解读“垮掉的一代”
摘要
作为一个较有争议的文学团体，“垮掉的一代”在美国文学史中的地位与贡献一直难有定论。克鲁亚克，金斯伯格等“垮掉派”作家在不为主流文化所接受的同时却被奉为青年反文化运动的先驱。在中国，“垮掉的一代”在80年代以前少有听闻，每一接触，也总是被与颓废，堕落，放荡不羁相联系。那么“垮掉的一代”文学运动究竟有无其价值呢?本文认为，对“垮掉的一代”的评价不是一个是与非的问题，而是一个选择什么角度，如何看的问题。
本论文将选取上述两位“垮掉派”作家的经典之作：小说《在路上》及长诗《嚎叫》，力图通过几个不同的角度，多侧面地对“垮掉的一代”进行考查，从而就其本身的文学主张与社会影响做一较全面的分析研究，最终还原出一个能为人所理解的“垮掉的一代”。本论文的考查，分析将从以下几方面入手：
第一部分将对“垮掉的一代”文学运动，克鲁亚克，金斯伯格及他们的作品进行简要介绍并回顾对这两位作家的文学批评。
第二部分将从历史角度出发，对二战后美国的经济，政治及文化态势做一描述，从而勾勒出“垮掉的一代”产生的历史背景。
第三部分是对“垮掉的一代”的哲学，美学思想渊源的追溯，力图说明美国超验主义哲学传统与现代存在主义哲学对“垮掉的一代”所产生的重大影响。
第四部分将对“垮掉一代”的文学表现主题进行发掘。通过对小说《在路上》及长诗《嚎叫》的文本分析，本文力图表现“垮掉”作家的文学精神实质。
第五部分将着手于“垮掉的一代”文学创作技巧。对“垮掉一代”作家所标榜的“无意识写作”及其景象化，动作化的表现风格及反英雄的刻画进行分析研究。
第六部分是本文的结论。基于上述研究分析，本文力图得出的结论是：在那样的历史背景下，持有那样的哲学，美学观；“垮掉一代”的文学、文化反叛乃是其必然之举。
As a quite disputable literary group, the Beat Generation never gets a definition of status and contribution in American literary history. While disapproved by the mainstream critics, the Beat writers as Kerouac and Ginsberg were iconed by the youth counterculture. In China, this group was seldom mentioned before 1980s.Even if mentioned, it always went hand in hand with decadence and degeneracy. Then question still remained is what's the true color of the Beat Generation. The view of this thesis is that the assessment of the Beat Generation is not an issue between right and wrong, but one of perspective and stands.
By choosing two Beats' classic works, On the Road and Howl, mis thesis tries to carry out a survey of the Beat Generation from different perspectives. The main target of mis survey is to expose an understandable Beat Generation.
The thesis is divided into six parts: The first part is a brief introduction to the Beats' classic works, namely On the Road and Howl and the relevant literary criticism. The second part is a sketch of the relevant backgrounds that produce the Beat Generation. The third part is devoted to a survey of the philosophical and aesthetic source of the Beat Generation. The aim of this survey is American Transcendentalism and modern Existentialism. The fourth part is a thematic analysis based on the textual analysis of on the Road and Howl. By doing so, the thesis tries to discover the spiritual essence of the Beats' literary creation. The fifth part is a survey of technical characteristics of the Beat writing. The survey covers the spontaneous writing that is advocated by the Beat writers, the visionalized and actionalized unfolding of Beats' writing and the characterization of anti-hero. The sixth part is the conclusion of the thesis. Based on the survey above, the thesis draws the following conclusion that under such a milieu of the 1950s and by holding the philosophical and aesthetical view drawn from Transcendentalism and Existentialism, the Beat Generation can find no way out except in their cultural and literary rebellion.
