山地生态人居小区水循环系统的研究
|
摘要
生态人居小区水循环系统在设计过程中要遵循可持续发展和系统论的思想，山地生态人居小区是生态人居小区的一个类型。由于山地生态人居小区具有地形高差大、地貌多样化、给水排水不方便等特点，有必要引入“循环”的理念，扬长避短，建造既经济，又高度节约水资源的山地生态人居小区水循环系统。
研究山地生态人居小区水循环系统重点是在保证系统经济性的前提下，研究雨水和中水的收集、处理和回用。本文研究的主要内容包括建立山地生态人居小区雨水径流量的方程、中水与雨水联合处理系统方案优选、中水与雨水联合处理系统优化规划等问题，最后通过实例分析说明山地生态人居小区水循环系统的设计与计算。
山地生态人居小区由于地形高差很大，自然的形成了以住宅楼为中心的小的雨水汇流区域，此外，汇流介质的多样化，都使得按照平原、丘陵地区雨量的计算方法会给雨水径流量计算带来较大的误差。本文分析比较了国外的多种计算雨水径流量的方法，确定利用SCS法建立山地生态人居小区地面雨水径流量的方程：考虑屋面材料特性、山地城市不同季节的降雨特征和初期降雨弃流的需要，建立山地生态人居小区屋面雨水径流可利用雨量的方程。
山地生态人居小区中水与雨水联合处理技术的方案选用是一个很关键的问题，关系到整个水循环系统的经济性，是本文研究的重点。山地生态人居小区中水与雨水联合处理技术的方案优选是一个系统工程，属于多目标决策的问题，涉及到对技术指标、经济指标和管理指标的综合权衡。本文分析比较了工艺流程方案优选的多种方法的优缺点，决定采用物元分析法与层次分析法相结合的方法进行中水与雨水联合处理技术的方案优选，最终确定土壤毛管渗滤处理系统是适用于山地生态人居小区中水与雨水联合处理的最佳技术。
进行山地生态人居小区中水与雨水联合处理系统的优化规划，首先是通过系统分析判明系统的发展、控制及调整的方向，然后在系统分析的基础上进行中水系统规划的优化，主要是建立中水与雨水联合处理系统年成本优化的非线形规划。本文应用整体性原理、结构性原理、相关性原理和动态性原理进行中水与雨水联合处理系统的系统分析；借鉴相关费用模型建立中水与雨水联合处理系统的费用模型，以水质水量为约束条件，建立中水与雨水联合处理系统年成本优化的非线形规划。
重庆大学硕士学位论文
中文摘要
最后，本文以重庆某生态人居小区为例，通过对其中水量与雨水径流量计算、
土壤毛管渗滤处理系统规模的计算、中水与雨水联合处理系统年成本最优化非线
形规划的建立和用Log。软件的求解等来说明山地生态人居小区水循环系统的设计
与计算。
关键词:山地生态人居小区，中水与雨水联合处理技术，土壤毛管渗滤处理系统
During the course of the design of the circulating system of eco-residential sub-district, it is necessary to abide by the idea of sustainable development and systematic theory., while mountainous eco-residential sub-district is a type of it. Due to the characteristic of great difference in the landform height, the diversity of the physiognomy and the discommodiousness of water supplying and discharging etc., it is necessary to introduce the idea of "circulation", as well as exert merits and abstain demerits, so as to build a water circulating system of economic and water-saving.On the premise of the economics of the system, the emphasizes of the research into water circulating system of mountainous eco-residential sub-district is the collection, treatment and reusing of the reclaimed water and rainwater. The main contents of the thesis consist of the erectness of the equation of mountainous eco-residential sub-district, the optimal choice of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater, the optimal design of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater etc. Finally , the thesis explains the design and calculation of the water circulating system of mountainous eco-residential sub-district by an example.In mountainous eco-residential sub-district, many accordant junction conflux areas form naturally, because of the great difference of the landform height. Besides, the medium of accordant junction conflux is diversified. All these would bring about big errors in the calculation of the runoff if the calculating method of plain and upland is adopted. The thesis analyzes various methods of abroad in calculating runoff and makes sure to erect the ground runoff equation of mountainous eco-residential sub-district, using the method of SCS. Following, the roof runoff equation of mountainous eco-residential sub-district is erected, in consideration of the characteristic of roof material, the rainfall characteristic of different seasons.The choice of the united treatment technology of the reclaimed water and rainwater