提高沈阳市科普场馆利用效率对策研究
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摘要
科普场馆是一个国家或者地区公共物品的重要组成部分,对于当地的公众科学素养、素质教育和科技发展都有着重要的推动作用,在国外发达地区和国内的一些大城市里,科普场馆的应用已经成为了市民生活当中一个重要的组成部分,而在沈阳,科普场馆的利用效率却不是很理想,场馆建设率偏低,利用率较差、参观人数较少等问题长期存在,造成科普场馆相关资源浪费的同时,也不利于公众科学素养的提高。因此,提高科普场馆利用效率的改革可以说迫在眉睫。
本文从公共物品供给、公众科学素养的相关理论出发,介绍了科普场馆的基本概念、分类、特点以及主要功能,总结了科普场馆利用效率评估的主要指标以及提高效率的重要性。接下来介绍了国内外科普场馆发展概况和可以借鉴的发展经验,结合沈阳市科普场馆发展的概况和主要问题,通过公共物品、公共效应的相关基本理论,从公共物品、公共效应和经济效应三个方面提出了提高沈阳科普场馆利用效率的对策建议。
通过本文的研究,认为沈阳的科普场馆应该采取综合化和市场化经营,拓宽资金的来源渠道,鼓励社会和个人捐款,同时加强场馆的评估和考核,促进竞争,加强法制监管,并鼓励企业建设自身特色的科普场馆；在展出方面,明确和加强场馆的教育职能,通过多样化的展示方式和丰富的展示内容提升科普场馆的吸引力,同时还应该通过科普旅游的方式,扩大场馆更大范围内的影响力。
Popular science museums, as the major public properties of a country or region, act as a driving force of promoting the public scientific literacy, quality education, and scientific and technological development, In developed countries or regions abroad as well as some of the cities home, popular science museums have played an important part in the daily life of citizens. However, the efficiency of popular science museums in Shenyang needs to be improved. Problems exist for quite a long time: both the construction rate and utilization rate were low; there were not so many visitors. All these lead to waste of resources of popular science museums, which hinders the promotion of public scientific literacy. An innovation of improving the efficiency of popular science museums looms ahead.
This paper focuses on the introduction of the main concepts, classification, features and functions of popular science museums based on relative theories about public goods supply and public scientific literacy, emphasizing the main index of efficiency evaluation and importance of improving efficiency of popular science museums, and the development of popular science museums home and abroad as well as the experiences from those museums. Based on the fundamental theories about public goods supply and public effect, a strategy and suggestion on improving the efficiency of popular science museums was given from the perspective of public goods, public effect and economic effect by analyzing the development and main issues of popular science museums in Shenyang.
The study shows that comprehensive and market-oriented management should be adopted, finance source should be expanded to encourage social and personal donations. Besides, the evaluation and assessment should also be strengthened so as to stimulate competition, and law supervision should be improved. At the same time, the company are also encouraged to build public science museums with their own distinctive characteristics. From the perspective of exhibition, the education function is defined and emphasized. By developing styles and content of exhibitions, the museums will become more attractive to visitors. Furthermore, the influence of the museums will also be deepened by means of popular science tours.
本文从公共物品供给、公众科学素养的相关理论出发,介绍了科普场馆的基本概念、分类、特点以及主要功能,总结了科普场馆利用效率评估的主要指标以及提高效率的重要性。接下来介绍了国内外科普场馆发展概况和可以借鉴的发展经验,结合沈阳市科普场馆发展的概况和主要问题,通过公共物品、公共效应的相关基本理论,从公共物品、公共效应和经济效应三个方面提出了提高沈阳科普场馆利用效率的对策建议。
通过本文的研究,认为沈阳的科普场馆应该采取综合化和市场化经营,拓宽资金的来源渠道,鼓励社会和个人捐款,同时加强场馆的评估和考核,促进竞争,加强法制监管,并鼓励企业建设自身特色的科普场馆；在展出方面,明确和加强场馆的教育职能,通过多样化的展示方式和丰富的展示内容提升科普场馆的吸引力,同时还应该通过科普旅游的方式,扩大场馆更大范围内的影响力。
Popular science museums, as the major public properties of a country or region, act as a driving force of promoting the public scientific literacy, quality education, and scientific and technological development, In developed countries or regions abroad as well as some of the cities home, popular science museums have played an important part in the daily life of citizens. However, the efficiency of popular science museums in Shenyang needs to be improved. Problems exist for quite a long time: both the construction rate and utilization rate were low; there were not so many visitors. All these lead to waste of resources of popular science museums, which hinders the promotion of public scientific literacy. An innovation of improving the efficiency of popular science museums looms ahead.
