughly, and based on this, rheological model of widespread mined-out area instability was set up in the mode of combined model. Softening element was herein put forward and used, therefore, the accelerative creep properties of rock materials could be simulated conveniently.(3) An accident-cause model of perturbation-energy transfer (P-E model for short) about rock masses instability was brought forward, based on both perturbation occurs theory and energy transfer theory. It is thought that the model fits for other major disastrous accidents in mines equally.(4) By means of comprehensive analysis on abundant observation data, four typical coupling identification modes among stress, displacement and acoustic emission 3 parameters, were put forward, according to Kaiser effect which is an intrinsic property existing in the
process of rock materials acoustic emission.(5) The limit exposed areas of mining zones were determined, according to the mutation conditions of energy release rate in the process of excavation mainly, and to the coditions of tensile stress, shear stress and rock masses yield. By means of programming interface software, the outcomes of finite element calculation could be get, and the index of energy release rate could be calculated, which solved the problem that general numerical simulation softwares can't do.(6) A method of aggregative index number to judge the unsafe condition of widespread mined-out area was put forward, on the basis of fully considering all sort of geologic factors and mining factors. The hazard of widespread mined-out area instability was divided into 4 levels in the method, and relevant aggregative index number was defined. It is a static classification method, and it has filled a gap of static classification method concerning widespread mined-out area instability.Through the study of this thesis, a set of perfecter identification theories and methods fitting for the major hazard source of widespread mined-out area instability were preliminary established, they will accelerate the study progress of other major hazard sources identification in mine, and advance the consummate of identification theories and standards of major hazard sources in our country. The study combined with projects, therefore, it not only has important theoretical meaning, but also has significant use value.
引文
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