扬·盖尔“以人为本”城市公共空间设计理论与方法研究
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摘要
扬·盖尔是在世界范围内具有影响力的丹麦建筑师、城市规划与设计师。在城市公共空间设计理论与方法方面,以其独特的“以人为本”设计哲学,取得了突出的成就,他所主持的设计项目已经遍及47个国家的许多城市。本文通过对扬·盖尔在城市公共空间设计中所运用和体现的“以人为本”设计理论和方法的研究,特别是深入探讨了公共空间与公共生活之间的关系,并从心理因素和物质环境两个方面探讨在设计过程中如何重视和落实对人的关怀理念,如何使公共空间能够更好的服务于人,方便于人。
本论文共分9个章节,除绪论和基本理论研究两章外,第三章主要是通过文献阅读和访谈,了解扬·盖尔早年生活和所处时代背景与其思想体系来源的关系,探讨其设计哲学三个阶段的形成过程。第四、五、六章作为本文的核心内容,通过系统地分析和研究扬·盖尔的理论成果及设计项目,系统地总结和阐述了其对以“人为本设计”哲学在理论与实践两个方面的贡献。其中,理论贡献方面包括了感知与行为、场所理论、设计方法三个方面。第七章则通过对扬·盖尔三个具有代表性案例的分析,阐述了其设计思想和方法在实际设计项目中是如何加以运用和体现的,同时也试图理清设计项目对理论形成和理论对实践指导的相互关系。第八章作为本文的总结,全面阐述了作者对扬·盖尔“以人为本”设计理论和方法的理解与认识,并从城市公共空间本质、为什么人们需要公共空间、人对城市公共空间需求以及如何改进和建立城市公共空间四个方面,总结和阐述了对“以人为本”公共空间设计的认识,并提出了我国在公共空间设计建设与发展方面可资借鉴的地方。第九章作为论文结语,重申了本研究的意义,并对未来加以了展望,同时也希望本研究能够在传播国外先进理论与经验,在推动和完善我国有关公共空间设计建设与发展方面起到一些有益的作用。
Jan Gehl is a world renowned Danish architect, urban designer, and former professor at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Architecture School. For the past 50 years, he has developed a unique human-oriented design philosophy in urban public space and public life. Jan has engaged in different kinds of projects in more than 47 countries and has already gained outstanding achievements. This thesis has presented Jan's philosophy of which his human-oriented design theory and methods were applied in the design of urban public space. Specifically, it focuses on his thoughts about how to understand the relationship between public space and public life and explores how to put people first in the whole process of public design from both psychological and physic perspectives.
The thesis is divided into 9 chapters, apart from the first two chapters which present the introduction and basic theories for thesis framework. The third chapter introduces the origin of Jan's design philosophy through the understanding of his life and social context in his early years as well as the process of his philosophy formation. This philosophy is divided into three phases:starting, exploring, and application. The fourth, fifth and sixth chapters are the core of the thesis. They expound on his contribution in perception and behavior, site design theory, and method—all through the deep analysis and research on his theory, method, and projects respectively. The seventh chapter includes a selection of three typical projects as study cases. The attempt is to find how Jan's human-oriented design theory and method has been used in the practical projects through a thorough study on these projects. In addition, trying to inquire how the projects impact the formation of theory and how the theory has guided the practice is another research aim in this chapter. The eighth chapter as the discussion of the thesis has elucidated the author's understanding and knowledge of Jan's human-oriented philosophy in urban public space design and construction. It is explained in four points, which are the nature of urban public space, why people need public space, what kind of public space people need, and how to improve and create urban public space. There is also a constructive discussion on what should be learned from Jan's philosophy and how it could be used for the construction and development of urban public space in China. The ninth chapter as conclusion has emphasized the importance and meaning of the research on Jan's human-oriented philosophy in the urban public space area. The author hopes this thesis will make sense for the public space develop situation in China, letting more people learn from Jan Gehl to guide public space design work in order to create safety, lively, healthy, and sustainable cities in China.