This paper focuses on the introduction of the main concepts, classification, features and functions of popular science museums based on relative theories about public goods supply and public scientific literacy, emphasizing the main index of efficiency evaluation and importance of improving efficiency of popular science museums, and the development of popular science museums home and abroad as well as the experiences from those museums. Based on the fundamental theories about public goods supply and public effect, a strategy and suggestion on improving the efficiency of popular science museums was given from the perspective of public goods, public effect and economic effect by analyzing the development and main issues of popular science museums in Shenyang.
The study shows that comprehensive and market-oriented management should be adopted, finance source should be expanded to encourage social and personal donations. Besides, the evaluation and assessment should also be strengthened so as to stimulate competition, and law supervision should be improved. At the same time, the company are also encouraged to build public science museums with their own distinctive characteristics. From the perspective of exhibition, the education function is defined and emphasized. By developing styles and content of exhibitions, the museums will become more attractive to visitors. Furthermore, the influence of the museums will also be deepened by means of popular science tours.
引文
[1]2004年中国科协全国公众科学素质调查报告[R].
[2]2008中国科普统计报告[R].
[3]Samuelson, P.A.The Pure theory of Public expenditure[M]. Review of Eeonomies and Statisties.36.1954, (November):387-389
[4]查国锋.我国城市化进程中城市公共物品有效供给模式分析[D].华中科技大学,2007.
[5]陈伯成.刍议科技馆与科技教育[J].科技成果纵横,2009,(1).
[6]陈晓婷.现代科技馆展示设计初探[J].江南论坛,2009,(1).
[7]方雪.我国第三部门公共物品供给模式思考[D].黑龙江大学,2008.
[8]Baron, D., Myerson. R.,1982. Regulating a Monopolist with Costs[M]. Econometrics 50. (4):911-930.
[9]冯之浚.国家创新系统研究纲要[M].山东教育出版社,2000：66-67.
[10]付越.大连市科技馆现状与发展对策研究[D].大连理工大学,2000.
[11]韩锋.公共物品多中心合作供给机制的构建——基于公共选择的视角[J].党政干部学刊,2009,(4).
[12]韩娅宁.公共物品供给的市场化模式分析[D].西北大学,2003.
[13]郝利华.城市公共物品私人提供的可行性研究[D].苏州大学,2007.
[14]何波.浅谈当代科普场馆的建设与创新途径[J].科学大众,2008,(8).
[15]Baumol, W, Bailey, E., Willig, R..1977, Weak Invisible Hand Theorems on the Sustainability of Prices in a Multiproduct Monopoly[M]. American Economic Review (7):350-65.
[16]胡蓉.公共政策对城市公共物品开发的引导作用[D].同济大学,2006.
[17]湖北中小科技馆资源利用现状及对策[J].科协论坛(上半月),2009,(3).
[18]黄俊鹏.科技馆展项的易学性设计研究[D].华中科技大学,2007.
[19]贾根良,王晓蓉：建设创新型国家的成功经验及其借鉴[J].当代经济研究,2007.
[20]借鉴国外经验运营科普场馆报告[R].
[21]井玮薇.面向科技旅游的现代科技馆项目开发的初步研究[D].南京师范大学,2004.
[22]克里斯托弗.弗里曼.日本：一个新国家创新系统[M].北京：经济科学出版社1992：402-419
[23]赖华,张杰,付清华.科普场馆视频点播系统的应用和探讨[J].科技广场,2008,(10).
[24]雷晓康.公共物品提供模式的理论分析[D].西北大学,2003.