本论文将选取上述两位“垮掉派”作家的经典之作：小说《在路上》及长诗《嚎叫》，力图通过几个不同的角度，多侧面地对“垮掉的一代”进行考查，从而就其本身的文学主张与社会影响做一较全面的分析研究，最终还原出一个能为人所理解的“垮掉的一代”。本论文的考查，分析将从以下几方面入手：
第一部分将对“垮掉的一代”文学运动，克鲁亚克，金斯伯格及他们的作品进行简要介绍并回顾对这两位作家的文学批评。
第二部分将从历史角度出发，对二战后美国的经济，政治及文化态势做一描述，从而勾勒出“垮掉的一代”产生的历史背景。
第三部分是对“垮掉的一代”的哲学，美学思想渊源的追溯，力图说明美国超验主义哲学传统与现代存在主义哲学对“垮掉的一代”所产生的重大影响。
第四部分将对“垮掉一代”的文学表现主题进行发掘。通过对小说《在路上》及长诗《嚎叫》的文本分析，本文力图表现“垮掉”作家的文学精神实质。
第五部分将着手于“垮掉的一代”文学创作技巧。对“垮掉一代”作家所标榜的“无意识写作”及其景象化，动作化的表现风格及反英雄的刻画进行分析研究。
第六部分是本文的结论。基于上述研究分析，本文力图得出的结论是：在那样的历史背景下，持有那样的哲学，美学观；“垮掉一代”的文学、文化反叛乃是其必然之举。
As a quite disputable literary group, the Beat Generation never gets a definition of status and contribution in American literary history. While disapproved by the mainstream critics, the Beat writers as Kerouac and Ginsberg were iconed by the youth counterculture. In China, this group was seldom mentioned before 1980s.Even if mentioned, it always went hand in hand with decadence and degeneracy. Then question still remained is what's the true color of the Beat Generation. The view of this thesis is that the assessment of the Beat Generation is not an issue between right and wrong, but one of perspective and stands.
By choosing two Beats' classic works, On the Road and Howl, mis thesis tries to carry out a survey of the Beat Generation from different perspectives. The main target of mis survey is to expose an understandable Beat Generation.
The thesis is divided into six parts: The first part is a brief introduction to the Beats' classic works, namely On the Road and Howl and the relevant literary criticism. The second part is a sketch of the relevant backgrounds that produce the Beat Generation. The third part is devoted to a survey of the philosophical and aesthetic source of the Beat Generation. The aim of this survey is American Transcendentalism and modern Existentialism. The fourth part is a thematic analysis based on the textual analysis of on the Road and Howl. By doing so, the thesis tries to discover the spiritual essence of the Beats' literary creation. The fifth part is a survey of technical characteristics of the Beat writing. The survey covers the spontaneous writing that is advocated by the Beat writers, the visionalized and actionalized unfolding of Beats' writing and the characterization of anti-hero. The sixth part is the conclusion of the thesis. Based on the survey above, the thesis draws the following conclusion that under such a milieu of the 1950s and by holding the philosophical and aesthetical view drawn from Transcendentalism and Existentialism, the Beat Generation can find no way out except in their cultural and literary rebellion.
引文
1. In the latest edition of Howl, Ginsberg has included this footnote in the main body of the poem.
2. LSD is lysergic acid diathylamide, a powerful drug that can produce hallucination. In 1950s and 1960s, it was the most popular and available drugs among the American youth.
3. This view point is borrowed from the study of the achievements of the Chinese scholars. In my thesis, the viewpoints of the Chinese scholars are not directly cited. But the contribution of their achievements to my thesis cannot be denied.
4. Joual is the spoken Canadian French, especially the local forms of spoken French of Quebec.
5. Satre, during the 1950s, is regarded as the most radical representative of philosophical Existentialism.
6. Humanistic tradition here should be understood as the philosophical devotion to the question of man's interest and value.
7. Although Existentialists never apply the term "spontaneity", their firm belief in instinct and inner genius completely equals to the doctrine of "spontaneity" in literary creation.
