电气化铁路接触网体系环境荷载下动力可靠性研究
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摘要
接触网体系担负着把从牵引变电所获得的电能直接供给电力机车使用的重要任务,它的质量和工作状态将直接影响着电气化铁道的运输能力。因此要求接触网无论在任何气象条件下,都能处于良好的工作状态,满足电力机车安全、高速运行的要求。接触网是一种特殊形式的空间架空线结构,具有高耸、跨度大,悬挂结构与支持结构在不同量级的动力特性下的偶联作用等特征。接触网结构在风、沙以及悬挂结构覆冰等随机环境荷载作用下的动力响应复杂,敏感性强,具有高度的不确定性,是近几年接触网故障频发的主要原因。又因接触网结构线长点多无备用,一旦出现故障将导致列车停驶,严重影响着接触网的安全可靠性,因此其安全问题已经成为兰新线铁路电气化改造的难点。由于南疆线、兰新线电气化改造需要,对环境荷载作用下的接触网结构体系动力响应、稳定性及可靠性等展开研究具有重要的理论意义及工程实用价值。
本文以兰新线强风地区某段接触网为研究对象,针对风、沙等环境荷载的随机不确定性及接触网结构具有的高、大、细、长等柔性结构的特点,从概率和时域角度出发,在广泛借鉴国内外同行研究成果的基础上,对接触网结构环境致振、抗风动力稳定性及抗风动力可靠性等相关问题进行了研究。研究主要内容包括以下几方面：
1.分析了新疆强风地区大风的形成原因及大风统计规律,基于现有文献资料获得的数据分别采用最小误差逼近方法和矩法获得了兰新线强风地区平均风速和年最大平均风速的概率分布；根据新疆强风地区的环境特点和接触网结构体系的特征,在考虑风荷载梯度剖面分布、湍流脉动相关性、湍流强度和功率谱密度的基础上,采用谐波叠加法建立了基于davenport风速谱的脉动风场数值模拟适合接触网结构的风场模拟简化方法,并通过该模拟方法计算了接触网结构不同特征点的风速时程,结果表明模拟的风速时程的功率谱与目标谱非常吻合,该模拟方法生成的脉动风场可以表征随机风场在时域上的随机特性；为了描述风沙的基本特性及其对接触网结构的影响,结合风沙的自然属性、荷载形成规律和接触网体系的结构特征采用CFD计算流体力学风沙二相流数学模型分析了风沙荷载对接触网结构的影响。
2.考虑了接触网支持结构与悬挂结构间的耦合作用、接触线和承力索的垂度效应和几何非线性及支持结构的材料非线性,借助有限元软件ansys,建立了基于二维模型的三维接触网体系精细化有限元模型。从风荷载单独作用到风沙共同作用等不同角度分析了接触网结构体系的动力响应规律,结果表明：接触网结构的固有频率与独立进行支持结构和悬挂结构分析的固有频率相比,支持结构和悬挂结构的固有频率均略有减小,支持结构与悬挂结构的耦合作用十分显著,仅把承力索、接触线等受到的荷载等效为静力荷载加在支持结构上,对于接触网结构的设计是不合理的；随着沙子体积比的增加,风沙荷载对接触网结结构特征点响应量的影响逐渐加大,表明,沙子荷载对特征点响应具有明显的激励贡献。
3.针对接触网的结构特点,基于特征响应点的风振响应时程,将动态增量法引入至Budiansky-Roth稳定性判定准则,提出了适合接触网结构的抗风动力稳定性判定准则,并基于该准则分析比较了不同结构参数对接触网动力稳定性的影响,结果表明：通过增加张力、减小跨距、降低接触线高度和适当增加吊线数能有效改善接触网结构的抗风稳定性。
4.在系统分析接触网结构在环境荷载作用下疲劳损伤发生、发展的原因和破坏机理的前提下,基于有限元应力响应时程、接触网结构环境荷载效应的概率分布特性和疲劳损伤理论,建立了疲劳可靠度计算方法,并以接触线为例,分析了结构因素和环境因素对接触线疲劳可靠性的影响程度；实例分析表明：接触线的自重和冰荷载及沙荷载对接触线的疲劳可靠度影响较大,不容忽视。
5.综合考虑了风速的概率分布、风沙等环境荷载效应的概率分布特性,应用首次超越理论分别从适用性和强度破坏两个方面建立了接触网结构的时域动力可靠性计算数学模型,该方法将有限元计算、RBF神经网络和蒙特卡罗模拟方法有机结合,不受随机变量分布形式和极限状态方程非线性的限制并且可以获得较高的计算精度。
Catenary system takes the responsibility of transmitting the electricity energy from transaction power supply system to electric locomotives, and its quality and working condition will directly affect the electric railway transport capacity. Therefore, catenary is request in good working condition under any weather condition, satisfing the safety and high-speed move requirement when the electric locomotives are on the line. Catenary is a special form of space overhead line structure, and has a tall and large span feature-its suspension and support structure has the coupling effect under the dynamic characteristic of different orders of magnitude. Catenary has complex dynamic responses, strong sensitive and high degree of uncertain feature under random load of sand and ice, which is the main reason of catenary failure in recent years. Also, catenary has long line, many points and no reserve, which may cause the train to stop and make serious impact on safety and reliability of the catenary. The safety problem is the main consideration of electric upgrading of Lanzhou to Xinjiang railway.Under the electric upgrading needs of Nanjiang and Lanxing railway, it's emergent to conduct research of wind protection and the influence of wind on catenary structure's stability and reliability, which serves the very magnificent theoritical meaning and engeering practical value.
