成都市生态环境地球化学评价
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摘要
随着城市化进程的加快，城市污染问题越来越受到人们的高度重视。迄今为止，城市地球化学的研究都是基于某一方面(例如大气，或土壤，或水体，或植物)的研究，缺乏城市系统整体配套研究，没有揭示元素在城市生态系统的迁移转化途径和规律。
本文从生态环境地球化学角度系统研究了成都市城市土壤、近地表大气尘、植物、水及水系沉积物中重金属的地球化学特征。查明了城市土壤、近地表大气尘、植物、水及水系沉积物中重金属元素空间上的分布特征；对照国家相关质量标准及国内外城市相关领域的研究成果，做了对比研究和生态环境质量评价。
在分块研究的基础上，进行了水—土壤—植物—近地表大气尘间元素的迁移转化及环境健康效应研究。初步探讨了重金属的污染来源及其在生态链中的迁移转化途径和规律。
通过本次研究为成都城市生态环境调控及城市的可持续发展提供了基础地球化学资料和科学决策依据，并为今后进一步深化城市生态研究奠定了坚实的基础。
With the development of urbanization, the problem of urban pollution has been paid more attention. So far, the studies of urban geochemistry are based on one aspect of urban ecosystem (such as air, soil, water, plant), it lacks the study of whole urban ecosystem, and it doesn't reveal the transfer track and rule of element.
From the way of urban ecosystem geochemistry, this thesis systematically studies urban soil, air dust near the ground, plants, water and sediment, which has found out the spatial distribution characteristics of element in urban soil, air dust near the ground, plants, water and sediment .Comparison with relative national quality standards and international retative research field of urban, the thesis puts up the ecosystem geochemistry quality assessment of Chengdu.
Based on the research of above, the thesis studies element transfer in the system of water -soil -plants -air dust. The thesis also studies the environmental health effect , it has primary studied the pollution source and element transfer track in urban ecosystem.
The research offers basic geochemistry data and scientific decision-making gist in ChengDu urban ecosystem regulation and urban sustainable development, it has also established a steady groundwork in the study of urban ecosystem environment.
本文从生态环境地球化学角度系统研究了成都市城市土壤、近地表大气尘、植物、水及水系沉积物中重金属的地球化学特征。查明了城市土壤、近地表大气尘、植物、水及水系沉积物中重金属元素空间上的分布特征；对照国家相关质量标准及国内外城市相关领域的研究成果，做了对比研究和生态环境质量评价。
在分块研究的基础上，进行了水—土壤—植物—近地表大气尘间元素的迁移转化及环境健康效应研究。初步探讨了重金属的污染来源及其在生态链中的迁移转化途径和规律。
通过本次研究为成都城市生态环境调控及城市的可持续发展提供了基础地球化学资料和科学决策依据，并为今后进一步深化城市生态研究奠定了坚实的基础。
With the development of urbanization, the problem of urban pollution has been paid more attention. So far, the studies of urban geochemistry are based on one aspect of urban ecosystem (such as air, soil, water, plant), it lacks the study of whole urban ecosystem, and it doesn't reveal the transfer track and rule of element.
From the way of urban ecosystem geochemistry, this thesis systematically studies urban soil, air dust near the ground, plants, water and sediment, which has found out the spatial distribution characteristics of element in urban soil, air dust near the ground, plants, water and sediment .Comparison with relative national quality standards and international retative research field of urban, the thesis puts up the ecosystem geochemistry quality assessment of Chengdu.
Based on the research of above, the thesis studies element transfer in the system of water -soil -plants -air dust. The thesis also studies the environmental health effect , it has primary studied the pollution source and element transfer track in urban ecosystem.
The research offers basic geochemistry data and scientific decision-making gist in ChengDu urban ecosystem regulation and urban sustainable development, it has also established a steady groundwork in the study of urban ecosystem environment.
引文
[1]World Resources Institute. Cities and the environment. World resources 1996-1997.Oxford University Press,New York. 1996,1-30.
[2]Thuy.H.T.T, Tobschall.H.J et al.Distribution of heavy metals in urban soil - a case study of Danang-Hoian Area(Vietnam).Environmental Geology,2000,39(6):602-609.