本论文共分9个章节,除绪论和基本理论研究两章外,第三章主要是通过文献阅读和访谈,了解扬·盖尔早年生活和所处时代背景与其思想体系来源的关系,探讨其设计哲学三个阶段的形成过程。第四、五、六章作为本文的核心内容,通过系统地分析和研究扬·盖尔的理论成果及设计项目,系统地总结和阐述了其对以“人为本设计”哲学在理论与实践两个方面的贡献。其中,理论贡献方面包括了感知与行为、场所理论、设计方法三个方面。第七章则通过对扬·盖尔三个具有代表性案例的分析,阐述了其设计思想和方法在实际设计项目中是如何加以运用和体现的,同时也试图理清设计项目对理论形成和理论对实践指导的相互关系。第八章作为本文的总结,全面阐述了作者对扬·盖尔“以人为本”设计理论和方法的理解与认识,并从城市公共空间本质、为什么人们需要公共空间、人对城市公共空间需求以及如何改进和建立城市公共空间四个方面,总结和阐述了对“以人为本”公共空间设计的认识,并提出了我国在公共空间设计建设与发展方面可资借鉴的地方。第九章作为论文结语,重申了本研究的意义,并对未来加以了展望,同时也希望本研究能够在传播国外先进理论与经验,在推动和完善我国有关公共空间设计建设与发展方面起到一些有益的作用。
Jan Gehl is a world renowned Danish architect, urban designer, and former professor at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Architecture School. For the past 50 years, he has developed a unique human-oriented design philosophy in urban public space and public life. Jan has engaged in different kinds of projects in more than 47 countries and has already gained outstanding achievements. This thesis has presented Jan's philosophy of which his human-oriented design theory and methods were applied in the design of urban public space. Specifically, it focuses on his thoughts about how to understand the relationship between public space and public life and explores how to put people first in the whole process of public design from both psychological and physic perspectives.
The thesis is divided into 9 chapters, apart from the first two chapters which present the introduction and basic theories for thesis framework. The third chapter introduces the origin of Jan's design philosophy through the understanding of his life and social context in his early years as well as the process of his philosophy formation. This philosophy is divided into three phases:starting, exploring, and application. The fourth, fifth and sixth chapters are the core of the thesis. They expound on his contribution in perception and behavior, site design theory, and method—all through the deep analysis and research on his theory, method, and projects respectively. The seventh chapter includes a selection of three typical projects as study cases. The attempt is to find how Jan's human-oriented design theory and method has been used in the practical projects through a thorough study on these projects. In addition, trying to inquire how the projects impact the formation of theory and how the theory has guided the practice is another research aim in this chapter. The eighth chapter as the discussion of the thesis has elucidated the author's understanding and knowledge of Jan's human-oriented philosophy in urban public space design and construction. It is explained in four points, which are the nature of urban public space, why people need public space, what kind of public space people need, and how to improve and create urban public space. There is also a constructive discussion on what should be learned from Jan's philosophy and how it could be used for the construction and development of urban public space in China. The ninth chapter as conclusion has emphasized the importance and meaning of the research on Jan's human-oriented philosophy in the urban public space area. The author hopes this thesis will make sense for the public space develop situation in China, letting more people learn from Jan Gehl to guide public space design work in order to create safety, lively, healthy, and sustainable cities in China.
引文
[1]中国发展报告2010：促进人的发展的中国新型城市化战略.中国经济网http://www. cnr.cn/allnews/201009/t20100921 507085232.html.2010-09-21.
[2]参见蒋志安.论邓小平的人才观.专题研究.论坛第9期.(?)vww.1yswdx.com/llky/dxlt/. 2007-11-01.
[3]参见“以人为本”,http://www.lnqn.com/Html/zhexue/001300977.html.2010-10-20.
[4]李德华等著.城市规划原理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2001年版.第491页.
[5][美]凯文·林奇.加里·海克著,黄富厢,朱琪,吴小亚译.总体设计[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[6]参考百度百科,词条”公共空间”,http://baike.baidu.com/view/3821706.htm.2010/10/20.
[7]参考百度百科,词条”公共生活”,http://baike.baidu.com/view/1362485.htm 2010-10-20.
[8]百度百科,词条“感觉”,http://baike.baidu.com/view/14675.htm#8.2010-11-09.
[9]世界环境与发展委员会著,王之佳等译.我们共同的未来[M].长春：吉林人民出版社.1997年,第52页.
[10]张京祥.西方规划城市史纲[M].南京：东南大学出版社.2005年,第11-12页.
[11]国际现代建筑学会拟订.雅典宪章http://hi.baidu.com/yake/blog/item/ad98349b 112293 bl c9eaf4ae.5008-03-05.
[12]冯晓娜.中国城市公共空间的危机研究[D].复旦大学硕士论文.2009.
[13]参考百度百科,词条”公共空间”,1http://baike.baidu.com/view/3821706.htm.2010-10-15.
[14]张翰卿.美国城市公共空间的发展历史[J].规划师,2005,第2期,第111页.