The research object of this paper is based on catenary of certain strong wind area of Lanxin line. The environment loads of wind and sand are in random uncertainty that the catenary has the characteristics of high, big, thin, long flexible structures. Owing to this, from the perspective of probability and time-domain, this paper is based on a wide range of home and abroad counterparts research results, focusing on catenary vibration which induced by catenary structure environment, and also studied wind-resistant stabilization and wind-resistant reliability issues. The thesis includes the following aspect:
1. It was analyzed on the causes of strong winds in Xinjiang area and the statistical law of the winds, according to the documentation and data in hand, based on minimum error approximation and matrix method, resulting in the probability distribution of average wind speed and annual maximum average wind speed in Lanxin line's strong wind area.
According to the Environmental and catenary structure characteristics, it was considered about the profile about the distribution of gradient wind load, turbulence pulsation correlation, turbulence intensity and power spectral density by adopting harmonic superposition method, establishing numerical simulation of fluctuation wind field by davenport wind speed spectrum and the simplified wind field simulation method suit for catenary structure. By calculating the wind speed of different catenary structure with the simplified wind field simulation method, the results shows that the simulated wind speed power spectrum is consistent with the target spectrum, and the simulation-generated wind fields can be characterized by random wind field in random nature of time domain.
In order to describe the basic characteristics of sand and its influence on catenary structure, it is combined with the natural properties of sand, the load formation patterns and the structural characteristics of catenary system and analyzes the influence on wind loads to catenary structure by using sand-wind two-phase flow's mathematical model.
2. By regarding the coupling effect between catenary support structures and its suspended structure; the sag effect of contact line and carrier cable and the geometric nonlinearity and the material nonlinearity of support structure through finite element software ansys, it is established three-dimensional finite element model of the catenary system based on its two-dimensional model. By verifing the validity of the model in experiment and determining the parameter and process methods of wind induced vibration response time domain analysis of catenary structure system, it is analyzed on dynamic response of catenary structural system from wind load and wind-sand load, etc.
The result shows that when compared with the nature frequency of catenary with the nature frequency of independent support structure and suspension structure, the natural frequency of independent support structure and suspension structure are slightly decreased and the coupling effect between independent support structure and suspension structure are very significant. The design of catenary structure is unreasonable when it is only equivalent to the load of carrier cable and contact line to static load. With the increase volume ratio of sand, the influence on wind-sand load to catenary structure's feature point response comes to increase. This shows that, the sand load has obvious incentive contribution to the feature point response.
3. On account of the characteristic of catenary structure, based on the process of wind-induced vibration response of feature response point, the dynamic incremental method is introduced to the Budiansky-Roth stability criteria, proposing dynamic stability criteria of wind-resistance by its compared with the influence on different structural characteristic of the dynamic stability of centenary. The result reflects that by increasing the tension, reducing the span, reducing the contact line height and appropriately increase the number of suspension lines, the wind-resistance stability of catenary structure can be effectively improved.
4.In the premise of systematically analyzing the reason and failure mechanism of catenary structure fatigue damage which occurred and developed, based on the finite element stress response time-history,the probability distribution characteristic of catenary structure's environmental load effect and the fatigue damage theory's fatigue reliability analysis method are estabilished by taking the contact line as an example, analyzing the impact degree of the contact line fatigue reliability by structural factors and environmental factors. The case suggests that the weight of contact line, the load of ice and sand make large impact on the fatigue reliability of contact line, which can't be ignored.