[3]卢瑛、龚子同、张甘霖．南京城市土壤的特性及其分类的初步研究[J]，土壤，2001(1)：47-51．
[4]张甘霖 城市土壤研究的深化和发展——简评首届“城市、工业、交通和矿区土壤”国际学术会议[J]．土壤，2001(2)：111-112．
[5]顾永祚，叶巯琼等．成都市大气颗粒物研究[J]．四川环境，1989，8(4)：6-15．
[6]张乃明．大气沉降对土壤重金属累计的影响[J]．土壤与环境．2001，10(2)：91—93．
[7]张顺意，尹呈英．辽宁省城区表土元素含量与大气降尘组分的相互关系[J]．环境科技，11(5)：19—25．
[8]Li XD et al. Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hong Kong.Applied Geochemistry,2001,16:1361-1368
[9]Hakan Arslan Heavy metals in street dust in Bursa, Turkey.Soil and microprobe techniques 2001,19(3):439-445
[10]Charlesworth.S Everett.M et al A comparative.study of heavy metal concentration and distribution in deposited street dusts in a large and a small urban area:Birmingham and Coventry, West Midlands,UK. Environment International,2003,29:563-573
[11]周艺敏，张金盛等．天津市园田土壤和几种蔬菜中重金属含量状况的调查研究[J]．农业环境保护，1990，9(6)：30-34．
[12]潘洁，陆文龙．天津市郊蔬菜污染状况及对策．农业环境与发展，1997，54(4)：21-22，30．
[13]周根娣等，上海市农畜产品有害物质残留调查，上海农业学院学报，1993，11(1)：35-42．
[14]戴军等，广州菜地生态环境娣污染特征，土壤通报，1995，26(3)：102-104．
[15]庄树宏，王克明。城市大气重金属(Pb，Cd，Cu，Zn)污染及其在植物中的富集。烟台大学学报，200013(1)：31—37。
[16]傅绍清，苏方康等．成都平原菜园土壤及主要蔬菜作物重金属背景值的研究[J]．西南农业学报．1992，5(1)：34-40．
[17]罗晓梅，张义蓉，杨定清．成都地区蔬菜中重金属污染分析与评价[J]．四川环境，2003，22(2)：49-51．
[18]廖金凤，城市化对土壤环境的影响[J]，生态科学，2001，20(1，2)：91—95
[19]谢建治，刘树庆等，保定市郊土壤重金属污染现状调查及其评价[J]，河北农业大学学报，2002，25(1)：38—41．
[20]卢瑛，龚子同，张甘霖，城市土壤磁化率特征及其环境意义[J]．华南农业大学学报，2001，22(4)：26—28
[21]吴新民，李恋卿等，南京市不同功能区城区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的污染特征[J]，环境科学，2003，24(3)：105—111．
[22]王美青，张明奎，杭州市城郊土壤重金属含量和形态的研究[J]．环境科学学报，2002，22(5)：603—608
[23]T.B.Chen,J.W.C.wong et al.Assessment of trace metal distribution and contamination in surface soils of Hong Kong[J].Environmental Pollution, 1997,96(1):61-68.
[24] Mielke.H.W.,Gonzales.C.R. et al Quantities and associations of lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and copper in fresh Mississippi delta alluvium and New Orleans alluvial soils[J]. The Science of the Total Environment,2000(246):249-259.
[25] Thornton, I., 1991. Metal contamination of soils in urban areas. In: BullockP., Gregory P.J. (Eds.) Soils in the Urban Environment. Blackwell, pp. 47-75.
[26] Wilke.W et al. Urban soil contanmination in Bangkok:heavy metal and aluminium partitioning in topsoils[J].Geoderma 86(1998):211-228
[27] Carey AE, Gowen JA, Forehand TJ, Wiersma GB. Heavy metal concentrations in soils of five United States cities, 1972 Urban Soils Monitoring Program. Pestic Monit J1980; 13:150-154.