[15]周波.城市公共空间的历史演变——以20世纪下半叶中国城市公共空间演变为研究重心[D].同济大学,2005.
[16][美]罗杰·特兰西克著,朱子瑜,张播等译.寻找失落的空间[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2008：第9,27,3页.
[17][丹]扬·盖尔著.何人可译.交往与空间.北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2002：第47,27,73,171,13,81,155,173,35页.
[18]Rob Krier,Urban Space.NewYork:Rizzoli International Publication,INC.1979,P81.
[19]Le Corbusier,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le Corbusier.2011-03-21.
[20]Jan Gehl.Life Between Buildings.Copenhagen:The Danish Architectural Press.Six edition,second issue,2010:Foreword,P71,75,15,133.
[21]Jan Gehl.Cities For People,Washington:Island Press.2010.Introdtion,Book,review.
[22]中国国际城市主题文化设计院,后现代主义城市规划思维的特征,http://www. citysuc.com/wzny.asp?id=1438.2011-O1-10.
[23]School of Architecture,The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Institute3:City,Space and Function.Public Space,Public Life Survey Summary.2002.10.
[24][丹]扬·盖尔.人性化城市.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2010：第25,119,177页.
[25]环境心理学,http://www.examda.com/xlzx/zhishi/jichu/20101201/0949083 53.html. 2010-12-01.
[26]百度百科,词条”尺度”,http://baike.baidu.com/view/671806.htm.2010-10-15.
[27]金广君著.图解城市设计[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2010.第27页.
[28]百度百科,词条“交往”,1http://baike.baidu.com/view/558106.htm.2010-10-15.
[29]NYC Department of transportation/Gehl Architects. World Class Streets:Remaking New York City's Public Realm,Report of New York project.2008.
[30][美]刘易斯·芒福德著.宋俊玲等译.城市发展史——起源、演变和前景[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2005-02.第514页.
[31]杨滨章.昔日旧码头,今朝滨水园[J].中国园林.2010年2月,第2期.
[32]环境心理学,http://www.bj-zikao.cn/jyx2/200931815933.html.2009-03-18.
[33]William H.Whyte,City:Rediscoving the Center, New York:Doubleday 1988.
[34]2010年8月18日与盖尔的谈话记录,丹麦,哥本哈根.
[35]参见百度百科,词条“生活”,]http://baike.baidu.com/view/5747.htm.2010-11-30.
[36]昆山阳澄湖地铁站周边MOD模式城市设计报告.盖尔建筑事务所&宇恒可持续交通研究中心.2010.
[37]Man of the People With Cities to Save, Media Monitors,Capital City Daily. Sydney Morning Herald Saturday.2010-12-11,P5.
[38]与盖尔2010年7月26日谈话记录.丹麦,哥本哈根.
[39]Jan Gehl & Gehl Architects,PSPL Survey Manual.2011-03.
[40]Perth, PSPL Survey and Urban Strategy Report.By Gehl Architects.2009.P66.
[41]Place For People,Melbourne,Report.By Gehl Architects,2004,P84.
[42]Jan Gehl & Lars Gemzoe.Public Space Public Life [M],The Danish Architectural Press, 1996 & The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts school of Architecture Press,1996,P59.
[43]参见中国可持续能源项目,http://www.efchina.org/CSEPCN/FPubInfo.do?zact=1 ist&abb=AboutUs&sabb=1.2010-10-28.
[44]宇恒可持续交通研究中心,http://www.chinastc.org/sc/home.2010-10-28.
[45]李祎.上海青少年肥胖率近全国三倍.东方网http://news.qq.com/a/20101114/000340. htzm.2010-11-14.
[46][丹]扬·盖尔著.杨滨章,赵春丽编译.适应公共生活变化的公共空间[J].中国园林.2010.第8期.第34-38页.
[2]参见蒋志安.论邓小平的人才观.专题研究.论坛第9期.(?)vww.1yswdx.com/llky/dxlt/. 2007-11-01.
[3]参见“以人为本”,http://www.lnqn.com/Html/zhexue/001300977.html.2010-10-20.
[4]李德华等著.城市规划原理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2001年版.第491页.
[5][美]凯文·林奇.加里·海克著,黄富厢,朱琪,吴小亚译.总体设计[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[6]参考百度百科,词条”公共空间”,http://baike.baidu.com/view/3821706.htm.2010/10/20.
[7]参考百度百科,词条”公共生活”,http://baike.baidu.com/view/1362485.htm 2010-10-20.
[8]百度百科,词条“感觉”,http://baike.baidu.com/view/14675.htm#8.2010-11-09.
