中国东部近海夏季环流特征及其动力机制
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摘要
使用2008年夏季西南黄海3个航次的水文资料和一套潜标、2009年夏季的中科院海洋所开放航次水文资料和6个Argos表层漂流浮标资料,结合数值模拟与卫星遥感数据,研究了西南黄海夏季环流的结构与动力机制。研究表明,夏季江苏沿岸海流受风驱动向北流动,其流向与传统的观点截然相反。数值实验结果分析表明,江苏沿岸斜压海流比风海流要弱得多,夏季江苏至鲁南海域的西南黄海环流主要受西南季风系统支配。
提出夏季青岛外海存在风生上升流现象,同时指出苏北浅滩外侧也存在风生上升流。进一步指出,苏北浅滩外侧的上升流由风场、潮混合及海表浮力通量共同作用生成。南风驱动的向北的苏北沿岸流造成向岸的底埃克曼输运,将次表层冷水带到近岸海域,形成上升流区的海面低温异常现象。苏北浅滩海区,强烈的潮致和其它湍流混合造成上下埃克曼层重叠,从而使次表层冷水无法到达沿岸海域,而是于外海约30m等深线处上升到海面。
研究还表明,夏季整个西南黄海西侧沿岸存在着一个统一的上升流系统。这个系统是由海岸阻挡表层埃克曼输运引起的,在淡水输入和海表热通量造成的浮力效应以及潮致混合等效应的共同作用下形成一定的空间结构。在苏北浅滩以南,强烈的潮致混合作用使上升流在约30m等深线处涌升至海表;在苏北浅滩之上,上升流由于射阳河等径流所带来的强烈的淡水输入被浮力关闭;在青岛外海,表层浮力抑止减弱,上升流再次出现。
指出逆温是夏季黄海次表层经常出现的一种现象。多年平均的气候态以及2008年7月22日航次的水文资料都表明,在黄海海槽西侧约40m等深线的温跃层以下海区,经常出现较强的逆温现象,其形成机制在于温跃层下的低盐冷水与海槽中部近底层的高盐暖水发生相对移动所致。逆温往往发生在夏季黄海冷水团内部,显示黄海冷水团内部存在着精细的温盐结构,其在所在海区的垂向混合应当较弱。该观点与传统的黄海冷水团内部垂向混合较强从而导致垂直性质均一的观点不同。
对漂流浮标运动轨迹和温盐分布的分析表明,台湾暖流夏季北上的范围可以到达长江口以北,并进入江苏沿岸流和黄海内部海域,这一现象在今后的研究中值得进一步关注。
首次观测到了长江口外跨陆架穿刺锋面的三维结构,指出2006年10月16日长江口外的穿刺锋面是由跨陆架的射流从近岸携带富含营养盐、叶绿素和悬浮物的淡水横跨近岸平均锋面造成的。初步分析其动力机制与沿岸流的辐聚及平均锋面的不稳定性有关。
利用MODIS/Aqua与SeaWiFs卫星图像对跨陆架穿刺锋面出现的频率进行了统计分析。分析了1998-2007十年中其季节内和年际变化规律,指出每年都有大约2至11个穿刺锋面出现,平均出现率占到了可辨识图像总数的25%以上,有超过40次的穿刺锋面其长度在100公里以上,最大长度超过300公里。穿刺锋面全年都可以发生,冬季和夏季较多,春季和秋季较少。穿刺锋面主要指向东、东南和东北三个方向,其中指向东或东北的穿刺锋面大都发生在西南季风期间,表明西南季风对穿刺锋面的生成有重要影响。
进一步,提出跨陆架穿刺锋面是东中国海跨陆架物质输运的重要通道之一。
The structure and dynamics of the subtidal circulation in the southwestern Yellow Sea in summer are studied based on the hydrographic data of 4 cruises in the summers of 2008 and 2009, satellite-tracked trajectory data of six Argos floats, moored current-meter data of Acoustic Doppler Profilers (ADPs) measurements, satellite scatterometer wind data,, and numerical modeling. The coastal currents off the northern Jiangsu province are shown to flow northward in summer, against the traditional view of the southward Yellow Sea Coastal Current all year round in this area. Numerical experiments suggest that the coastal currents along the Jiangsu and Lunan coasts are dominated by the southeasterly monsoonal forcing, with the baroclinic currents much weaker than the wind-driven circulation.