project, which is connected with the economics of the whole water circulating system, is a key problem and also the emphases of the thesis. The optimal choice of the united treatment technology of the reclaimed water and rainwater project, which is related to the integrated measurement of economical index, technological and administrative index, is a system engineering and belong to multi-object decision-making. Base on the analysis of the merits and demerits of the optimal choice of projects , the thesis adopts
the combination method of the analytic hierarchy process and matter-element analysis. And the capillary percolation system is assured as the optimal technology of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater.The optimal design of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater, in the first stage, is to distinguish the direction of the development, control and adjustment by system analysis. Then to optimize the design of the reclaimed water system, on the base of system analysis, I erect the annual cost none-linear design of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater. The thesis analyzes the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater by the use of the principle of integration, structure, relevance and motion; and also taking the water quality and quantity as limiting condition, the annual cost none-linear design of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater is erected.At last, the thesis takes an eco-residential sub-district in Chongqing as example, and explain the design and calculation of water circulating system of mountainous eco-residential sub-district, through the calculation of the reclaimed water and runoff, the dimensional calculation of the soil capillary percolation system, the annual cost none-linear design of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater, as well as the use of software Logo.
研究山地生态人居小区水循环系统重点是在保证系统经济性的前提下，研究雨水和中水的收集、处理和回用。本文研究的主要内容包括建立山地生态人居小区雨水径流量的方程、中水与雨水联合处理系统方案优选、中水与雨水联合处理系统优化规划等问题，最后通过实例分析说明山地生态人居小区水循环系统的设计与计算。
山地生态人居小区由于地形高差很大，自然的形成了以住宅楼为中心的小的雨水汇流区域，此外，汇流介质的多样化，都使得按照平原、丘陵地区雨量的计算方法会给雨水径流量计算带来较大的误差。本文分析比较了国外的多种计算雨水径流量的方法，确定利用SCS法建立山地生态人居小区地面雨水径流量的方程：考虑屋面材料特性、山地城市不同季节的降雨特征和初期降雨弃流的需要，建立山地生态人居小区屋面雨水径流可利用雨量的方程。
山地生态人居小区中水与雨水联合处理技术的方案选用是一个很关键的问题，关系到整个水循环系统的经济性，是本文研究的重点。山地生态人居小区中水与雨水联合处理技术的方案优选是一个系统工程，属于多目标决策的问题，涉及到对技术指标、经济指标和管理指标的综合权衡。本文分析比较了工艺流程方案优选的多种方法的优缺点，决定采用物元分析法与层次分析法相结合的方法进行中水与雨水联合处理技术的方案优选，最终确定土壤毛管渗滤处理系统是适用于山地生态人居小区中水与雨水联合处理的最佳技术。
进行山地生态人居小区中水与雨水联合处理系统的优化规划，首先是通过系统分析判明系统的发展、控制及调整的方向，然后在系统分析的基础上进行中水系统规划的优化，主要是建立中水与雨水联合处理系统年成本优化的非线形规划。本文应用整体性原理、结构性原理、相关性原理和动态性原理进行中水与雨水联合处理系统的系统分析；借鉴相关费用模型建立中水与雨水联合处理系统的费用模型，以水质水量为约束条件，建立中水与雨水联合处理系统年成本优化的非线形规划。
重庆大学硕士学位论文
中文摘要
最后，本文以重庆某生态人居小区为例，通过对其中水量与雨水径流量计算、
土壤毛管渗滤处理系统规模的计算、中水与雨水联合处理系统年成本最优化非线
形规划的建立和用Log。软件的求解等来说明山地生态人居小区水循环系统的设计
与计算。
关键词:山地生态人居小区，中水与雨水联合处理技术，土壤毛管渗滤处理系统