5. By considering the probability distribution of wind speed and the sand environmental characteristics, it is proposed time-domain dynamic reliability calculation method of catenary structure from applicability and strength failure aspect by using first time beyond theory. The calculation method is combined with the finite element method、 RBF neural network and Monte Carlo simulation, unrestrained from the form of random variable distribution, and also isolated from the non-linear restrict of limit state equation, resulting in more satisfied calculation accuracy.
本文以兰新线强风地区某段接触网为研究对象,针对风、沙等环境荷载的随机不确定性及接触网结构具有的高、大、细、长等柔性结构的特点,从概率和时域角度出发,在广泛借鉴国内外同行研究成果的基础上,对接触网结构环境致振、抗风动力稳定性及抗风动力可靠性等相关问题进行了研究。研究主要内容包括以下几方面：
1.分析了新疆强风地区大风的形成原因及大风统计规律,基于现有文献资料获得的数据分别采用最小误差逼近方法和矩法获得了兰新线强风地区平均风速和年最大平均风速的概率分布；根据新疆强风地区的环境特点和接触网结构体系的特征,在考虑风荷载梯度剖面分布、湍流脉动相关性、湍流强度和功率谱密度的基础上,采用谐波叠加法建立了基于davenport风速谱的脉动风场数值模拟适合接触网结构的风场模拟简化方法,并通过该模拟方法计算了接触网结构不同特征点的风速时程,结果表明模拟的风速时程的功率谱与目标谱非常吻合,该模拟方法生成的脉动风场可以表征随机风场在时域上的随机特性；为了描述风沙的基本特性及其对接触网结构的影响,结合风沙的自然属性、荷载形成规律和接触网体系的结构特征采用CFD计算流体力学风沙二相流数学模型分析了风沙荷载对接触网结构的影响。
2.考虑了接触网支持结构与悬挂结构间的耦合作用、接触线和承力索的垂度效应和几何非线性及支持结构的材料非线性,借助有限元软件ansys,建立了基于二维模型的三维接触网体系精细化有限元模型。从风荷载单独作用到风沙共同作用等不同角度分析了接触网结构体系的动力响应规律,结果表明：接触网结构的固有频率与独立进行支持结构和悬挂结构分析的固有频率相比,支持结构和悬挂结构的固有频率均略有减小,支持结构与悬挂结构的耦合作用十分显著,仅把承力索、接触线等受到的荷载等效为静力荷载加在支持结构上,对于接触网结构的设计是不合理的；随着沙子体积比的增加,风沙荷载对接触网结结构特征点响应量的影响逐渐加大,表明,沙子荷载对特征点响应具有明显的激励贡献。
3.针对接触网的结构特点,基于特征响应点的风振响应时程,将动态增量法引入至Budiansky-Roth稳定性判定准则,提出了适合接触网结构的抗风动力稳定性判定准则,并基于该准则分析比较了不同结构参数对接触网动力稳定性的影响,结果表明：通过增加张力、减小跨距、降低接触线高度和适当增加吊线数能有效改善接触网结构的抗风稳定性。
4.在系统分析接触网结构在环境荷载作用下疲劳损伤发生、发展的原因和破坏机理的前提下,基于有限元应力响应时程、接触网结构环境荷载效应的概率分布特性和疲劳损伤理论,建立了疲劳可靠度计算方法,并以接触线为例,分析了结构因素和环境因素对接触线疲劳可靠性的影响程度；实例分析表明：接触线的自重和冰荷载及沙荷载对接触线的疲劳可靠度影响较大,不容忽视。
5.综合考虑了风速的概率分布、风沙等环境荷载效应的概率分布特性,应用首次超越理论分别从适用性和强度破坏两个方面建立了接触网结构的时域动力可靠性计算数学模型,该方法将有限元计算、RBF神经网络和蒙特卡罗模拟方法有机结合,不受随机变量分布形式和极限状态方程非线性的限制并且可以获得较高的计算精度。
Catenary system takes the responsibility of transmitting the electricity energy from transaction power supply system to electric locomotives, and its quality and working condition will directly affect the electric railway transport capacity. Therefore, catenary is request in good working condition under any weather condition, satisfing the safety and high-speed move requirement when the electric locomotives are on the line. Catenary is a special form of space overhead line structure, and has a tall and large span feature-its suspension and support structure has the coupling effect under the dynamic characteristic of different orders of magnitude. Catenary has complex dynamic responses, strong sensitive and high degree of uncertain feature under random load of sand and ice, which is the main reason of catenary failure in recent years. Also, catenary has long line, many points and no reserve, which may cause the train to stop and make serious impact on safety and reliability of the catenary. The safety problem is the main consideration of electric upgrading of Lanzhou to Xinjiang railway.Under the electric upgrading needs of Nanjiang and Lanxing railway, it's emergent to conduct research of wind protection and the influence of wind on catenary structure's stability and reliability, which serves the very magnificent theoritical meaning and engeering practical value.
