城市冠层参数化在WRF中的应用研究
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摘要
随着城市化的不断发展,城市效应对大气的影响逐渐成为数值模拟研究中一个不可忽视的环节。WRY模式提供了若干模拟城市区域的参数化方案,包括Slab模式和单层城市冠层模式(UCM)等。本文使用Slab和UCM这两种方法对2005年1月26日至30日晴空背景下的兰州城区气象特征进行了模拟,并对两种模式的模拟结果进行对比分析。同时,对WRF模式使用的USGS下垫面土地利用类型资料进行了调整,使其更好的描述兰州市城区下垫面特征。
(1)模拟结果显示,在冬季夜间城市地表能冷却边界层大气温度。相对Slab模式,单层城市冠层模式能更好的反映这种冷却作用,使用单层城市冠层模式的WRF能更准确的预报夜间地面2m温度。但在白天两种模式预报的差别甚小。从模拟结果与实际观测数据对比来看,UCM模拟冬季地面温度要优于Slab模式。
(2)单层城市冠层模式在计算低层风廓线时,考虑了城市街谷对风速的影响,加大了地表的有效粗糙度,其拖拽作用增大了大气向下的动量通量,使得城区的近地面风速减小。
(3)使用单层城市冠层模式减少了向下的净短波辐射和净长波辐射。由于使用了单层城市冠层模式更好的预报了夜间地表低温,所以该方案模拟出的地表感热通量减小。作为反馈,地表感热通量的减小使近地面大气温度更低。
(4)城市冠层的存在倾向于抑制夜间边界层湍流的发展,这种作用在冷空气过境时表现的尤为显著。
In a rapidly urbanizing world, investigating the effect of urban area to the atmosphere becomes an important problem in the area of numerical modeling. WRF Model provided several option in urban simulation, including slab model and a single layer urban canopy model (UCM). These two approaches are used in simulating weather of Lanzhou between Jan26th and30th in2005. The performance of these two methods in simulating urban effect is compared and analyzed. The default USGS land use data are modified in order to give better description of the real situation in Lanzhou. We found that:(1) In winter, urban canopy acts as a thermal sink, in which way the model using UCM gets more accurate prediction of2m temperature;(2) By including the effect of street canyon on wind, model with UCM gives better prediction of near surface wind,(3) Using UCM can reduce the net downward shortwave and long-wave radiation. Surface sensible heat is also reduced, which may be a result from the lower temperature predicted by UCM,(4) It appears urban canopy tends to suppress the development of turbulance in boudary layer at night, and this effect can be apmlified when cold advection exists.
(1)模拟结果显示,在冬季夜间城市地表能冷却边界层大气温度。相对Slab模式,单层城市冠层模式能更好的反映这种冷却作用,使用单层城市冠层模式的WRF能更准确的预报夜间地面2m温度。但在白天两种模式预报的差别甚小。从模拟结果与实际观测数据对比来看,UCM模拟冬季地面温度要优于Slab模式。
(2)单层城市冠层模式在计算低层风廓线时,考虑了城市街谷对风速的影响,加大了地表的有效粗糙度,其拖拽作用增大了大气向下的动量通量,使得城区的近地面风速减小。
(3)使用单层城市冠层模式减少了向下的净短波辐射和净长波辐射。由于使用了单层城市冠层模式更好的预报了夜间地表低温,所以该方案模拟出的地表感热通量减小。作为反馈,地表感热通量的减小使近地面大气温度更低。
(4)城市冠层的存在倾向于抑制夜间边界层湍流的发展,这种作用在冷空气过境时表现的尤为显著。
In a rapidly urbanizing world, investigating the effect of urban area to the atmosphere becomes an important problem in the area of numerical modeling. WRF Model provided several option in urban simulation, including slab model and a single layer urban canopy model (UCM). These two approaches are used in simulating weather of Lanzhou between Jan26th and30th in2005. The performance of these two methods in simulating urban effect is compared and analyzed. The default USGS land use data are modified in order to give better description of the real situation in Lanzhou. We found that:(1) In winter, urban canopy acts as a thermal sink, in which way the model using UCM gets more accurate prediction of2m temperature;(2) By including the effect of street canyon on wind, model with UCM gives better prediction of near surface wind,(3) Using UCM can reduce the net downward shortwave and long-wave radiation. Surface sensible heat is also reduced, which may be a result from the lower temperature predicted by UCM,(4) It appears urban canopy tends to suppress the development of turbulance in boudary layer at night, and this effect can be apmlified when cold advection exists.