8. All the quotations from On the Road will be marked with OR and page number. And the quotations from Howl will be marked with HL and page number.
9. Moloch is the god of fire in the myth of ancient Philistine. The god prefers the sacrifices of children.
10. Deus is the Latin equivalence to English All-powerful Father or the eternal God.
11. Out of their transcendental and existential understanding of life, the Beats never believe in the definitive. They cult the concrete actions and experiences beyond the predetermined certainty. In this sense, submitting to everything is their eulogy of the authenticity of the spontaneity.
12. Bebop is one of the form of jazz which stress the rhythm.
Anderson T. J. Body and Soul: Bob kaufman's Golden Sartin. Atrican American Rpview, (Indiana state Univ, Summer 2000)
Arendt, Hannah. 1965. French Existentialism. The Macmilion Campany.
Baktin, Mikhail M.1984 Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. Translated by Caryl Emerson. University of Minnesota Press.
Barrett, wiliam. 1957. Existentialism as a Symptom of Man's Contemporary Crisis. Harper & Brothers.
Baym, Nina. 1989. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Ine
Beard, Rick & Berlowitz, Leslie Cohen. 1993. Greenwich village culture and counterculture. New Jersey Rutger University Press.
Bloom, Alexander. 2001. Long Time Gone: sixties America then and now. Oxford University Press, Inc.
Boller, Paul. 1974. American Transcendentaism 1830-1860: An Intellectual Inquiry. G.P. Putsa's son.
Braunstein, Peter & Doyle, Michael William. 2002. Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of The 1960s and '70s. New York: Routledge.
Breslin, James. Allen Ginsberg: The Origins of Howl and Kaddish. Iawa Review, 8 1977.
Campbell, James. Kerouac's Blues. Antioch Review (Yellow Spring, OH) [Spring 2001]: 451～459.
Caponigri, Robert.1982. Individual Civil Society and state in American Transcendentalism. G.K.Hap & Co.
Carr, Roy, & Case, Brian & Dellar, Fred. 1986. Hipster, Jazz and The Beat Generation. Boston: Faber and Faber London.
Carroll, Paul. 1968. The Poem in Its Skin. Follett-Big Table.
Carter, David. 2001 Allen Ginsberg's Spontaneous Mind: Selected Interview 1958～1996. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
Charters, Ann. 1989. The letters of Jack Kerouac: 1940-1956. New York, Viking.
Cook, Bruce. 1971 The Beat Generation. New Youk: Charles Scribner's sons.
----------1985. Allen Ginsberg: The Beat Goes On. in Book-world. The Washington Post January 13.
Daniel, Hoffman. 1979. Harvard Guide to contemprary American Writing. Harvard University Press.
David, Riesman. 1950. The Lonely crowed, the New york Magazie, Inc.
Douglas, Ann. Telepathic Shock and Meaning Exitement: Kerouac's Poetics of Intimacy. College Literature (West Chester Univ) [Winter 2000]: 8～21.
Eillis, Charles Mayo. 1954 Principles and Criticism. reprinted by scholars Facimiles & Reprints.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 1979. The Transcendentalism. Reprint by the Belknap press of Horvard University Press.
Timothy, Miller. 1999. The 60's Communes: Hippe and Beyond. Syracuse University Press, New York.
French, Warren. 1968. Jack Kerouac. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
Frethinham, Octavius. 1903. Religious Tendency: American Unitarien Association.
Ginsberg, Allen. 1956. Howl and Other Poems. San Francisco: City Lights Books.
Green, Jonathon. 1999. All Dressed Up: The Sixties and the Counterculture. Pimico & Randon House London.
Greene, Maxine. 1974. Literature, Existentialism and Education. NewYork: Teachers college Press.
Hard, David. After all, What Else Is There To Say? Review of Contemporary Fiction (Illinois State Univ) [Spring 1999]: 12 2～137.