Associated with the northward flow in the southwestern Yellow Sea, coastal upwelling currents off the Jiangsu coast and off the city of Qingdao are indicated by areas of cold sea surface temperature (SST). The upwelling off Qingdao is discovered for the first time in history. Analysis of the modeling results suggests that the upwelling off the Jiangsu coast is induced by the blocking of the surface wind-driven Ekman transport at the coast and is modulated by the tidal mixing and buoyancy effects. The onshore bottom Ekman transport associated with the northward Jiangsu coastal current brings the subsurface cold water to the nearshore area, which is elevated to the sea surface by the upwelling current. The overlapping of the surface and bottom Ekman layers over the shallow and flat Subei Bank has resulted in the upwelling to surface in an offshore belt along roughly the 30 m isobath.
The upwelling currents off the Jiangsu and Lunan coasts are further shown to be an unified upwelling system in the southwestern Yellow Sea driven by the southerly winds in summer. The upwelling system is modulated by tidal mixing and by the buoyancy effect produced by the river runoff from the Sheyang River and by surface heat flux, resulting in non-homogeneous distribution of the upwelling along the coasts: South of the Subei Bank, the upwelling front surfaces along roughly the 30 m isobath due to the strong vertical mixing in the nearshore area; Over the Subei Bank, the upwelling is shut down by the buoyancy flux from the Sheyang River runoff and from surface heating; The upwelling re-occurs further north off Qingdao because the surface flow and Ekman transport push the freshwater offshore.
Significant temperature inversions are found in the bottom cold water near the 40 m isobath over the west flank of the Yellow Sea trough in summer. The temperature inversions are probably produced by the relative movement between the bottom warm and saline current near center of the Yellow Sea trough and the cold and fresh water to its west. The inversions, which occur frequently to produce rich stratification structure, suggest that the vertical mixing in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water (YSCWM) is weak, countering the traditional view that the YSCWM is vertically well mixed by strong tidal mixing. The trajectories of the Argos floats indicate that the Taiwan Warm Current flow northward beyond the Changjiang mouth and join the Jiangsu coastal current and the central Yellow Sea circulation in summer.
Satellite images and in situ hydrography and nutrient observations are used to study the three-dimensional structure of a penetrating front off the Changjiang mouth in the East China Sea. The in situ hydrography measured during the same time as the satellite images discloses that the surface layer of the front is occupied by low salinity waters from the nearshore area, which suggests a cross-shelf jet covering a distance of about 50 km. A counter intrusion underneath the surface offshore jet is indicated by an increase of the subsurface temperature and salinity during the offshore excursion of the front, which leads to a significant temperature inversion at the head of the front. It is speculated that the penetrating front is generated because an initial instability of the coastal mean front might have provided the strongly convergent coastal currents with a conduit of offshore transport.
Images of 8-day mean chlorophyll-a concentration of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard of Aqua Satellite from 2002 to 2007 and of the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) satellite from 1998 to 2007 are used to study the variability of the Cross-shelf Penetrating Fronts (CPF) in the East China Sea. The analysis suggests that the generation of the CPFs has strong seasonal-to-interannual variations, with more CPFs in summer and winter than in spring and fall. Each CPF lasts for a few days to a month. The majority of the fronts are triangle-shaped with their broad bases nearby the coast and their sharp heads penetrating into the middle shelf. There are over 40 CPFs with penetrating distances exceeding 100 km over the East China Sea during the past ten years of the satellite era, with the maximum ones reaching the Kuroshio at the edge of the continental shelf. Of all the low cloud scenes of the satellite images, more than 25% contain at least one CPF. The high frequency occurrence of the CPFs suggests that the CPFs play an important role in cross-shelf transport of heat, effluent, and land-derived materials in the East China Sea.