[25]雷晓康等.公共物品公共性的变化及其有效提供[J].长安人学学报(社会科学版),2003,(5).
[26]李洪波.公共物品供给机制研究[D].天津大学,2005.
[27]李娜,史晓雷.近25年来“公众理解科学”调查研究进展[J].政策管理,2008,10,9.
[28]李象益.提升科学教育理念—推进科普场馆创新[J].科学中国人,2004,(1).
[29]李星.基于三螺旋模型的创新型城市运行机制研究[D].北京交通大学,2008,6.
[30]李媛媛,张聪玲.公共物品供给失灵的原因、表现、及对策[J].经营管理者,2009,(6).
[31]李振华.关于我国城市创新的动力机制研究[D].天津大学.2002.
[32]理查德.R.纳尔逊.美国支持技术进步的制度[M].G多西等主编.技术进步与经济理论.北京：经济科学出版社,1992：380-397.
[33]刘丹,刘元晨.对沈阳科普旅游开发的思考[J].商场现代化,2007,(15).
[34]刘好,王新玲.创新型城市理论的历史渊源管理观察[J].2008,7.
[35]刘婕妤.论科技馆发展模式的创新[J].汕头科技,2006,(4).
[36]刘艳.沈阳科普旅游的现状及对策[J].沈阳干部学刊,2005,(3).
[37]刘妤. 公共政策下科技馆资金运行研究[D].贵州大学,2008.
[38]琉涛,玉宾.科普场馆核心竞争力之所在[J].科技智囊,2008,(6).
[39]罗伯特.M.索洛等.经济增长因素分析[M].北京：商务印书馆,2003：5-9.
[40]罗红.科普教育场馆的创新及其资源整合[J]. 科协论坛,2004,(12).
[41]罗吉,王代敬.我国建设创新型国家的对策思考[J].经济纵横,2006,(6).
[42]罗松. 论公共物品供给的责任机制[D].武汉大学,2004.
[43]马昱,刘杰成.国内常见展示形式在科技馆中的运用[J].科协论坛(下半月),2009,(3).
[44]BeckerG. S.,1983. A Theory of Competition Among Pressure Groups for Political Influence[M]. Quarterly Journal of Eonomics 98 (8):371-400.
[45]缪勒.公共选择理论[M].中国社会科学出版社,1999.
[46]彭彦.政府公共物品供给模式转变对多元经济主体的回应性研究[D].苏州大学,2005.
[47]戚敏.企业建设工程技术类科普场馆的理论与实践[J].科普研究,2007,(1).
[48]钱华.科技馆在青少年学生素质教育中的作用探讨[J].安庆科技,2007,(4).
[49]石龙.城市公共物品供给政府规制研究[D].华中师范大学,2008.
[50]时慧来.准公共物品与游览参观点门票价格研究[D].首都经济贸易大学,2006.
[2]2008中国科普统计报告[R].
[3]Samuelson, P.A.The Pure theory of Public expenditure[M]. Review of Eeonomies and Statisties.36.1954, (November):387-389
[4]查国锋.我国城市化进程中城市公共物品有效供给模式分析[D].华中科技大学,2007.
[5]陈伯成.刍议科技馆与科技教育[J].科技成果纵横,2009,(1).
[6]陈晓婷.现代科技馆展示设计初探[J].江南论坛,2009,(1).
[7]方雪.我国第三部门公共物品供给模式思考[D].黑龙江大学,2008.
[8]Baron, D., Myerson. R.,1982. Regulating a Monopolist with Costs[M]. Econometrics 50. (4):911-930.
[9]冯之浚.国家创新系统研究纲要[M].山东教育出版社,2000：66-67.
[10]付越.大连市科技馆现状与发展对策研究[D].大连理工大学,2000.
[11]韩锋.公共物品多中心合作供给机制的构建——基于公共选择的视角[J].党政干部学刊,2009,(4).
[12]韩娅宁.公共物品供给的市场化模式分析[D].西北大学,2003.
[13]郝利华.城市公共物品私人提供的可行性研究[D].苏州大学,2007.
