西部城市化投融资效率研究
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摘要
城市化是经济全球化背景下解决我国西部地区城乡二元化、调整产业结构趋向协调、消除东西部区域差距、扩大内需、增加就业、促进经济增长、实现全面小康社会的一项重要战略。文章首先对发达国家城市化发展模式和我国东部地区城市化发展模式的特点进行综述,对研究课题涉及到的资本、融资、投资、效率等概念进行理论研究和整理。
在西部地区自然环境加上政策环境多重因素制约下,城市化发展相对缓慢,城市首位度高、城市空间密度低、城市竞争力普遍不强、城市基础设施不足、城市产业支撑不足、城市化资金严重不足等构成了西部城市化的特点。文章通过定性分析和定量论证的研究方法确定了资金规模、投资率、第三产业发展水平、基础设施发达水平、人力资源储备情况等因素对西部城市化发展具有重要影响,证实了西部城市化发展过程中提高融资效率和投资效率的重要意义。
文章通过投资率和投资贡献率的计算证明我国西部地区经济增长是投资拉动型,因此聚集资本对西部城市化意义重大,提高融资效率是西部城市化发展的当务之急。根据资金来源不同将西部城市化资金按照财政性资金和非财政性资金进行融资效率分析。财政性资金主要包括税收收入和中央财政转移支付两部分,建立模型评价我国财税制度中税收政策和中央财政转移支付政策对西部地区城市化资金的聚集效果,选取1994年新财政税收制度实施以来西部地区的转移支付和GDP的年度数据进行模型拟合,给出评价结论并提出政策调整。非财政性资金主要研究外资和资本市场的融资效率,外资入场的筹码即城市和基础设施的发展、人力资本的构成与规模、进入市场的难易程度等条件都是西部地区不能东部地区抗衡的。基于我国资本市场是在政府干预下不完全竞争的资本市场,所以资本市场的融资效率低下,非财政性资金融资效率低的根本原因是西部地区融资资金来源的市场化能力弱,反映了西部地区在融资环境、融资制度、融资能力等方面存在影响融资效率的深层次原因。建议西部地区各级政府一方面应大力培育市场发育。完善市场体系,充分发挥市场机制作用;另一方面也是目前最为迫切、更为有效的措施是,在市场尚未完善或成熟之前,发挥政府的组织协调功能,甚至暂时“替代”部分市场的功能,以弥补“残缺”或“不发达”市场的缺陷。
文章指出国际上通用的投资效率指标存在的缺陷,认为随着社会经济发展,需要从能源科学利用、非国有企业投资额占比、环境保护、社会发展角度等多方位立体地设计指标衡量投资效率,以此思路构建了体现经济、社会、环境资源综合发展的西部城市化绿色投资效率指标体系,采用主成分分析方法对重庆市1995年至2004年的相关指标组成的样本进行实证计算和评价。在综合考虑投资结构、聚集经济、经济空间联系等因素对投资效率的影响后引进城市流理论,通过对西部11省市区外向性产业进行的数量性描述,以提高城市化投资效率为目的,分析西部各省市自治区重点发展第三产业过程中,如何合理布局投资空间和产业。作者提出发挥重庆在西部城市化发展中的重要作用,西部地区打破行政壁垒,形成西部大发展群,不追求小而全,强化规模意识和协作意识,合理产业分工,重庆、成都和西安大力投资发展金融等高端的第三产业,其他城市大力发展旅游等产业,继续加强能源富区的地位,集约地合理利用丰富的资源,形成优势产业链。
最后对全文研究的成果进行了总结,并指出了西部城市化投融资效率研究还需要深入的方向和内容。
With the globalization of economy, urbanization becomes an important strategic and necessary condition to solve a series of problems in the western area, such as to work out the urban-rural dual system of deformity, to coordinate unharmonious points of the industrial structure, to eliminate the gap between the eastern and western regions, to expanding domestic demand, to increase employment rate, to promote economic growth so that urbanization can finally achieve a comprehensive well-off society in China. This paper summarizes and evaluates the foreign city's development mode and the feature of development mode in China's eastern developed region, besides that the paper also makes a theoretical study and careful collation about some definitions related to the topic such as, capital, financing, investment, efficiency and so on. Financing Efficiency, in the paper, can be defined as the ability and scale of capital formation in the western region during the development of the western urbanization; and Investment Efficiency refers to favorably investment distribution in layout of industry or space during the urbanization process after taking a whole consideration of the investment structure, agglomeration economies, economic and other related factors.
Under the restriction of the natural and political environment in the western region and other multiple unfavorable factors, the features of urbanization in the west area are composed of relatively slow development of cities, high degree of the first city , low-density urban space and weak urban competition in general, inadequate urban infrastructure and industries support, a severe shortage of urbanization funds and so on. Through qualitative analysis and quantitative research, the paper defines the scale of the demonstration, the investment rate, the level of the third industries’development, the level of infrastructure’s development, and human resource reserving ability and something like as important impacts on the development of the western city, and it also confirmed the significance of improving efficiency of financing and investment during western urbanization process.