提出夏季青岛外海存在风生上升流现象,同时指出苏北浅滩外侧也存在风生上升流。进一步指出,苏北浅滩外侧的上升流由风场、潮混合及海表浮力通量共同作用生成。南风驱动的向北的苏北沿岸流造成向岸的底埃克曼输运,将次表层冷水带到近岸海域,形成上升流区的海面低温异常现象。苏北浅滩海区,强烈的潮致和其它湍流混合造成上下埃克曼层重叠,从而使次表层冷水无法到达沿岸海域,而是于外海约30m等深线处上升到海面。
研究还表明,夏季整个西南黄海西侧沿岸存在着一个统一的上升流系统。这个系统是由海岸阻挡表层埃克曼输运引起的,在淡水输入和海表热通量造成的浮力效应以及潮致混合等效应的共同作用下形成一定的空间结构。在苏北浅滩以南,强烈的潮致混合作用使上升流在约30m等深线处涌升至海表;在苏北浅滩之上,上升流由于射阳河等径流所带来的强烈的淡水输入被浮力关闭;在青岛外海,表层浮力抑止减弱,上升流再次出现。
指出逆温是夏季黄海次表层经常出现的一种现象。多年平均的气候态以及2008年7月22日航次的水文资料都表明,在黄海海槽西侧约40m等深线的温跃层以下海区,经常出现较强的逆温现象,其形成机制在于温跃层下的低盐冷水与海槽中部近底层的高盐暖水发生相对移动所致。逆温往往发生在夏季黄海冷水团内部,显示黄海冷水团内部存在着精细的温盐结构,其在所在海区的垂向混合应当较弱。该观点与传统的黄海冷水团内部垂向混合较强从而导致垂直性质均一的观点不同。
对漂流浮标运动轨迹和温盐分布的分析表明,台湾暖流夏季北上的范围可以到达长江口以北,并进入江苏沿岸流和黄海内部海域,这一现象在今后的研究中值得进一步关注。
首次观测到了长江口外跨陆架穿刺锋面的三维结构,指出2006年10月16日长江口外的穿刺锋面是由跨陆架的射流从近岸携带富含营养盐、叶绿素和悬浮物的淡水横跨近岸平均锋面造成的。初步分析其动力机制与沿岸流的辐聚及平均锋面的不稳定性有关。
利用MODIS/Aqua与SeaWiFs卫星图像对跨陆架穿刺锋面出现的频率进行了统计分析。分析了1998-2007十年中其季节内和年际变化规律,指出每年都有大约2至11个穿刺锋面出现,平均出现率占到了可辨识图像总数的25%以上,有超过40次的穿刺锋面其长度在100公里以上,最大长度超过300公里。穿刺锋面全年都可以发生,冬季和夏季较多,春季和秋季较少。穿刺锋面主要指向东、东南和东北三个方向,其中指向东或东北的穿刺锋面大都发生在西南季风期间,表明西南季风对穿刺锋面的生成有重要影响。
进一步,提出跨陆架穿刺锋面是东中国海跨陆架物质输运的重要通道之一。
The structure and dynamics of the subtidal circulation in the southwestern Yellow Sea in summer are studied based on the hydrographic data of 4 cruises in the summers of 2008 and 2009, satellite-tracked trajectory data of six Argos floats, moored current-meter data of Acoustic Doppler Profilers (ADPs) measurements, satellite scatterometer wind data,, and numerical modeling. The coastal currents off the northern Jiangsu province are shown to flow northward in summer, against the traditional view of the southward Yellow Sea Coastal Current all year round in this area. Numerical experiments suggest that the coastal currents along the Jiangsu and Lunan coasts are dominated by the southeasterly monsoonal forcing, with the baroclinic currents much weaker than the wind-driven circulation.