[14]何波.浅谈当代科普场馆的建设与创新途径[J].科学大众,2008,(8).
[15]Baumol, W, Bailey, E., Willig, R..1977, Weak Invisible Hand Theorems on the Sustainability of Prices in a Multiproduct Monopoly[M]. American Economic Review (7):350-65.
[16]胡蓉.公共政策对城市公共物品开发的引导作用[D].同济大学,2006.
[17]湖北中小科技馆资源利用现状及对策[J].科协论坛(上半月),2009,(3).
[18]黄俊鹏.科技馆展项的易学性设计研究[D].华中科技大学,2007.
[19]贾根良,王晓蓉：建设创新型国家的成功经验及其借鉴[J].当代经济研究,2007.
[20]借鉴国外经验运营科普场馆报告[R].
[21]井玮薇.面向科技旅游的现代科技馆项目开发的初步研究[D].南京师范大学,2004.
[22]克里斯托弗.弗里曼.日本：一个新国家创新系统[M].北京：经济科学出版社1992：402-419
[23]赖华,张杰,付清华.科普场馆视频点播系统的应用和探讨[J].科技广场,2008,(10).
[24]雷晓康.公共物品提供模式的理论分析[D].西北大学,2003.
[25]雷晓康等.公共物品公共性的变化及其有效提供[J].长安人学学报(社会科学版),2003,(5).
[26]李洪波.公共物品供给机制研究[D].天津大学,2005.
[27]李娜,史晓雷.近25年来“公众理解科学”调查研究进展[J].政策管理,2008,10,9.
[28]李象益.提升科学教育理念—推进科普场馆创新[J].科学中国人,2004,(1).
[29]李星.基于三螺旋模型的创新型城市运行机制研究[D].北京交通大学,2008,6.
[30]李媛媛,张聪玲.公共物品供给失灵的原因、表现、及对策[J].经营管理者,2009,(6).
[31]李振华.关于我国城市创新的动力机制研究[D].天津大学.2002.
[32]理查德.R.纳尔逊.美国支持技术进步的制度[M].G多西等主编.技术进步与经济理论.北京：经济科学出版社,1992：380-397.
[33]刘丹,刘元晨.对沈阳科普旅游开发的思考[J].商场现代化,2007,(15).
[34]刘好,王新玲.创新型城市理论的历史渊源管理观察[J].2008,7.
[35]刘婕妤.论科技馆发展模式的创新[J].汕头科技,2006,(4).
[36]刘艳.沈阳科普旅游的现状及对策[J].沈阳干部学刊,2005,(3).
[37]刘妤. 公共政策下科技馆资金运行研究[D].贵州大学,2008.
[38]琉涛,玉宾.科普场馆核心竞争力之所在[J].科技智囊,2008,(6).
[39]罗伯特.M.索洛等.经济增长因素分析[M].北京：商务印书馆,2003：5-9.
[40]罗红.科普教育场馆的创新及其资源整合[J]. 科协论坛,2004,(12).
[41]罗吉,王代敬.我国建设创新型国家的对策思考[J].经济纵横,2006,(6).
[42]罗松. 论公共物品供给的责任机制[D].武汉大学,2004.
[43]马昱,刘杰成.国内常见展示形式在科技馆中的运用[J].科协论坛(下半月),2009,(3).
[44]BeckerG. S.,1983. A Theory of Competition Among Pressure Groups for Political Influence[M]. Quarterly Journal of Eonomics 98 (8):371-400.
[45]缪勒.公共选择理论[M].中国社会科学出版社,1999.
[46]彭彦.政府公共物品供给模式转变对多元经济主体的回应性研究[D].苏州大学,2005.
[47]戚敏.企业建设工程技术类科普场馆的理论与实践[J].科普研究,2007,(1).
[48]钱华.科技馆在青少年学生素质教育中的作用探讨[J].安庆科技,2007,(4).
[49]石龙.城市公共物品供给政府规制研究[D].华中师范大学,2008.
[50]时慧来.准公共物品与游览参观点门票价格研究[D].首都经济贸易大学,2006.