[9]世界环境与发展委员会著,王之佳等译.我们共同的未来[M].长春：吉林人民出版社.1997年,第52页.
[10]张京祥.西方规划城市史纲[M].南京：东南大学出版社.2005年,第11-12页.
[11]国际现代建筑学会拟订.雅典宪章http://hi.baidu.com/yake/blog/item/ad98349b 112293 bl c9eaf4ae.5008-03-05.
[12]冯晓娜.中国城市公共空间的危机研究[D].复旦大学硕士论文.2009.
[13]参考百度百科,词条”公共空间”,1http://baike.baidu.com/view/3821706.htm.2010-10-15.
[14]张翰卿.美国城市公共空间的发展历史[J].规划师,2005,第2期,第111页.
[15]周波.城市公共空间的历史演变——以20世纪下半叶中国城市公共空间演变为研究重心[D].同济大学,2005.
[16][美]罗杰·特兰西克著,朱子瑜,张播等译.寻找失落的空间[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2008：第9,27,3页.
[17][丹]扬·盖尔著.何人可译.交往与空间.北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2002：第47,27,73,171,13,81,155,173,35页.
[18]Rob Krier,Urban Space.NewYork:Rizzoli International Publication,INC.1979,P81.
[19]Le Corbusier,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le Corbusier.2011-03-21.
[20]Jan Gehl.Life Between Buildings.Copenhagen:The Danish Architectural Press.Six edition,second issue,2010:Foreword,P71,75,15,133.
[21]Jan Gehl.Cities For People,Washington:Island Press.2010.Introdtion,Book,review.
[22]中国国际城市主题文化设计院,后现代主义城市规划思维的特征,http://www. citysuc.com/wzny.asp?id=1438.2011-O1-10.
[23]School of Architecture,The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Institute3:City,Space and Function.Public Space,Public Life Survey Summary.2002.10.
[24][丹]扬·盖尔.人性化城市.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2010：第25,119,177页.
[25]环境心理学,http://www.examda.com/xlzx/zhishi/jichu/20101201/0949083 53.html. 2010-12-01.
[26]百度百科,词条”尺度”,http://baike.baidu.com/view/671806.htm.2010-10-15.
[27]金广君著.图解城市设计[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2010.第27页.
[28]百度百科,词条“交往”,1http://baike.baidu.com/view/558106.htm.2010-10-15.
[29]NYC Department of transportation/Gehl Architects. World Class Streets:Remaking New York City's Public Realm,Report of New York project.2008.
[30][美]刘易斯·芒福德著.宋俊玲等译.城市发展史——起源、演变和前景[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2005-02.第514页.
[31]杨滨章.昔日旧码头,今朝滨水园[J].中国园林.2010年2月,第2期.
[32]环境心理学,http://www.bj-zikao.cn/jyx2/200931815933.html.2009-03-18.
[33]William H.Whyte,City:Rediscoving the Center, New York:Doubleday 1988.
[34]2010年8月18日与盖尔的谈话记录,丹麦,哥本哈根.
[35]参见百度百科,词条“生活”,]http://baike.baidu.com/view/5747.htm.2010-11-30.
[36]昆山阳澄湖地铁站周边MOD模式城市设计报告.盖尔建筑事务所&宇恒可持续交通研究中心.2010.
[37]Man of the People With Cities to Save, Media Monitors,Capital City Daily. Sydney Morning Herald Saturday.2010-12-11,P5.
[38]与盖尔2010年7月26日谈话记录.丹麦,哥本哈根.
[39]Jan Gehl & Gehl Architects,PSPL Survey Manual.2011-03.
[40]Perth, PSPL Survey and Urban Strategy Report.By Gehl Architects.2009.P66.
[41]Place For People,Melbourne,Report.By Gehl Architects,2004,P84.
[42]Jan Gehl & Lars Gemzoe.Public Space Public Life [M],The Danish Architectural Press, 1996 & The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts school of Architecture Press,1996,P59.
[43]参见中国可持续能源项目,http://www.efchina.org/CSEPCN/FPubInfo.do?zact=1 ist&abb=AboutUs&sabb=1.2010-10-28.
[44]宇恒可持续交通研究中心,http://www.chinastc.org/sc/home.2010-10-28.
[45]李祎.上海青少年肥胖率近全国三倍.东方网http://news.qq.com/a/20101114/000340. htzm.2010-11-14.
[46][丹]扬·盖尔著.杨滨章,赵春丽编译.适应公共生活变化的公共空间[J].中国园林.2010.第8期.第34-38页.