基于OSG的三维不规则军标地形匹配应用研究
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摘要
随着时代的发展,战争类型已经由单一的陆地战演变到了陆海空天一体的信息化战争?为了能够使指挥人员更好的进行作战规划和制定决策,通常在实战演习之前需要对一次想定作战进行推演,通过可视化的方式来展现战场态势演化的情况?在作战态势推演中如何将整个战场态势合理逼真的可视化出来便成了当前研究的热点问题?二维态势可视化和三维态势可视化是战场态势可视化的主要组成部分,而在三维态势可视化中主要涉及到三维军标标绘生成以及场景匹配等关键技术?
本文以国防预研项目为背景,结合参与XXX战场环境建模与仿真等项目实践的基础上,对三维军标标绘生成?场景匹配和沟堑类动态军标生成等关键技术进行了研究与创新,并对某战场态势推演系统的结构进行了改进,同时将其应用到某空天三维态势感知软件的设计与实现中?具体的研究工作有:
1.研究了不规则军标的标绘生成算法?以进攻箭标为例,本文提出了一种过控制点的B样条不规则军标标绘方法,在三维场景中进行直接标绘并生成三维不规则军标?对于不同类型的不规则军标需要分析并选择合适的控制点进行标绘,该方法提高对不规则军标标绘的方便性和编辑的灵活性?
2.研究了不规则军标与地形的匹配算法?本文提出了一种基于控制点简化的不规则军标地形匹配算法,该算法通过对高程曲线求取极值点和拐点从而获取不规则军标的初始控制点,并采用特定的合并算法减少控制点到预设的最终控制点的个数?通过控制最终控制点的个数可以调整不规则军标与地形匹配的精细程度?该方法适用于那些不需要精确匹配的态势要素,该方法在一定程度上提升了匹配的速度和效果?
3.研究了沟堑类动态军标的生成方法?本文通过借鉴动态地形的研究方法,提出了一种基于约束Delaunay三角剖分的沟堑类动态军标的生成方法?通过沟堑?筑墙和修建道路三种动态军标的实验,分析了该方法的可行性以及存在的不足?
4.研究了态势推演系统的相关结构?在某战场态势建模与仿真预研项目实践的基础上,本文对一种态势推演结构进行了改进,并将其应用在某三维态势感知系统的设计与实现中,通过该应用进一步验证了该改进的态势推演结构的可行性?
The current battle has evolved from the land into the space informational warfare. In order to make proper battlefield planning and command decisions in the way of visualization, combat situation demonstrating is always used before fighting to show the evolutive situation of battlefield. How to visualize the battlefield reasonably has become a hot topic in the current research field. The visualization of the combat situation includes 2D visualization and 3D visualization. Military symbol marking and scene matching are the key technologies to the visualization of the 3D combat situation.
Based on the background of defense pre-research project, this dissertation includes the research and innovation on the key technologies of 3D military symbol real-time rendering, scene matching and trench dynamic military symbol generation. A combat situation demonstrating system is improved and designed and it has been applicated to 3D space situational awareness software system. Definite research work is below:
1. The research on the marking algorithm of 3D irregular military symbol. This thesis provides an algorithm for arrow symbols marking based on certain control points. This method improves the plotting facility and editing flexibility of the irregular military symbol.
2. The research on the irregular military symbol and terrain matching algorithm. A terrain matching method for irregular military symbols based on the simplification of control points is proposed in this paper. This method is suitable for situation elements that do not have to match the scene accurately. The method can accelerate the matching speed and effectiveness to some extents.
3. The research on the generation algorithm of trench dynamic military symbol. By study and reference the dynamic terrain research, a method is proposed for the generation of the trench dynamic military based on the constrained Delaunay triangulation. Through the experiment on the generation of the trench military, the feasibility of this method is verified.
4. The research on the architecture of the combat situation demonstrating system. Based on the practice of the project XXX battlefield situation modeling and simulation, the situation demonstring system architecture has been improved based on the battle simulation system. This improved architecture has been applicated to a 3D space situational awareness software system. This application has verified the feasibility of the improved architecture.