Heller, Agnes. 1990. Existentialism, Alienation, and Postmodernisn: Culture Movement as Vehicles of Changing in the Pattern of Everyday Life. Bery pulbisher
Holmas, John Clellon. 1959. This is the Beat Generation. New York Times Magazine 16 Nov.
----------b. 1988. Representative Men: The Biographical Essay. The University of Arkansas Press.
Hunt, Tim. 1981. Kerouac's Crooked Road: Develpment of a Fiction. Archon Press, Harndon.
Kenneth, Rexroth. 1947. Bird in the bush: Obvious essays. New York: New Directions.
Kerouac, Jack. 1957. On the Road. New York: Viking Press.
----------b. 1959. The Origins of the Beat Generation. in play boys Vo16,No.6.
----------c. 1961. Essentials of Spontaneous Prose. New York. Kerouac's interview with Ted Berrigan and Aram Sarogen in the Paris reviewm 43 (summer 1968)
Lardas, John. 2001. The Bop Apocalypse: The Religious Vision of kerouac, Ginsbery and Burroughs. University of Illinois Press.
Lemon, lee T. 1974. Prairie schooner. University of Nebraska Press.
Malcolm, Douglas. Jazz America: Jazz and African American Culture in Jack Kerouac's Qn the Road. Contemporary Literature Vol 40 (No. 1 1999).
Marion, Paul. 1999. Atop an Underwood: Early Stories and Other Writings of Jack Kerouac. Penguin Putnam Inc.
Merrill, Thomas F. 1969. Allen Ginsberg. Twayne.
Miles, Parry. 2000. Jack Kerouac, King of the Beats: A portrait. World Literature today, Winter.
Miller, Timothy. 1999. The 60s Communes: Hippies and Beyond. New York: Syracuse University Press. 1～13
Mogen, David. & Mark, Busby. & Bryant, Paul. 1989. The Frontier Experience and the American Dream. Texas University press.
Moramarco, Fred. 1982. Moloch's poet: A Retrospective Look at Allen Ginsberg's Poetry in The American Poetry Review Vol. 11, No.5
Mortenson, Erik R. Beating Time: Configurations of Temporality in Kerouac's On the Road. College Literature (West Chester Univ) [Fall 2001]: 51～67
Newhouse, Thomas. 2000. The Beat Generation and The Popular Novel in The United States,1945～1970. North Carolina: Mcfarland & Company, Inc.
Ostriker, Alicia. Howl Revisited: the Poet as Jew. American Poetry Review (Philadelphia) [Jul/Aug 1997]: 28～31
Patterson, James T. 1983. America in the Twentieth century. Harcourt Brace Jovanovish, Inc.
Peyer, Henri.1967. Existentialism and French Literature: Jean-Paul Sartre's Novels. Oxford universty press.
Phillips, Robert. 1973. The Confessional Poet. Southern Illinois University Press.
Podhorets, Norman. 1958 The Know-Nothing Bohemians. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc
Quinn, Richard. A Great Poet, A Great America: Reading a Poet' Prose. Iowa Review [Summer 2001]: 175～179
Santayana, George. 1982 The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy. G.K.Hall & Co 1982
Satre, Jean-Paul. 1971. Existentialism is a Hunanism. Trauslated by Philip Mairet, Anchor Book.
Soto, Michael. Still the New World: American Literature in a Culture of Creative Destruction. MELUS (Univ of Southern California) [Spring 2002]: 238～241
Stepanchev, Stephen. 1987. Popular Poetry: Allen Ginsberg. in his American Poetry since 1945.Harpert& Row, Publishers, Inc.
Stephonson, Gregory. 1990. The Daybreak Boys: Esays on the Literature of the Beat Generation. Car bondale Southern Illinois University Press.
Sterritt, David. Kerouac, Artaud, and the Baroque Period of the Three Stooges. Mosaic: A journal for the Interdisciphary Study of Literature (Univ of Manitoba) [Dec 1998]: 83～98
Swartz, Omar. 1999. The View from On the Road: The Rhetorical Vision of Jack Kerouac. Southern Illinois University Press.