引文
[1]李晓莉,何金海等.MM5模式中城市冠层参数化方案的设计及其数值试验[J].气象学报2003；61(5)：526-539
[2]王咏薇,蒋维楣等.大气数值模式中城市效应参数化方案研究进展[J].地球科学进展2008；23(4)：372-381
[3]Grimmond C. S. B., Oke T. R. Turbulent Heat Fluxes in Urban Areas:Observations and a Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS)[J]. Journal of applied meteorology 2002; 41:792-810
[4]KUSAKA H, CHEN F, BAO J W, et al. Simulation of the urban heat island effects over the Greater Houston Area with the high resolution WRF/LSM/Urban coupled system[R]//Symposium on "Planning, Nowcasting, and Forecasting in the Urban Zone".1-15 January,2004, Seattle, WA.
[5]黄燕燕,万齐林等.城市冠层过程的研究与进展[J].热带气象学报2006;22(3)：290-296
[6]王晓君,,马浩.新一代中尺度预报模式(WRF)国内应用进展[J].地球科学进展2011；26(11)：1191-1199
[7]蒙伟光,张艳霞等.WRF/UCM在广州高温天气及城市热岛模拟研究中的应用[J].热带气象学报2010；26(3)：273-281
[8]肖丹,陈静等.成都精细下垫面信息对城市气象影响的模拟试验[J].气象2011；37(3)：298-308
[9]Miao,Shiguang. An Observational and Modeling Study of Characteristics of Urban Heat Island and Boundary Layer Structures in Beijing[J]. Journal of applied meteorology and climatology. 2008; 48:484-501
[10]任宏利,丑纪范数值模式的预报策略和方法研究进展[J]地球科学进展2007；22(4)：376-385
[11]国家统计局兰州统计年鉴2010[M].2011
[12]兰州城市发展的演变及问题剖[EB/OL].http://www.chinacity.org.cn/csfz/fzzl/65112.html, 2011-1-13
[13]Skamarock W.C., J.B.Klemp, et al. A Description of the advanced research WRF Version3, NCAR Technial Note. NCAR/TN-475+STR
[14]http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfv3.1/wrf_model.html
[15]William C. Skamarock, Joseph B. Klemp et.al A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3
[16]杨德保,王式功,黄建国,等.兰州冬季大气污染与天气形势的统计分析[M].复杂地形上大气边界层和大气扩散的研究.北京,气象出版社,1993,159—165.
[17]蒙伟光等.WRF/UCM在广州高温天气及城市热岛模拟研究中的应用[J].热带气象学报.2010；26(3)：273—282.
[18]Kusaka, K. e. A simple single-layer urban canopy model for atmospherci models:comparison with multi-layer and slab models[A]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 2001,329-358.
[19]Hong S., Dudhia J., Chen S. A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation [J]. Monthly Weather Review,2004,132(1):103-120.
[20]胡向军,陶健红,等.WRF模式物理过程参数化方案简介[J].甘肃科技.2008；24(20)：73-75.
[21]赵世强.兰州地区一次沙尘过程的观测与数值模拟研究[D].兰州大学.2010
[22]Kain J. Convective parameterization for mesoscale models:The Kain-Fritsch scheme. The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models [J]. Meteor. Monogr,1993, 46:165-170.
[23]Chou M., Suarez M. An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models [J]. NASA Tech. Memo,1994,104606(3):85.
[24]Janji Z. The step-mountain coordinate:Physical package [J]. Monthly Weather Review,1990, 118(7):1429-1443.
[25]Mellor G., Yamada T. Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Reviews of geophysics and space physics [J].1982,20(4):851-875.
[26]Beljaars A.C.M. The parameterization of surface fluxes in large-scale models under free convection [J]. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,1994,121:256-270.
[27]王颖.复杂下垫面下空气污染数值模拟研究[D].兰州大学.2010
[28]Chen F., Dudhia J. Coupling an advanced land surface-hydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I:Model implementation and sensitivity [J]. Monthly Weather Review,2001,129(4):569-585.