本文以国防预研项目为背景,结合参与XXX战场环境建模与仿真等项目实践的基础上,对三维军标标绘生成?场景匹配和沟堑类动态军标生成等关键技术进行了研究与创新,并对某战场态势推演系统的结构进行了改进,同时将其应用到某空天三维态势感知软件的设计与实现中?具体的研究工作有:
1.研究了不规则军标的标绘生成算法?以进攻箭标为例,本文提出了一种过控制点的B样条不规则军标标绘方法,在三维场景中进行直接标绘并生成三维不规则军标?对于不同类型的不规则军标需要分析并选择合适的控制点进行标绘,该方法提高对不规则军标标绘的方便性和编辑的灵活性?
2.研究了不规则军标与地形的匹配算法?本文提出了一种基于控制点简化的不规则军标地形匹配算法,该算法通过对高程曲线求取极值点和拐点从而获取不规则军标的初始控制点,并采用特定的合并算法减少控制点到预设的最终控制点的个数?通过控制最终控制点的个数可以调整不规则军标与地形匹配的精细程度?该方法适用于那些不需要精确匹配的态势要素,该方法在一定程度上提升了匹配的速度和效果?
3.研究了沟堑类动态军标的生成方法?本文通过借鉴动态地形的研究方法,提出了一种基于约束Delaunay三角剖分的沟堑类动态军标的生成方法?通过沟堑?筑墙和修建道路三种动态军标的实验,分析了该方法的可行性以及存在的不足?
4.研究了态势推演系统的相关结构?在某战场态势建模与仿真预研项目实践的基础上,本文对一种态势推演结构进行了改进,并将其应用在某三维态势感知系统的设计与实现中,通过该应用进一步验证了该改进的态势推演结构的可行性?
The current battle has evolved from the land into the space informational warfare. In order to make proper battlefield planning and command decisions in the way of visualization, combat situation demonstrating is always used before fighting to show the evolutive situation of battlefield. How to visualize the battlefield reasonably has become a hot topic in the current research field. The visualization of the combat situation includes 2D visualization and 3D visualization. Military symbol marking and scene matching are the key technologies to the visualization of the 3D combat situation.
Based on the background of defense pre-research project, this dissertation includes the research and innovation on the key technologies of 3D military symbol real-time rendering, scene matching and trench dynamic military symbol generation. A combat situation demonstrating system is improved and designed and it has been applicated to 3D space situational awareness software system. Definite research work is below:
1. The research on the marking algorithm of 3D irregular military symbol. This thesis provides an algorithm for arrow symbols marking based on certain control points. This method improves the plotting facility and editing flexibility of the irregular military symbol.
2. The research on the irregular military symbol and terrain matching algorithm. A terrain matching method for irregular military symbols based on the simplification of control points is proposed in this paper. This method is suitable for situation elements that do not have to match the scene accurately. The method can accelerate the matching speed and effectiveness to some extents.
3. The research on the generation algorithm of trench dynamic military symbol. By study and reference the dynamic terrain research, a method is proposed for the generation of the trench dynamic military based on the constrained Delaunay triangulation. Through the experiment on the generation of the trench military, the feasibility of this method is verified.
4. The research on the architecture of the combat situation demonstrating system. Based on the practice of the project XXX battlefield situation modeling and simulation, the situation demonstring system architecture has been improved based on the battle simulation system. This improved architecture has been applicated to a 3D space situational awareness software system. This application has verified the feasibility of the improved architecture.
引文
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[2]张茂军.虚拟现实系统[M].北京:科学出版社, 2002.
[3]危拥军,吉国杰,侯溯源.三维符号的设计与建模[J].测绘通报,2005年9期.
[4]彭诚.战场三维可视化技术研究[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2006:1.
[5] Jim Durbin, Simon Julier, Brad Colbert, John Crowe, Bob Doyle, Rob King. Making Information Overload Work: the Dragon software system on a Virtual Reality Responsive Workbench. SPIE AeroSense Conference, 1998.
[6]杨强,汤晓安,杨耀明等.二维静态军标的实时生成与标绘[J].计算机工程与设计, 2007.9.
[7]曾军.三维标图系统的研究与实践[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学, 2000.
[8]王净.基于COM结构的军事标图组件的设计与实现[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学, 2003.
[9]许敏.基于遥感信息的战场态势可视化技术研究.郑州:解放军信息工程大学, 2004.
[10]蔡兴泉.动态地形实时可视化关键技术研究[D].北京:北京理工大学, 2007.
[11]邓然.动态地形关键技术研究[D].北京:北京理工大学, 2008.
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[13]施法中.计算机辅助几何设计与非均有理B样条[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2001.