During the course of the design of the circulating system of eco-residential sub-district, it is necessary to abide by the idea of sustainable development and systematic theory., while mountainous eco-residential sub-district is a type of it. Due to the characteristic of great difference in the landform height, the diversity of the physiognomy and the discommodiousness of water supplying and discharging etc., it is necessary to introduce the idea of "circulation", as well as exert merits and abstain demerits, so as to build a water circulating system of economic and water-saving.On the premise of the economics of the system, the emphasizes of the research into water circulating system of mountainous eco-residential sub-district is the collection, treatment and reusing of the reclaimed water and rainwater. The main contents of the thesis consist of the erectness of the equation of mountainous eco-residential sub-district, the optimal choice of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater, the optimal design of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater etc. Finally , the thesis explains the design and calculation of the water circulating system of mountainous eco-residential sub-district by an example.In mountainous eco-residential sub-district, many accordant junction conflux areas form naturally, because of the great difference of the landform height. Besides, the medium of accordant junction conflux is diversified. All these would bring about big errors in the calculation of the runoff if the calculating method of plain and upland is adopted. The thesis analyzes various methods of abroad in calculating runoff and makes sure to erect the ground runoff equation of mountainous eco-residential sub-district, using the method of SCS. Following, the roof runoff equation of mountainous eco-residential sub-district is erected, in consideration of the characteristic of roof material, the rainfall characteristic of different seasons.The choice of the united treatment technology of the reclaimed water and rainwater project, which is connected with the economics of the whole water circulating system, is a key problem and also the emphases of the thesis. The optimal choice of the united treatment technology of the reclaimed water and rainwater project, which is related to the integrated measurement of economical index, technological and administrative index, is a system engineering and belong to multi-object decision-making. Base on the analysis of the merits and demerits of the optimal choice of projects , the thesis adopts
the combination method of the analytic hierarchy process and matter-element analysis. And the capillary percolation system is assured as the optimal technology of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater.The optimal design of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater, in the first stage, is to distinguish the direction of the development, control and adjustment by system analysis. Then to optimize the design of the reclaimed water system, on the base of system analysis, I erect the annual cost none-linear design of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater. The thesis analyzes the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater by the use of the principle of integration, structure, relevance and motion; and also taking the water quality and quantity as limiting condition, the annual cost none-linear design of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater is erected.At last, the thesis takes an eco-residential sub-district in Chongqing as example, and explain the design and calculation of water circulating system of mountainous eco-residential sub-district, through the calculation of the reclaimed water and runoff, the dimensional calculation of the soil capillary percolation system, the annual cost none-linear design of the united system of the reclaimed water and rainwater, as well as the use of software Logo.
引文
[1] 车武，李俊其等．现代城市雨水利用体系．北京水利，2003，3：17-18
[2] 宋序彤．生态卫生(排水)系统国内外发展比较．给水排水，2003，10(29)：61-66
[3] 中外节水典型案例．北京：化学工业出版社．2003
[4] 邓风，陈卫．居住小区雨水湿地净化及回用分析．南京建筑工程学院学报．2002，3(12)：28-32
[5] 金兆丰，徐竟成．城市污水回用技术手册[M]．北京：化学出版社，2004，53
[6] 余建新等．雨水在城市房屋建筑设计中的利用．建筑技术开发，2000，5(27)：23-25
[7] 李丽鹃等．城市雨水利用的潜力与对策．雨水利用与水资源利用研究[M]．北京：水利出版社，2002．11-15
[8] Ogashi M, Suzuku Y, Asana T. Non-potable water reuse. Water 21, June, 2000, 30
[9] 汪慧珍，欧岚．建筑小区雨水系统的土壤渗透净化．环境污染与防治，2003，3(26)：176-179
[10] 车武，欧岚．北京城区雨水径流水质及其影响因素．环境污染治理技术与设备，2002，3(1)：32-37
[11] Asano. T, Maeda. M and Takaki. M. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Japan: Overview and Implementation Examples. Wat. Sci. Tech. 1996(11): 219-226
[12] Stephenson. T. (1997). Water Supply the Grey Areas. Water and Environmental Management. 1997, 7 (1): 10-14
[13] Fittschen. I. Etc. Experiances with Dry Sanitation and Greywater Treatment in the Ecovillage. Wat. Sci. Tech. 1997(3): 311-315
[14] Jepensen. B. Domestic Greywater Reuse: Australia Callenge for the Future. Desalation. 1996(3): 3-7
[15] Butler. D. Influence of Dwelling Occupancy and Day of the Week on Domestic Appliance. Building and Environment. 1998(1): 73-79
[16] Michael A. Humphreys, J. Jergus Nicol. Understanding the Adaptive Approach to Thermal Comfort. ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS, 1998, 104(part 1B): 991-1004
[17] Law(2000). Cost Analysis and Stormwater Financing Review Presented to the Clean Water Initiative Task Force, in Coordinating with the Atlanta Region Commission and the Georgia Environmental Protection Division
[18] 夏云等．生态可持续发展建筑．[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2001
[19] 张智等．重庆主城区居民生活用水状况研究．给水排水，2002，10(28)：30-33．
[20] 重庆治污．21世纪经济报道．2003，6
[21] D Barnes etc. Water and wastewater Engineering Systems. London: The Pitman Press
[22] W. F. Gveiger. Cvombined Sewer Overflow Tvreatment-Knowledge or Treatment-Knowledge or speculation. IAWQ 19~(th) Biennial International Conference. Vancouver. CANDA, 1998
[23] Bruce Ferguson, Thomas N. Debo. On-site Stormwater Management: Application for Landscape and Engineering(Second Edition)
[24] 周玉文，赵洪宾．排水管网理论与计算．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002
[25] John B. Stall & Michael L.Tertriep. Storm Sewer Design——An Ealuation of the RRL Method. EPA-R2-72-068. 1972
[26] Warren Viessman, Sr. Introduction to Hydrology, second edition. Happer and Row Publishers Inc
[27] 重庆市统计年鉴，1998-2003
[28] Robert. A. Carbitt. Standbook of Environment Engineering (Second Edition) 1998, R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company
[29] [学位论文]许俊鸽．重庆地区建筑中水的应用研究．2004，4
[30] 王莲芬，许树柏．层次分析法引论．[M]．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1989，2-3