[29]肖丹,陈静,等.成都精细下垫面信息对城市气象影响的模拟试验[J].气象2011；37(3)：298-308
[30]周荣卫,蒋维楣,等.城市冠层结构热力效应对城市热岛形成及强度影响的模拟研究[J].地球物理学报2008；51(3)：725-726.
[31]王咏薇,等.大气数值模式中城市效应参数化方案研研进展[J].地球科学进展2008；23(4)：372-381
[32]MASSON, V. A PHYSICALLY-BASED SCHEME FOR THE URBAN ENERGY BUDGET IN ATMOSPHERIC MODELS[R]. France:Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques.
[33]李晓莉,何金海等.MM5模式中城市冠层参数化方案的设计及其数值试验[J].气象学报2003；61(5)：526-539
[34]张弛,束炯；土地利用类型变化对城市大气边界层特征影响的数值模拟[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2011；(4)：83-93
[35]Jeff C F Lo, Alexis K H, Lau, Fei Chen, et al. Urban Modification in a Mesoscale Model and the Effects on the Local Circulation in the Pearl River Delta Region[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology.2007; 46(4):457-476.
[36]Teddy Holt, Julie Pullen. Urban Canopy Modeling of the New York City Metropolitan Area: A Comparison and Validation of Single- and Multilayer Parameterizations[J]. Mothly Weather Review,2007; 135(5):1906-1930
[37]盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国,等.大气物理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2003.134-135
[38]蒋维楣,孙鉴泞.空气污染气象学[M],北京：气象出版社,2004(第二版)
[39]盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国,等.大气物理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2003.233-234
[40]张学珍,郑景云,何凡能,王鐯森.MODIS BRDF/Albedo数据在中国温度模拟中的应用[J].地理学报,2011.66(3)：356-366
[41]Haider Taha, Urban climates and heat islands:albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat[J]. Energy and Buildings,1997 25:99-103
[42]胡隐樵,高由禧,王介民等.黑河试验(HEIFE)的一些研究成果[J].高原气象,1994,13(3)：225—236
[43]衷雅芳,钱永甫.亚洲季风区地面热通量的区域变化特征[J].南京气象学院学报2001.24(3)398-404
[44]Dennis L. Hartmann, Global physical climatology [M], Academic Press London.1994:81-85
[2]王咏薇,蒋维楣等.大气数值模式中城市效应参数化方案研究进展[J].地球科学进展2008；23(4)：372-381
[3]Grimmond C. S. B., Oke T. R. Turbulent Heat Fluxes in Urban Areas:Observations and a Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS)[J]. Journal of applied meteorology 2002; 41:792-810
[4]KUSAKA H, CHEN F, BAO J W, et al. Simulation of the urban heat island effects over the Greater Houston Area with the high resolution WRF/LSM/Urban coupled system[R]//Symposium on "Planning, Nowcasting, and Forecasting in the Urban Zone".1-15 January,2004, Seattle, WA.
[5]黄燕燕,万齐林等.城市冠层过程的研究与进展[J].热带气象学报2006;22(3)：290-296
[6]王晓君,,马浩.新一代中尺度预报模式(WRF)国内应用进展[J].地球科学进展2011；26(11)：1191-1199
[7]蒙伟光,张艳霞等.WRF/UCM在广州高温天气及城市热岛模拟研究中的应用[J].热带气象学报2010；26(3)：273-281
[8]肖丹,陈静等.成都精细下垫面信息对城市气象影响的模拟试验[J].气象2011；37(3)：298-308
[9]Miao,Shiguang. An Observational and Modeling Study of Characteristics of Urban Heat Island and Boundary Layer Structures in Beijing[J]. Journal of applied meteorology and climatology. 2008; 48:484-501
[10]任宏利,丑纪范数值模式的预报策略和方法研究进展[J]地球科学进展2007；22(4)：376-385
[11]国家统计局兰州统计年鉴2010[M].2011
[12]兰州城市发展的演变及问题剖[EB/OL].http://www.chinacity.org.cn/csfz/fzzl/65112.html, 2011-1-13
[13]Skamarock W.C., J.B.Klemp, et al. A Description of the advanced research WRF Version3, NCAR Technial Note. NCAR/TN-475+STR
[14]http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfv3.1/wrf_model.html
[15]William C. Skamarock, Joseph B. Klemp et.al A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3
[16]杨德保,王式功,黄建国,等.兰州冬季大气污染与天气形势的统计分析[M].复杂地形上大气边界层和大气扩散的研究.北京,气象出版社,1993,159—165.