Tanner, Tony. 1965. Saint Beholding: the Transcendentialist Point of View. Cambridge at the University Press, 1965
Tytell, John. 1976. Naked Angels: the Lives & Literature of the Beat Generation. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Vopat, Carole Gottlied. Jack Kerouac's On the Road: A Re-evaluation. (Midwest Quarterly, summer)
Weinreich, Rehina. 1987. The Spontaneous Poetics of Jack Kerouac: A study of the Fiction. Southern Illinois University Press.
Weinreich, Rehina & Sterritt, David. Mad to be Saved: the beats, the '50s and film. College Literature (West Chester Univ) [winter 2000]: 263～268
West, Cornel. 1989. Black Culture and Postmodernism. Bay Press.
Whittemore, Reed. 1970. From Howl to "OM". The New Republic, New Jersey.
William, Horton Rod. 1991. Backgrounds of Ameriacna Literary Thought. Eagle wood Cliffs, prientice Hall, New Jersey
常耀信 1990年，《美国文学简史》．天津：南开大学出版社。
程巍，2002，一场象征性的文化革命---反思西方60年代学生造反运动，《外国文学》第6期，42～47。
金衡山，2002，自由的意义---超验主义思想探析，《外国文学》第1期。
赖干坚，1994．反英雄---后现代主义小说的重要角色，《外国文学评论》第2期，141～145。
翟士钊，1999，美国作家关于当代“文明”的危机意识，《外国文学研究》第2期，27～30。
张儒林，1996年，《美国文学史》，甘肃：甘肃教育出版社。
钟良明，1995，论存在文学的人道主义内涵，《外国文学评论》第4期，21～30。
2. LSD is lysergic acid diathylamide, a powerful drug that can produce hallucination. In 1950s and 1960s, it was the most popular and available drugs among the American youth.
3. This view point is borrowed from the study of the achievements of the Chinese scholars. In my thesis, the viewpoints of the Chinese scholars are not directly cited. But the contribution of their achievements to my thesis cannot be denied.
4. Joual is the spoken Canadian French, especially the local forms of spoken French of Quebec.
5. Satre, during the 1950s, is regarded as the most radical representative of philosophical Existentialism.
6. Humanistic tradition here should be understood as the philosophical devotion to the question of man's interest and value.
7. Although Existentialists never apply the term "spontaneity", their firm belief in instinct and inner genius completely equals to the doctrine of "spontaneity" in literary creation.
8. All the quotations from On the Road will be marked with OR and page number. And the quotations from Howl will be marked with HL and page number.
9. Moloch is the god of fire in the myth of ancient Philistine. The god prefers the sacrifices of children.
10. Deus is the Latin equivalence to English All-powerful Father or the eternal God.
11. Out of their transcendental and existential understanding of life, the Beats never believe in the definitive. They cult the concrete actions and experiences beyond the predetermined certainty. In this sense, submitting to everything is their eulogy of the authenticity of the spontaneity.
12. Bebop is one of the form of jazz which stress the rhythm.
Anderson T. J. Body and Soul: Bob kaufman's Golden Sartin. Atrican American Rpview, (Indiana state Univ, Summer 2000)
Arendt, Hannah. 1965. French Existentialism. The Macmilion Campany.
Baktin, Mikhail M.1984 Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. Translated by Caryl Emerson. University of Minnesota Press.
Barrett, wiliam. 1957. Existentialism as a Symptom of Man's Contemporary Crisis. Harper & Brothers.
Baym, Nina. 1989. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Ine
Beard, Rick & Berlowitz, Leslie Cohen. 1993. Greenwich village culture and counterculture. New Jersey Rutger University Press.
Bloom, Alexander. 2001. Long Time Gone: sixties America then and now. Oxford University Press, Inc.