[31] 侯克复．环境系统工程[M]．北京：北京理工大学出版社
[32] 严乐军．模糊综合评判法在节水灌溉项目投资决策中的应用[J]．节水灌溉，2000(4)：11-13
[33] 肖芳淳．优选油气田开发方案的模糊物元分析[J]．石油勘探与开发，1997，24(2)：84～87
[34] 张斌，雍歧东，肖芳淳．模糊物元分析[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1997
[35] 蔡文．物元模型及其应用[M]．北京：科学技术文献出版社，1994
[36] 陈忠等．重庆市降水量的时空分布．四川师范大学学报．2003，2(24)：171-175
[37] 龙腾锐等．重庆市水资源及水环境背景．重庆环境科学．1994，3(16)：1-4
[38] 王宝贞，王琳．水污染治理新技术——新工艺、新概念、新理论．北京：科学出版社，2004
[39] 周百兴，徐渝．重庆的酸雨问题及其对策．重庆环境科学．1996，2(18)：1-4
[40] 范懋功．浮动生物载体在建筑中水处理系统中的应用．给水排水．1999，7(25)：45-47
[41] USEPA. Wastewater Treatment and Disposal for Small Communities, EPA 625R92005, 1992
[42] 冯翠敏，张雅君．北京市两种中水处理工艺的成本分析．北京建筑工程学院学报．2003，2(19)：23-26
[43] Cameron. k. c. Is Soil an Appropriate Dumping Ground for Our Wastes. J. Soil Res., 1997, 6: 109-116
[44] 潘峰．等．基于AHP的模糊物元模型在节水灌溉工程评标中的应用．中国农村水利水电．2002，10：6-9
[45] Baveye. p. Vandevivere. p., et al. Environmental Impact and Mechanisms of the Biological Clogging of Saturated Soils and Aquifer Materials. Critical Rev. Environ. Sci. Tech., 1998, 28: 123-191
[46] 高拯民，李宪法．城市污水土地处理利用手册．北京：中国标准出版社，1991
[47] 张统．CAST工艺处理小区生活污水及中水回用．给水排水．2001，7(27)：64-66
[48] 许吉现等．住宅小区中水回用系统技术经济分析．河北建筑科技学院学报．2003，3(20)：15-20
[49] 彭艳梅，王雪波．楚雄市污水土地处理系统的处理效果分析．楚雄师范学院学报．2003，3(17)：77-80
[50] 周海东等．二段生物接触氧化法处理生活污水．环境工程．2002，1(21)：13-15
[51] 田宁宁等．土壤毛细管渗滤处理生活污水．中国给水排水．2000，5(21)：12-15
[52] 许吉现等．循环活性污泥法在中水回用领域的应用．环境导报．2002，6(18)：13-14
[53] 杨继贤等．生物接触氧化法在矿区生活污水处理中的应用．能源环境保护．2003，3(17)：16-18
[54] 刘长松，周春生．生物转盘特性与数学模式的研究．环境科学与动态．1994，2(65)：10-14
[55] 汪应洛．系统工程．北京：机械工业出版社，1994
[56] A. P. Sage. Systems Engineering. N. Y. Johns Wiley & Son inc, 1992
[57] M. Zelemy. Multiple Criteria Decision Making. N. Y. Mcgraw Hill, 1982
[58] 汪应洛．系统工程理论方法与应用．北京：高等教育出版社，1992
[59] John A. Peare Ⅱ. Richard B. Robinson. Jr. Strategic Management, 1982
[60] 重庆市气象局气象资料
[61] 杨丽萍等．土壤毛管渗滤污水净化绿地利用研究．城市环境与城市生态．1999，3(12)，4-8
[62] 邬扬善．北京市中水设施的成本效益分析．给水排水，1996，4(22)：31-33
[2] 宋序彤．生态卫生(排水)系统国内外发展比较．给水排水，2003，10(29)：61-66
[3] 中外节水典型案例．北京：化学工业出版社．2003
[4] 邓风，陈卫．居住小区雨水湿地净化及回用分析．南京建筑工程学院学报．2002，3(12)：28-32
[5] 金兆丰，徐竟成．城市污水回用技术手册[M]．北京：化学出版社，2004，53
[6] 余建新等．雨水在城市房屋建筑设计中的利用．建筑技术开发，2000，5(27)：23-25
[7] 李丽鹃等．城市雨水利用的潜力与对策．雨水利用与水资源利用研究[M]．北京：水利出版社，2002．11-15
[8] Ogashi M, Suzuku Y, Asana T. Non-potable water reuse. Water 21, June, 2000, 30
[9] 汪慧珍，欧岚．建筑小区雨水系统的土壤渗透净化．环境污染与防治，2003，3(26)：176-179
[10] 车武，欧岚．北京城区雨水径流水质及其影响因素．环境污染治理技术与设备，2002，3(1)：32-37
[11] Asano. T, Maeda. M and Takaki. M. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Japan: Overview and Implementation Examples. Wat. Sci. Tech. 1996(11): 219-226
[12] Stephenson. T. (1997). Water Supply the Grey Areas. Water and Environmental Management. 1997, 7 (1): 10-14
[13] Fittschen. I. Etc. Experiances with Dry Sanitation and Greywater Treatment in the Ecovillage. Wat. Sci. Tech. 1997(3): 311-315
[14] Jepensen. B. Domestic Greywater Reuse: Australia Callenge for the Future. Desalation. 1996(3): 3-7
[15] Butler. D. Influence of Dwelling Occupancy and Day of the Week on Domestic Appliance. Building and Environment. 1998(1): 73-79
[16] Michael A. Humphreys, J. Jergus Nicol. Understanding the Adaptive Approach to Thermal Comfort. ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS, 1998, 104(part 1B): 991-1004
