影响时间转换因素实验研究
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摘要
在阅读过程中读者是如何处理时间线索并将各事件按恰当的顺序建构起正确的情景模型,这个问题是认知心理学家所关心的问题。当前研究的焦点集中在情景模型加工理论上,而情景模型的时间维度是研究的重点之一。
     Zwaan提出的事件指标模型解释了人们是如何建构、更新和提取情景模型。它认为情景模型是由时间、空间、人物、因果关系、动机五个维度组成的,本研究探讨的是其中的时间维度。有不同的理论解释时间线索在时间维度上起的作用。Anderson提出的场景理论认为场景是具有空间或是时间延续性的一系列事件。人们用分离的场景来建构情景模型的心理表征。时间线索是激活或削弱场景的线索,因此产生的场景变化会导致时间转换的发生而引起读者建构新的情景模型。Zwaan提出的强印象性假设理论(1996)是关于读者在阅读记叙文时是怎样理解和处理两个相继叙述事件的时间关系。他认为只要有间断性时间短语的存在就产生时间转换;而间断性时间短语会导致即时的阅读时间增加;在间断性时间短语之前叙述的事件,其事件的信息较难提取。在关于时间间隔对时间维度影响的问题上,强印象性假设与场景理论有不同的看法。场景理论认为只有当时间间隔跨越了当前场景时,该间隔才产生时间转换,否则同一场景下的时间间隔是不会引起时间维度上的变化;强印象性假设认为只要时间间隔存在就会产生时间转换,这与是否跨越场景是无关的。我们承认Zwaan的观
    
     点更符合倩景模型下的阅读过程,时间间隔是产生时间转换的条
     件,但我们认为时间间隔并不是产生时间转换的充分条件和唯一
     的条件。本研究认为首先时间短语的间断性并不是产生时间转换
     的充分条件,读者在处理间断性的时间短语时还会参照时间短语
     的跨度与场景跨度的比例:其次在没有间断性时间短语的情况下,
     内隐性的时间间断信息也能产生时间转换;最后阅读材料的类型
     也会影响间断性时间短语产生时间转换。
     根据以上的设想,本研究进行了三个系列的实验,它们系统
     地探讨了:间断性时间短语与场景跨度的关系对时间转换的影响;
     内隐的间断性时间信息对时间转换的影咱;材料类型对间断性时
     间短语产生时间转换的影响。。
     实验1是探讨间断性时间短语产生时间转换时场景跨度的参
     照作用。实验结果表明时间信息的间断性只是产生时间转换的必
     要条件之一,而不是唯一的条件;场景跨度是影响间断性时间短
     语产生时间转换的诀定性因素,读者根据时间短语的跨度在场景
     跨度中所占的比例来决定是否发生时间转换.时间信息是汲活或
     削弱场景的因素,Zwaan的实验没有能够完全否证ndeso的场
     景理论,只要发生场景的转换,必定发生时间转换。
     实验2是探讨在没有间断性时间短语的倩况下,内隐的间断
     性时间信息能否产生时间转换。实验结果表明具有时间间断性的
     完成时态同样能产生时间转换。
     实验3探讨材料类型对间断性时间短语产生时间转换的影响。
     实验结果表明材料的类型也是影响时间转换的因素。读者在阅读
     事件中心的材料时采取与阅读动作为中心不一样的策略,读者在
     表征事件时只注意事件间的先后顺序,对于同一场景下间断性时
     间短语则不产生时间转换。
     综上所述,本研究进一步修订和补充了Zwaan的强印卉性假
     设理论,探讨间断性时间短语产生时间转换的外部条件、产生时
     间转换的内隐间断性时间信息以及阅读材料类型对间问性时间短
     语产生时间转换的影响。本研究立足于当今该领域前沿研究的基
     5
    
     础上,对当前研究热点倩景模型理论进行有益的探索,具有一定
     的理论和实践意义。
The question about how readers deal with temporal information to integrate events into situation model with proper order is what cognitive psychologists concern. Recent researchers concerned about theories of situation model. The time dimension is one of importance.
    An example of constructing situation-model is event-indexing model (Zwaan, 1999a etc.). According to the Event-indexing Model, readers construct situation models from text by extracting events from the text and integrating them on five different situational dimensions: time, space, causation, motivation, and protagonist. The Event-indexing Model explains how readers construct, update and retrieve situation model. We are restricting our focus to the temporal dimension. Some theories explain the effect of temporal information differently. Scenarios Model (Anderson, 1983) thinks temporal information is a kind of clue to shift current scenario. Whenever scenario shifts, time shifting makes. Strong Iconicity Model(Zwaan, 1996) thinks whenever time adverbial has break, then there is a time shifting. It has no relation between scenario and time shifting. We regard Strong Iconicity Model as the better one to explain reading comprehension. Our thesis is base on the Strong Iconicity
    
    
    Assumption. This thesis modifies Zwaan's Strong Iconicity Model and explores the temporal dimension of the Event-indexing Model, It tries to combine Anderson's Scenarios Model (1983) with the Strong Iconicity Assumption. The thesis explores recent theory of situation-model. It should have some practical meaning.
    We make three suggestions: reader will concern the lapse of scenario to judge whether temporal information to make time shift; temporal information implying discontinuousness can make time shift; temporal information in the same scenario of material organized by events can not make time shift. Three experiments obtain some results as following:
    Discontinuous temporal information may not produce time shift until its lapse reaches the ratio between the lapse of temporal information and the lapse of scenario.
    Implicit discontinuous temporal information may make time shift. We regard imperfect tense as implicit discontinuous temporal information. It prove to show time shift effects.
    There is an effect of experiment material on reader understanding temporal information. When experiment material is organized by events, the task of readers' comprehension is different with material organized by actions. Discontinuous temporal information in the same scenario can not make time shift.
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