The research object of this paper is based on catenary of certain strong wind area of Lanxin line. The environment loads of wind and sand are in random uncertainty that the catenary has the characteristics of high, big, thin, long flexible structures. Owing to this, from the perspective of probability and time-domain, this paper is based on a wide range of home and abroad counterparts research results, focusing on catenary vibration which induced by catenary structure environment, and also studied wind-resistant stabilization and wind-resistant reliability issues. The thesis includes the following aspect:
1. It was analyzed on the causes of strong winds in Xinjiang area and the statistical law of the winds, according to the documentation and data in hand, based on minimum error approximation and matrix method, resulting in the probability distribution of average wind speed and annual maximum average wind speed in Lanxin line's strong wind area.
According to the Environmental and catenary structure characteristics, it was considered about the profile about the distribution of gradient wind load, turbulence pulsation correlation, turbulence intensity and power spectral density by adopting harmonic superposition method, establishing numerical simulation of fluctuation wind field by davenport wind speed spectrum and the simplified wind field simulation method suit for catenary structure. By calculating the wind speed of different catenary structure with the simplified wind field simulation method, the results shows that the simulated wind speed power spectrum is consistent with the target spectrum, and the simulation-generated wind fields can be characterized by random wind field in random nature of time domain.
In order to describe the basic characteristics of sand and its influence on catenary structure, it is combined with the natural properties of sand, the load formation patterns and the structural characteristics of catenary system and analyzes the influence on wind loads to catenary structure by using sand-wind two-phase flow's mathematical model.
2. By regarding the coupling effect between catenary support structures and its suspended structure; the sag effect of contact line and carrier cable and the geometric nonlinearity and the material nonlinearity of support structure through finite element software ansys, it is established three-dimensional finite element model of the catenary system based on its two-dimensional model. By verifing the validity of the model in experiment and determining the parameter and process methods of wind induced vibration response time domain analysis of catenary structure system, it is analyzed on dynamic response of catenary structural system from wind load and wind-sand load, etc.
The result shows that when compared with the nature frequency of catenary with the nature frequency of independent support structure and suspension structure, the natural frequency of independent support structure and suspension structure are slightly decreased and the coupling effect between independent support structure and suspension structure are very significant. The design of catenary structure is unreasonable when it is only equivalent to the load of carrier cable and contact line to static load. With the increase volume ratio of sand, the influence on wind-sand load to catenary structure's feature point response comes to increase. This shows that, the sand load has obvious incentive contribution to the feature point response.
3. On account of the characteristic of catenary structure, based on the process of wind-induced vibration response of feature response point, the dynamic incremental method is introduced to the Budiansky-Roth stability criteria, proposing dynamic stability criteria of wind-resistance by its compared with the influence on different structural characteristic of the dynamic stability of centenary. The result reflects that by increasing the tension, reducing the span, reducing the contact line height and appropriately increase the number of suspension lines, the wind-resistance stability of catenary structure can be effectively improved.
4.In the premise of systematically analyzing the reason and failure mechanism of catenary structure fatigue damage which occurred and developed, based on the finite element stress response time-history,the probability distribution characteristic of catenary structure's environmental load effect and the fatigue damage theory's fatigue reliability analysis method are estabilished by taking the contact line as an example, analyzing the impact degree of the contact line fatigue reliability by structural factors and environmental factors. The case suggests that the weight of contact line, the load of ice and sand make large impact on the fatigue reliability of contact line, which can't be ignored.
5. By considering the probability distribution of wind speed and the sand environmental characteristics, it is proposed time-domain dynamic reliability calculation method of catenary structure from applicability and strength failure aspect by using first time beyond theory. The calculation method is combined with the finite element method、 RBF neural network and Monte Carlo simulation, unrestrained from the form of random variable distribution, and also isolated from the non-linear restrict of limit state equation, resulting in more satisfied calculation accuracy.
引文
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