[17] Law(2000). Cost Analysis and Stormwater Financing Review Presented to the Clean Water Initiative Task Force, in Coordinating with the Atlanta Region Commission and the Georgia Environmental Protection Division
[18] 夏云等．生态可持续发展建筑．[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2001
[19] 张智等．重庆主城区居民生活用水状况研究．给水排水，2002，10(28)：30-33．
[20] 重庆治污．21世纪经济报道．2003，6
[21] D Barnes etc. Water and wastewater Engineering Systems. London: The Pitman Press
[22] W. F. Gveiger. Cvombined Sewer Overflow Tvreatment-Knowledge or Treatment-Knowledge or speculation. IAWQ 19~(th) Biennial International Conference. Vancouver. CANDA, 1998
[23] Bruce Ferguson, Thomas N. Debo. On-site Stormwater Management: Application for Landscape and Engineering(Second Edition)
[24] 周玉文，赵洪宾．排水管网理论与计算．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002
[25] John B. Stall & Michael L.Tertriep. Storm Sewer Design——An Ealuation of the RRL Method. EPA-R2-72-068. 1972
[26] Warren Viessman, Sr. Introduction to Hydrology, second edition. Happer and Row Publishers Inc
[27] 重庆市统计年鉴，1998-2003
[28] Robert. A. Carbitt. Standbook of Environment Engineering (Second Edition) 1998, R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company
[29] [学位论文]许俊鸽．重庆地区建筑中水的应用研究．2004，4
[30] 王莲芬，许树柏．层次分析法引论．[M]．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1989，2-3
[31] 侯克复．环境系统工程[M]．北京：北京理工大学出版社
[32] 严乐军．模糊综合评判法在节水灌溉项目投资决策中的应用[J]．节水灌溉，2000(4)：11-13
[33] 肖芳淳．优选油气田开发方案的模糊物元分析[J]．石油勘探与开发，1997，24(2)：84～87
[34] 张斌，雍歧东，肖芳淳．模糊物元分析[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1997
[35] 蔡文．物元模型及其应用[M]．北京：科学技术文献出版社，1994
[36] 陈忠等．重庆市降水量的时空分布．四川师范大学学报．2003，2(24)：171-175
[37] 龙腾锐等．重庆市水资源及水环境背景．重庆环境科学．1994，3(16)：1-4
[38] 王宝贞，王琳．水污染治理新技术——新工艺、新概念、新理论．北京：科学出版社，2004
[39] 周百兴，徐渝．重庆的酸雨问题及其对策．重庆环境科学．1996，2(18)：1-4
[40] 范懋功．浮动生物载体在建筑中水处理系统中的应用．给水排水．1999，7(25)：45-47
[41] USEPA. Wastewater Treatment and Disposal for Small Communities, EPA 625R92005, 1992
[42] 冯翠敏，张雅君．北京市两种中水处理工艺的成本分析．北京建筑工程学院学报．2003，2(19)：23-26
[43] Cameron. k. c. Is Soil an Appropriate Dumping Ground for Our Wastes. J. Soil Res., 1997, 6: 109-116
[44] 潘峰．等．基于AHP的模糊物元模型在节水灌溉工程评标中的应用．中国农村水利水电．2002，10：6-9
[45] Baveye. p. Vandevivere. p., et al. Environmental Impact and Mechanisms of the Biological Clogging of Saturated Soils and Aquifer Materials. Critical Rev. Environ. Sci. Tech., 1998, 28: 123-191
[46] 高拯民，李宪法．城市污水土地处理利用手册．北京：中国标准出版社，1991
[47] 张统．CAST工艺处理小区生活污水及中水回用．给水排水．2001，7(27)：64-66
[48] 许吉现等．住宅小区中水回用系统技术经济分析．河北建筑科技学院学报．2003，3(20)：15-20
[49] 彭艳梅，王雪波．楚雄市污水土地处理系统的处理效果分析．楚雄师范学院学报．2003，3(17)：77-80
[50] 周海东等．二段生物接触氧化法处理生活污水．环境工程．2002，1(21)：13-15
[51] 田宁宁等．土壤毛细管渗滤处理生活污水．中国给水排水．2000，5(21)：12-15
[52] 许吉现等．循环活性污泥法在中水回用领域的应用．环境导报．2002，6(18)：13-14
[53] 杨继贤等．生物接触氧化法在矿区生活污水处理中的应用．能源环境保护．2003，3(17)：16-18
[54] 刘长松，周春生．生物转盘特性与数学模式的研究．环境科学与动态．1994，2(65)：10-14
[55] 汪应洛．系统工程．北京：机械工业出版社，1994
[56] A. P. Sage. Systems Engineering. N. Y. Johns Wiley & Son inc, 1992
[57] M. Zelemy. Multiple Criteria Decision Making. N. Y. Mcgraw Hill, 1982
[58] 汪应洛．系统工程理论方法与应用．北京：高等教育出版社，1992
[59] John A. Peare Ⅱ. Richard B. Robinson. Jr. Strategic Management, 1982
[60] 重庆市气象局气象资料
[61] 杨丽萍等．土壤毛管渗滤污水净化绿地利用研究．城市环境与城市生态．1999，3(12)，4-8
[62] 邬扬善．北京市中水设施的成本效益分析．给水排水，1996，4(22)：31-33