[28] 马建华，张丽，李亚丽，开封市城区土壤性质与污染的初步研究[J]，土壤通报，1999，30(2)：93—96．
[29] Nriagu J-O．and Pacyna J．M．,Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air．Water and soils by trace metals[J]．Nature．1988,333：134-139．
[30] 王定勇，石孝洪，杨学春，大气汞在土壤中转化及其与土壤贡富集的相关性。重庆环境科学，1998，20(5)：22—25．
[31] 夏立将，王宏康，2001，土壤污染及其防治，华东理工大学出版社 p49-86
[32] Forstner U, Ahlfw, Calmano W, etal.1990.sediment criteria development contributions from environmental geochemistry to water quality management.In Heling D, Rothe P Forstner U,etal(eds)Sediments and environmental geochemistry :selected aspects and case histories. Springer-Verlag ,Berlin Heidelberg,311-338.
[33] Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:a sediementological approach. Water Res. 1980,14:975-1001
[34] 陈天虎，冯军贵等，合肥市大气颗粒物组成及其环境指示意义[J]．矿物岩石学杂志， 2001，20(4)：433—436．
[35] Fergusson JE, Ryan DE. The elemental composition of street dust from large and small urban areas related to city type, source and particle size.Science of the Total Environment 1984;34:101-16.
[36] Chon H-T, Kim K-W, Kim J-Y. Metal contamination of soils and dusts in Seoul metropolitan city, Korea. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 1995; 17:139-46.
[37] Harrison RM, Laxen DPH, Wilson SJ. Chemical associations of lead,cadmium, copper and zinc in street dusts and roadside soils. Environmental Science and Technology 1981;15(11):1376-83.
[38] Thornton, I., 1991. Metal contamination of soils in urban areas. In: BuliockP., Gregory P.J. (Eds.) Soils in the Urban Environment. Blackweli, pp. 47-75.
[39] Jiries AG, Hussein HH, Halash Z. The quality of water and sediments of street runoff in Amman, Jordan. Hydrological Processes 2001;15:815-24.
[40] De Miguel E, Llamas JF, Chacon E, Berg T, Larssen S, Royset O, et al. Origin and patterns of distribution of trace elements in street dust: unleaded petrol and urban lead. Atmospheric Environment 1997; 31(17):2733-40.
[41] Droppo IG, Irvine KN, Murphy TP, Jaskot C. Fractionated metals in street dust of a mixed land use sewershed, Hamilton, Ontario. Hydrology in a Changing Environment Ⅲ 1998:383-94 [British Hydrological Society].
[42] 施为光．成都市街道地表物中的重金属[J]．城市环境与城市生态，1995，8(3)：25—28．
[43] 成都市大气环境质量现状调查与污染控制对策研究报告(简本)
[44] 陈翠萍，徐香等．仪征市荧光灯管厂周围环境中汞污染调查[J]．重庆环境科学，1999，
21(3)：39—41．
[45]姜明阳，某荧光灯厂汞防治20年启示[J]．职业卫生与病伤，2001，16(1)：55-56．
[46]冯新斌，陈业材等．土壤挥发性汞释放通量的研究[J]．环境科学，1996，17(2)：20—22，25．
[47]王起超，邵庆春等．煤中15种微量元素在燃烧产物中的分配[J]．燃料化学学报1996，24(2)：137-142．
[48]刘芬，刘文华等．土壤镉污染与冶炼烟气的相关性研究[J]，湘潭矿业学院学报，2003，18(3)：88—91。
[49]Adriano,D.C.,1986.Trace Element in the Terrestrial Environment Springer-Verlag,Heidelberg.
[50]Alloway B.J.(1990) Heavy Metals on Soils .Blackie and Son Ltd.
[51]刘德绍，青长乐等．几种蔬菜汞富集能力的初步研究[J]．重庆环境科学，1998，20(4)：16-18．
[52]王定勇 牟树森等．大气汞对土壤—植物系统汞累积的影响研究[J]．环境科学学报，1998,18(2)：194-198．
[53]Tang H X.Wang Z J.Liu J Y et al .Ecological impacts of heavy metal pollution from Dexing Copper Mine to Poyang Lake[J]. China Environ.Sci. 1994.5(2):97-101
[54]贾振邦，赵智杰，，杨小毛等．洋涌河、茅州河和东宝河沉积物中重金属的污染评价[J]．环境化学．2001，20(3)：211—219．
[2]Thuy.H.T.T, Tobschall.H.J et al.Distribution of heavy metals in urban soil - a case study of Danang-Hoian Area(Vietnam).Environmental Geology,2000,39(6):602-609.