Boller, Paul. 1974. American Transcendentaism 1830-1860: An Intellectual Inquiry. G.P. Putsa's son.
Braunstein, Peter & Doyle, Michael William. 2002. Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of The 1960s and '70s. New York: Routledge.
Breslin, James. Allen Ginsberg: The Origins of Howl and Kaddish. Iawa Review, 8 1977.
Campbell, James. Kerouac's Blues. Antioch Review (Yellow Spring, OH) [Spring 2001]: 451～459.
Caponigri, Robert.1982. Individual Civil Society and state in American Transcendentalism. G.K.Hap & Co.
Carr, Roy, & Case, Brian & Dellar, Fred. 1986. Hipster, Jazz and The Beat Generation. Boston: Faber and Faber London.
Carroll, Paul. 1968. The Poem in Its Skin. Follett-Big Table.
Carter, David. 2001 Allen Ginsberg's Spontaneous Mind: Selected Interview 1958～1996. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
Charters, Ann. 1989. The letters of Jack Kerouac: 1940-1956. New York, Viking.
Cook, Bruce. 1971 The Beat Generation. New Youk: Charles Scribner's sons.
----------1985. Allen Ginsberg: The Beat Goes On. in Book-world. The Washington Post January 13.
Daniel, Hoffman. 1979. Harvard Guide to contemprary American Writing. Harvard University Press.
David, Riesman. 1950. The Lonely crowed, the New york Magazie, Inc.
Douglas, Ann. Telepathic Shock and Meaning Exitement: Kerouac's Poetics of Intimacy. College Literature (West Chester Univ) [Winter 2000]: 8～21.
Eillis, Charles Mayo. 1954 Principles and Criticism. reprinted by scholars Facimiles & Reprints.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 1979. The Transcendentalism. Reprint by the Belknap press of Horvard University Press.
Timothy, Miller. 1999. The 60's Communes: Hippe and Beyond. Syracuse University Press, New York.
French, Warren. 1968. Jack Kerouac. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
Frethinham, Octavius. 1903. Religious Tendency: American Unitarien Association.
Ginsberg, Allen. 1956. Howl and Other Poems. San Francisco: City Lights Books.
Green, Jonathon. 1999. All Dressed Up: The Sixties and the Counterculture. Pimico & Randon House London.
Greene, Maxine. 1974. Literature, Existentialism and Education. NewYork: Teachers college Press.
Hard, David. After all, What Else Is There To Say? Review of Contemporary Fiction (Illinois State Univ) [Spring 1999]: 12 2～137.
Heller, Agnes. 1990. Existentialism, Alienation, and Postmodernisn: Culture Movement as Vehicles of Changing in the Pattern of Everyday Life. Bery pulbisher
Holmas, John Clellon. 1959. This is the Beat Generation. New York Times Magazine 16 Nov.
----------b. 1988. Representative Men: The Biographical Essay. The University of Arkansas Press.
Hunt, Tim. 1981. Kerouac's Crooked Road: Develpment of a Fiction. Archon Press, Harndon.
Kenneth, Rexroth. 1947. Bird in the bush: Obvious essays. New York: New Directions.
Kerouac, Jack. 1957. On the Road. New York: Viking Press.
----------b. 1959. The Origins of the Beat Generation. in play boys Vo16,No.6.
----------c. 1961. Essentials of Spontaneous Prose. New York. Kerouac's interview with Ted Berrigan and Aram Sarogen in the Paris reviewm 43 (summer 1968)
Lardas, John. 2001. The Bop Apocalypse: The Religious Vision of kerouac, Ginsbery and Burroughs. University of Illinois Press.
Lemon, lee T. 1974. Prairie schooner. University of Nebraska Press.
Malcolm, Douglas. Jazz America: Jazz and African American Culture in Jack Kerouac's Qn the Road. Contemporary Literature Vol 40 (No. 1 1999).
Marion, Paul. 1999. Atop an Underwood: Early Stories and Other Writings of Jack Kerouac. Penguin Putnam Inc.