[14] Baidu website. Delaunay三角剖分算法http://baike.baidu.com/view/1691145.htm[EB/OL]. 2011
[15]孔维.三维非规则军队标号的研究与实现[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学, 2005.
[16]姜华文.基于B样条的三维军队标号的设计与实现[D].长春:吉林大学, 2009.
[17] Paul Martz. OpenSceneGraph Quick Start Guide[M]. USA: Pmartz, 2007.
[18]王锐,钱学雷. OpenSceneGraph三维渲染引擎设计与实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2010.
[19]肖鹏,刘更代,徐明亮. OpenSceneGraph三维渲染引擎编程指南[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2010.
[20]汪璇.基于OSG的分布式汽车驾驶模拟器运行仿真及碰撞检测研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学, 2008年5月.
[21]周成军.三维军队标号系统的研究与实现[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学, 2005.
[22]杨强.三维军标生成与态势标绘技术研究[D].长沙:国防科学技术大学, 2006.
[23]赵周,陈敏,汤晓安,陈明生,杨强.动态军标符号的实现方法研究[J].计算机工程与设计, 2007.
[24]梅霞,郝建新,汤晓安,李欢.军事标图系统中随机军标的生成与控制研究[J].兵工自动化, 2007.
[25]郭齐胜,马亚龙,李光辉,朱昊.车辆驾驶仿真中地形匹配的数学模型[J].装甲兵工程学院学报, 1999.
[26]张景蓦等. DVENET中坦克装甲车辆机动性仿真的研究[J].系统仿真学报, 2000.
[27]齐敏等.虚拟环境中运动车辆行为仿真的程序方法研究[J].数据采集与处理, 2000.
[28]万刚,陈刚,游雄.虚拟城市中地物几何建模技术的研究[J].测绘学报, 2002.
[29]宋汉辰,魏迎梅,吴玲达.三维地物模型与地形的匹配方法研究[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报, 2003.
[30]邹杰,邹峥嵘,周春艳,丁孝兵,历华.大范围城市VR仿真系统的研究与实现[J].系统仿真学报, 2006.
[31]郑长伟,张小超.视景仿真中履带式车辆地形匹配算法研究[J].系统仿真学报, 2006.
[32]林意,熊汉伟,骆少明,张湘伟.过控制点的B样条曲线[J].江南大学学报, 2003.
[33]熊伟.基于数字地图的标图系统设计与实现[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学, 1999.
[34]同济大学应用数学系.高等数学(第五版,下册)[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2001.
[35] Fengxia Li, Qingyi Zhang, Fei Jie. A Terrain Matching Method for Irregular Military Symbols Based on the Simplification of Control Points[J]. The Workshop on Digital Media and Digital Content Management 2011.
[36]陈红倩,张庆义,李凤霞,陈谊.一种基于梯度域的三维军标绘制方法[J].系统仿真学报, 2011.
[37] U.S.Department of Defense. DoD Modeling and Simulation Master Plan [R]. Washington: DoD, 1995.
[38]张小超,王精业,梁强.基于Direct3D的虚拟战场环境中动态地形的实现方法[J].系统仿真学报, 2005.
[39]姚霄飞,万刚,韩阳,李峰.基于修正函数的动态地形改造[J].测绘科学技术学报, 2008.
[40] Dave Shreiner, Mason Woo, Jackie Neider, Tom Davis,徐波译. OpenGL编程指南(第五版)[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2006.
[41] Wikipedia website.插值方法http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category[EB/OL]. 2011.
[42]周均清. Vega实时三维仿真技术[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社, 2005.
[43]陈康,徐培德,马满好,蔡红卿.态势推演系统结构研究[J].军事运筹与系统工程, 2005.
[2]张茂军.虚拟现实系统[M].北京:科学出版社, 2002.
[3]危拥军,吉国杰,侯溯源.三维符号的设计与建模[J].测绘通报,2005年9期.
[4]彭诚.战场三维可视化技术研究[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2006:1.
[5] Jim Durbin, Simon Julier, Brad Colbert, John Crowe, Bob Doyle, Rob King. Making Information Overload Work: the Dragon software system on a Virtual Reality Responsive Workbench. SPIE AeroSense Conference, 1998.
[6]杨强,汤晓安,杨耀明等.二维静态军标的实时生成与标绘[J].计算机工程与设计, 2007.9.