[17]蒙伟光等.WRF/UCM在广州高温天气及城市热岛模拟研究中的应用[J].热带气象学报.2010；26(3)：273—282.
[18]Kusaka, K. e. A simple single-layer urban canopy model for atmospherci models:comparison with multi-layer and slab models[A]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 2001,329-358.
[19]Hong S., Dudhia J., Chen S. A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation [J]. Monthly Weather Review,2004,132(1):103-120.
[20]胡向军,陶健红,等.WRF模式物理过程参数化方案简介[J].甘肃科技.2008；24(20)：73-75.
[21]赵世强.兰州地区一次沙尘过程的观测与数值模拟研究[D].兰州大学.2010
[22]Kain J. Convective parameterization for mesoscale models:The Kain-Fritsch scheme. The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models [J]. Meteor. Monogr,1993, 46:165-170.
[23]Chou M., Suarez M. An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models [J]. NASA Tech. Memo,1994,104606(3):85.
[24]Janji Z. The step-mountain coordinate:Physical package [J]. Monthly Weather Review,1990, 118(7):1429-1443.
[25]Mellor G., Yamada T. Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Reviews of geophysics and space physics [J].1982,20(4):851-875.
[26]Beljaars A.C.M. The parameterization of surface fluxes in large-scale models under free convection [J]. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,1994,121:256-270.
[27]王颖.复杂下垫面下空气污染数值模拟研究[D].兰州大学.2010
[28]Chen F., Dudhia J. Coupling an advanced land surface-hydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I:Model implementation and sensitivity [J]. Monthly Weather Review,2001,129(4):569-585.
[29]肖丹,陈静,等.成都精细下垫面信息对城市气象影响的模拟试验[J].气象2011；37(3)：298-308
[30]周荣卫,蒋维楣,等.城市冠层结构热力效应对城市热岛形成及强度影响的模拟研究[J].地球物理学报2008；51(3)：725-726.
[31]王咏薇,等.大气数值模式中城市效应参数化方案研研进展[J].地球科学进展2008；23(4)：372-381
[32]MASSON, V. A PHYSICALLY-BASED SCHEME FOR THE URBAN ENERGY BUDGET IN ATMOSPHERIC MODELS[R]. France:Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques.
[33]李晓莉,何金海等.MM5模式中城市冠层参数化方案的设计及其数值试验[J].气象学报2003；61(5)：526-539
[34]张弛,束炯；土地利用类型变化对城市大气边界层特征影响的数值模拟[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2011；(4)：83-93
[35]Jeff C F Lo, Alexis K H, Lau, Fei Chen, et al. Urban Modification in a Mesoscale Model and the Effects on the Local Circulation in the Pearl River Delta Region[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology.2007; 46(4):457-476.
[36]Teddy Holt, Julie Pullen. Urban Canopy Modeling of the New York City Metropolitan Area: A Comparison and Validation of Single- and Multilayer Parameterizations[J]. Mothly Weather Review,2007; 135(5):1906-1930
[37]盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国,等.大气物理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2003.134-135
[38]蒋维楣,孙鉴泞.空气污染气象学[M],北京：气象出版社,2004(第二版)
[39]盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国,等.大气物理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2003.233-234
[40]张学珍,郑景云,何凡能,王鐯森.MODIS BRDF/Albedo数据在中国温度模拟中的应用[J].地理学报,2011.66(3)：356-366
[41]Haider Taha, Urban climates and heat islands:albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat[J]. Energy and Buildings,1997 25:99-103
[42]胡隐樵,高由禧,王介民等.黑河试验(HEIFE)的一些研究成果[J].高原气象,1994,13(3)：225—236
[43]衷雅芳,钱永甫.亚洲季风区地面热通量的区域变化特征[J].南京气象学院学报2001.24(3)398-404
[44]Dennis L. Hartmann, Global physical climatology [M], Academic Press London.1994:81-85