[3]卢瑛、龚子同、张甘霖．南京城市土壤的特性及其分类的初步研究[J]，土壤，2001(1)：47-51．
[4]张甘霖 城市土壤研究的深化和发展——简评首届“城市、工业、交通和矿区土壤”国际学术会议[J]．土壤，2001(2)：111-112．
[5]顾永祚，叶巯琼等．成都市大气颗粒物研究[J]．四川环境，1989，8(4)：6-15．
[6]张乃明．大气沉降对土壤重金属累计的影响[J]．土壤与环境．2001，10(2)：91—93．
[7]张顺意，尹呈英．辽宁省城区表土元素含量与大气降尘组分的相互关系[J]．环境科技，11(5)：19—25．
[8]Li XD et al. Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hong Kong.Applied Geochemistry,2001,16:1361-1368
[9]Hakan Arslan Heavy metals in street dust in Bursa, Turkey.Soil and microprobe techniques 2001,19(3):439-445
[10]Charlesworth.S Everett.M et al A comparative.study of heavy metal concentration and distribution in deposited street dusts in a large and a small urban area:Birmingham and Coventry, West Midlands,UK. Environment International,2003,29:563-573
[11]周艺敏，张金盛等．天津市园田土壤和几种蔬菜中重金属含量状况的调查研究[J]．农业环境保护，1990，9(6)：30-34．
[12]潘洁，陆文龙．天津市郊蔬菜污染状况及对策．农业环境与发展，1997，54(4)：21-22，30．
[13]周根娣等，上海市农畜产品有害物质残留调查，上海农业学院学报，1993，11(1)：35-42．
[14]戴军等，广州菜地生态环境娣污染特征，土壤通报，1995，26(3)：102-104．
[15]庄树宏，王克明。城市大气重金属(Pb，Cd，Cu，Zn)污染及其在植物中的富集。烟台大学学报，200013(1)：31—37。
[16]傅绍清，苏方康等．成都平原菜园土壤及主要蔬菜作物重金属背景值的研究[J]．西南农业学报．1992，5(1)：34-40．
[17]罗晓梅，张义蓉，杨定清．成都地区蔬菜中重金属污染分析与评价[J]．四川环境，2003，22(2)：49-51．
[18]廖金凤，城市化对土壤环境的影响[J]，生态科学，2001，20(1，2)：91—95
[19]谢建治，刘树庆等，保定市郊土壤重金属污染现状调查及其评价[J]，河北农业大学学报，2002，25(1)：38—41．
[20]卢瑛，龚子同，张甘霖，城市土壤磁化率特征及其环境意义[J]．华南农业大学学报，2001，22(4)：26—28
[21]吴新民，李恋卿等，南京市不同功能区城区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的污染特征[J]，环境科学，2003，24(3)：105—111．
[22]王美青，张明奎，杭州市城郊土壤重金属含量和形态的研究[J]．环境科学学报，2002，22(5)：603—608
[23]T.B.Chen,J.W.C.wong et al.Assessment of trace metal distribution and contamination in surface soils of Hong Kong[J].Environmental Pollution, 1997,96(1):61-68.
[24] Mielke.H.W.,Gonzales.C.R. et al Quantities and associations of lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and copper in fresh Mississippi delta alluvium and New Orleans alluvial soils[J]. The Science of the Total Environment,2000(246):249-259.
[25] Thornton, I., 1991. Metal contamination of soils in urban areas. In: BullockP., Gregory P.J. (Eds.) Soils in the Urban Environment. Blackwell, pp. 47-75.