[7]曾军.三维标图系统的研究与实践[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学, 2000.
[8]王净.基于COM结构的军事标图组件的设计与实现[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学, 2003.
[9]许敏.基于遥感信息的战场态势可视化技术研究.郑州:解放军信息工程大学, 2004.
[10]蔡兴泉.动态地形实时可视化关键技术研究[D].北京:北京理工大学, 2007.
[11]邓然.动态地形关键技术研究[D].北京:北京理工大学, 2008.
[12]高春晓,赵清杰,张文耀.计算机图形学[M].北京:人民邮电出版社, 2007.
[13]施法中.计算机辅助几何设计与非均有理B样条[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2001.
[14] Baidu website. Delaunay三角剖分算法http://baike.baidu.com/view/1691145.htm[EB/OL]. 2011
[15]孔维.三维非规则军队标号的研究与实现[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学, 2005.
[16]姜华文.基于B样条的三维军队标号的设计与实现[D].长春:吉林大学, 2009.
[17] Paul Martz. OpenSceneGraph Quick Start Guide[M]. USA: Pmartz, 2007.
[18]王锐,钱学雷. OpenSceneGraph三维渲染引擎设计与实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2010.
[19]肖鹏,刘更代,徐明亮. OpenSceneGraph三维渲染引擎编程指南[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2010.
[20]汪璇.基于OSG的分布式汽车驾驶模拟器运行仿真及碰撞检测研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学, 2008年5月.
[21]周成军.三维军队标号系统的研究与实现[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学, 2005.
[22]杨强.三维军标生成与态势标绘技术研究[D].长沙:国防科学技术大学, 2006.
[23]赵周,陈敏,汤晓安,陈明生,杨强.动态军标符号的实现方法研究[J].计算机工程与设计, 2007.
[24]梅霞,郝建新,汤晓安,李欢.军事标图系统中随机军标的生成与控制研究[J].兵工自动化, 2007.
[25]郭齐胜,马亚龙,李光辉,朱昊.车辆驾驶仿真中地形匹配的数学模型[J].装甲兵工程学院学报, 1999.
[26]张景蓦等. DVENET中坦克装甲车辆机动性仿真的研究[J].系统仿真学报, 2000.
[27]齐敏等.虚拟环境中运动车辆行为仿真的程序方法研究[J].数据采集与处理, 2000.
[28]万刚,陈刚,游雄.虚拟城市中地物几何建模技术的研究[J].测绘学报, 2002.
[29]宋汉辰,魏迎梅,吴玲达.三维地物模型与地形的匹配方法研究[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报, 2003.
[30]邹杰,邹峥嵘,周春艳,丁孝兵,历华.大范围城市VR仿真系统的研究与实现[J].系统仿真学报, 2006.
[31]郑长伟,张小超.视景仿真中履带式车辆地形匹配算法研究[J].系统仿真学报, 2006.
[32]林意,熊汉伟,骆少明,张湘伟.过控制点的B样条曲线[J].江南大学学报, 2003.
[33]熊伟.基于数字地图的标图系统设计与实现[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学, 1999.
[34]同济大学应用数学系.高等数学(第五版,下册)[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2001.
[35] Fengxia Li, Qingyi Zhang, Fei Jie. A Terrain Matching Method for Irregular Military Symbols Based on the Simplification of Control Points[J]. The Workshop on Digital Media and Digital Content Management 2011.
[36]陈红倩,张庆义,李凤霞,陈谊.一种基于梯度域的三维军标绘制方法[J].系统仿真学报, 2011.
[37] U.S.Department of Defense. DoD Modeling and Simulation Master Plan [R]. Washington: DoD, 1995.
[38]张小超,王精业,梁强.基于Direct3D的虚拟战场环境中动态地形的实现方法[J].系统仿真学报, 2005.
[39]姚霄飞,万刚,韩阳,李峰.基于修正函数的动态地形改造[J].测绘科学技术学报, 2008.
[40] Dave Shreiner, Mason Woo, Jackie Neider, Tom Davis,徐波译. OpenGL编程指南(第五版)[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2006.
[41] Wikipedia website.插值方法http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category[EB/OL]. 2011.
[42]周均清. Vega实时三维仿真技术[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社, 2005.
[43]陈康,徐培德,马满好,蔡红卿.态势推演系统结构研究[J].军事运筹与系统工程, 2005.