Associated with the northward flow in the southwestern Yellow Sea, coastal upwelling currents off the Jiangsu coast and off the city of Qingdao are indicated by areas of cold sea surface temperature (SST). The upwelling off Qingdao is discovered for the first time in history. Analysis of the modeling results suggests that the upwelling off the Jiangsu coast is induced by the blocking of the surface wind-driven Ekman transport at the coast and is modulated by the tidal mixing and buoyancy effects. The onshore bottom Ekman transport associated with the northward Jiangsu coastal current brings the subsurface cold water to the nearshore area, which is elevated to the sea surface by the upwelling current. The overlapping of the surface and bottom Ekman layers over the shallow and flat Subei Bank has resulted in the upwelling to surface in an offshore belt along roughly the 30 m isobath.
The upwelling currents off the Jiangsu and Lunan coasts are further shown to be an unified upwelling system in the southwestern Yellow Sea driven by the southerly winds in summer. The upwelling system is modulated by tidal mixing and by the buoyancy effect produced by the river runoff from the Sheyang River and by surface heat flux, resulting in non-homogeneous distribution of the upwelling along the coasts: South of the Subei Bank, the upwelling front surfaces along roughly the 30 m isobath due to the strong vertical mixing in the nearshore area; Over the Subei Bank, the upwelling is shut down by the buoyancy flux from the Sheyang River runoff and from surface heating; The upwelling re-occurs further north off Qingdao because the surface flow and Ekman transport push the freshwater offshore.
Significant temperature inversions are found in the bottom cold water near the 40 m isobath over the west flank of the Yellow Sea trough in summer. The temperature inversions are probably produced by the relative movement between the bottom warm and saline current near center of the Yellow Sea trough and the cold and fresh water to its west. The inversions, which occur frequently to produce rich stratification structure, suggest that the vertical mixing in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water (YSCWM) is weak, countering the traditional view that the YSCWM is vertically well mixed by strong tidal mixing. The trajectories of the Argos floats indicate that the Taiwan Warm Current flow northward beyond the Changjiang mouth and join the Jiangsu coastal current and the central Yellow Sea circulation in summer.
Satellite images and in situ hydrography and nutrient observations are used to study the three-dimensional structure of a penetrating front off the Changjiang mouth in the East China Sea. The in situ hydrography measured during the same time as the satellite images discloses that the surface layer of the front is occupied by low salinity waters from the nearshore area, which suggests a cross-shelf jet covering a distance of about 50 km. A counter intrusion underneath the surface offshore jet is indicated by an increase of the subsurface temperature and salinity during the offshore excursion of the front, which leads to a significant temperature inversion at the head of the front. It is speculated that the penetrating front is generated because an initial instability of the coastal mean front might have provided the strongly convergent coastal currents with a conduit of offshore transport.
Images of 8-day mean chlorophyll-a concentration of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard of Aqua Satellite from 2002 to 2007 and of the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) satellite from 1998 to 2007 are used to study the variability of the Cross-shelf Penetrating Fronts (CPF) in the East China Sea. The analysis suggests that the generation of the CPFs has strong seasonal-to-interannual variations, with more CPFs in summer and winter than in spring and fall. Each CPF lasts for a few days to a month. The majority of the fronts are triangle-shaped with their broad bases nearby the coast and their sharp heads penetrating into the middle shelf. There are over 40 CPFs with penetrating distances exceeding 100 km over the East China Sea during the past ten years of the satellite era, with the maximum ones reaching the Kuroshio at the edge of the continental shelf. Of all the low cloud scenes of the satellite images, more than 25% contain at least one CPF. The high frequency occurrence of the CPFs suggests that the CPFs play an important role in cross-shelf transport of heat, effluent, and land-derived materials in the East China Sea.
引文
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