Merrill, Thomas F. 1969. Allen Ginsberg. Twayne.
Miles, Parry. 2000. Jack Kerouac, King of the Beats: A portrait. World Literature today, Winter.
Miller, Timothy. 1999. The 60s Communes: Hippies and Beyond. New York: Syracuse University Press. 1～13
Mogen, David. & Mark, Busby. & Bryant, Paul. 1989. The Frontier Experience and the American Dream. Texas University press.
Moramarco, Fred. 1982. Moloch's poet: A Retrospective Look at Allen Ginsberg's Poetry in The American Poetry Review Vol. 11, No.5
Mortenson, Erik R. Beating Time: Configurations of Temporality in Kerouac's On the Road. College Literature (West Chester Univ) [Fall 2001]: 51～67
Newhouse, Thomas. 2000. The Beat Generation and The Popular Novel in The United States,1945～1970. North Carolina: Mcfarland & Company, Inc.
Ostriker, Alicia. Howl Revisited: the Poet as Jew. American Poetry Review (Philadelphia) [Jul/Aug 1997]: 28～31
Patterson, James T. 1983. America in the Twentieth century. Harcourt Brace Jovanovish, Inc.
Peyer, Henri.1967. Existentialism and French Literature: Jean-Paul Sartre's Novels. Oxford universty press.
Phillips, Robert. 1973. The Confessional Poet. Southern Illinois University Press.
Podhorets, Norman. 1958 The Know-Nothing Bohemians. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc
Quinn, Richard. A Great Poet, A Great America: Reading a Poet' Prose. Iowa Review [Summer 2001]: 175～179
Santayana, George. 1982 The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy. G.K.Hall & Co 1982
Satre, Jean-Paul. 1971. Existentialism is a Hunanism. Trauslated by Philip Mairet, Anchor Book.
Soto, Michael. Still the New World: American Literature in a Culture of Creative Destruction. MELUS (Univ of Southern California) [Spring 2002]: 238～241
Stepanchev, Stephen. 1987. Popular Poetry: Allen Ginsberg. in his American Poetry since 1945.Harpert& Row, Publishers, Inc.
Stephonson, Gregory. 1990. The Daybreak Boys: Esays on the Literature of the Beat Generation. Car bondale Southern Illinois University Press.
Sterritt, David. Kerouac, Artaud, and the Baroque Period of the Three Stooges. Mosaic: A journal for the Interdisciphary Study of Literature (Univ of Manitoba) [Dec 1998]: 83～98
Swartz, Omar. 1999. The View from On the Road: The Rhetorical Vision of Jack Kerouac. Southern Illinois University Press.
Tanner, Tony. 1965. Saint Beholding: the Transcendentialist Point of View. Cambridge at the University Press, 1965
Tytell, John. 1976. Naked Angels: the Lives & Literature of the Beat Generation. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Vopat, Carole Gottlied. Jack Kerouac's On the Road: A Re-evaluation. (Midwest Quarterly, summer)
Weinreich, Rehina. 1987. The Spontaneous Poetics of Jack Kerouac: A study of the Fiction. Southern Illinois University Press.
Weinreich, Rehina & Sterritt, David. Mad to be Saved: the beats, the '50s and film. College Literature (West Chester Univ) [winter 2000]: 263～268
West, Cornel. 1989. Black Culture and Postmodernism. Bay Press.
Whittemore, Reed. 1970. From Howl to "OM". The New Republic, New Jersey.
William, Horton Rod. 1991. Backgrounds of Ameriacna Literary Thought. Eagle wood Cliffs, prientice Hall, New Jersey
常耀信 1990年，《美国文学简史》．天津：南开大学出版社。
程巍，2002，一场象征性的文化革命---反思西方60年代学生造反运动，《外国文学》第6期，42～47。
金衡山，2002，自由的意义---超验主义思想探析，《外国文学》第1期。
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