[26] Wilke.W et al. Urban soil contanmination in Bangkok:heavy metal and aluminium partitioning in topsoils[J].Geoderma 86(1998):211-228
[27] Carey AE, Gowen JA, Forehand TJ, Wiersma GB. Heavy metal concentrations in soils of five United States cities, 1972 Urban Soils Monitoring Program. Pestic Monit J1980; 13:150-154.
[28] 马建华，张丽，李亚丽，开封市城区土壤性质与污染的初步研究[J]，土壤通报，1999，30(2)：93—96．
[29] Nriagu J-O．and Pacyna J．M．,Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air．Water and soils by trace metals[J]．Nature．1988,333：134-139．
[30] 王定勇，石孝洪，杨学春，大气汞在土壤中转化及其与土壤贡富集的相关性。重庆环境科学，1998，20(5)：22—25．
[31] 夏立将，王宏康，2001，土壤污染及其防治，华东理工大学出版社 p49-86
[32] Forstner U, Ahlfw, Calmano W, etal.1990.sediment criteria development contributions from environmental geochemistry to water quality management.In Heling D, Rothe P Forstner U,etal(eds)Sediments and environmental geochemistry :selected aspects and case histories. Springer-Verlag ,Berlin Heidelberg,311-338.
[33] Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:a sediementological approach. Water Res. 1980,14:975-1001
[34] 陈天虎，冯军贵等，合肥市大气颗粒物组成及其环境指示意义[J]．矿物岩石学杂志， 2001，20(4)：433—436．
[35] Fergusson JE, Ryan DE. The elemental composition of street dust from large and small urban areas related to city type, source and particle size.Science of the Total Environment 1984;34:101-16.
[36] Chon H-T, Kim K-W, Kim J-Y. Metal contamination of soils and dusts in Seoul metropolitan city, Korea. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 1995; 17:139-46.
[37] Harrison RM, Laxen DPH, Wilson SJ. Chemical associations of lead,cadmium, copper and zinc in street dusts and roadside soils. Environmental Science and Technology 1981;15(11):1376-83.
[38] Thornton, I., 1991. Metal contamination of soils in urban areas. In: BuliockP., Gregory P.J. (Eds.) Soils in the Urban Environment. Blackweli, pp. 47-75.
[39] Jiries AG, Hussein HH, Halash Z. The quality of water and sediments of street runoff in Amman, Jordan. Hydrological Processes 2001;15:815-24.
[40] De Miguel E, Llamas JF, Chacon E, Berg T, Larssen S, Royset O, et al. Origin and patterns of distribution of trace elements in street dust: unleaded petrol and urban lead. Atmospheric Environment 1997; 31(17):2733-40.
[41] Droppo IG, Irvine KN, Murphy TP, Jaskot C. Fractionated metals in street dust of a mixed land use sewershed, Hamilton, Ontario. Hydrology in a Changing Environment Ⅲ 1998:383-94 [British Hydrological Society].
[42] 施为光．成都市街道地表物中的重金属[J]．城市环境与城市生态，1995，8(3)：25—28．
[43] 成都市大气环境质量现状调查与污染控制对策研究报告(简本)
[44] 陈翠萍，徐香等．仪征市荧光灯管厂周围环境中汞污染调查[J]．重庆环境科学，1999，
21(3)：39—41．
[45]姜明阳，某荧光灯厂汞防治20年启示[J]．职业卫生与病伤，2001，16(1)：55-56．
[46]冯新斌，陈业材等．土壤挥发性汞释放通量的研究[J]．环境科学，1996，17(2)：20—22，25．
[47]王起超，邵庆春等．煤中15种微量元素在燃烧产物中的分配[J]．燃料化学学报1996，24(2)：137-142．
[48]刘芬，刘文华等．土壤镉污染与冶炼烟气的相关性研究[J]，湘潭矿业学院学报，2003，18(3)：88—91。
[49]Adriano,D.C.,1986.Trace Element in the Terrestrial Environment Springer-Verlag,Heidelberg.
[50]Alloway B.J.(1990) Heavy Metals on Soils .Blackie and Son Ltd.
[51]刘德绍，青长乐等．几种蔬菜汞富集能力的初步研究[J]．重庆环境科学，1998，20(4)：16-18．
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