With the investment rate and its calculation, which proves that economic growth in China’s western region is invest-pull? Therefore raising funds is very important to the urbanization in the west area, and also improving the efficiency of financing is an urgent affair in the way of developing urbanization. According to the different sources of funds, the paper makes a financing efficiency analysis of the western urbanized funds, including financial and non-financial funds. Financial funds include tax revenue and the central financial transfer payment. The established model to judge the taxation system in China's tax policy and the central financial transfer payment policy for the western region funds has the aggregation effects. According to the new tax system since 1994 in the western region and the implementation of the annual transfer payments and GDP data ,the paper will give a conclusion and give some advice about policy adjustments. Non-financial capital financing mostly analyzes the foreign capital and capital market’s financing efficiency, foreign capital chips namely the development of infrastructure, human capital’s formation and scale, the ease of access to markets and so on which make the western region can not outweigh the eastern region. In terms of China capital market’s inadequate competition under the government intervention, there exists inefficient financing in the capital market. The reason why non-financial fund’s financial efficiency is so low is sources of funds for financing the western region is weak, which reflects that the financial situation, policy and ability in the west still exist deep-rooted problems affecting the efficiency of financing. Recommend the governments in the west region should make great efforts to cultivate market, and improve market system, and give full freedom to the market mechanism self; on the other hand, the most urgent and effective methods is to develop governments’organizing and coordinating functions, if possible, temporarily "replacing" some parts of the function of the market in order to make up "crippled" or "undeveloped" market defects before the market is not mature or perfect.
The paper makes a introduction of the norm system of our country’s investment efficiency nowadays and points out the flaw existing in the system. With the development of social economy, to design the norm measuring investment efficiency needs comprehensive angles, such as scientifically using energy, the investment ratio of non-state-owned enterprises, environmental protection, and social development and so on. Besides that, the proportion between non-state-owned enterprises’investment and total investment, the growth ratio of the inhabitant’s lifespan and the decreasing ratio of crime all should be taken into consideration while measuring investment efficiency. Then, taking Chongqing’s data as the sample, the paper checks the investment efficiency’s norm from the macro-perspective; uses“the boundary capital delivers the ratio”to calculate the investment efficiency in the western area; takes advantage of the gray connection theory compared with“production ratio by the boundary capital”to summarizes the factors influencing Chongqing’s investment efficiency and finally proves that there is the largest connection between urbanization and investment efficiency in the western region. After making a comprehensive consideration about investment structure, gathering economy, and the connection of economic spaces, which influence investment efficiency, the paper introduces in city flow theory. Through the quantity description of the western 11 provinces urban districts extroversion industry and taking enhancing the urbanized investment efficiency as the goal, the paper will finally analyzes how to layout the investment spaces and industries favorably while the western provinces and autonomous regions are paying great attention to the third industry. The paper thinks that improving investment efficiency is enhancing the validity of the capital disposition. To improve the investment efficiency of the western urbanization, following the nature, economic and social development is a must. The author proposes that Chongqing can be listed as the engine of the western urbanized development and will break the western administrative barrier to form a large development group in this area, which will not pursue only the small and the entire, but pay attention to the scale and cooperative consciousness so that the group can enjoy the reasonable industrial division of labor.Chongqing,Chengdu and Xi'an vigorously invest the financial and other high-tech tertiary industries; other cities vigorously develop traveling industries and continue to strengthen the status of the rich energy areas, to use the rich resources intensively and reasonably so that the areas can form a superiority industry chain. After building up the green investment efficiency norm system, which show the comprehensive development of economy, social and environmental resources? Except that, the paper will use the principal components analysis method to carry on the real diagnosis computation by Chongqing’s index of correlation composition sample from 1995 to 2004,and in the end it will unify each norm’s standard value to give the appraisal of the real diagnosis computation result.
At the end of this paper, it will make a summary to the research achievements in this whole text, and points out the research about investment efficiency of the western urbanization still has a long way to go.
在西部地区自然环境加上政策环境多重因素制约下,城市化发展相对缓慢,城市首位度高、城市空间密度低、城市竞争力普遍不强、城市基础设施不足、城市产业支撑不足、城市化资金严重不足等构成了西部城市化的特点。文章通过定性分析和定量论证的研究方法确定了资金规模、投资率、第三产业发展水平、基础设施发达水平、人力资源储备情况等因素对西部城市化发展具有重要影响,证实了西部城市化发展过程中提高融资效率和投资效率的重要意义。
文章通过投资率和投资贡献率的计算证明我国西部地区经济增长是投资拉动型,因此聚集资本对西部城市化意义重大,提高融资效率是西部城市化发展的当务之急。根据资金来源不同将西部城市化资金按照财政性资金和非财政性资金进行融资效率分析。财政性资金主要包括税收收入和中央财政转移支付两部分,建立模型评价我国财税制度中税收政策和中央财政转移支付政策对西部地区城市化资金的聚集效果,选取1994年新财政税收制度实施以来西部地区的转移支付和GDP的年度数据进行模型拟合,给出评价结论并提出政策调整。非财政性资金主要研究外资和资本市场的融资效率,外资入场的筹码即城市和基础设施的发展、人力资本的构成与规模、进入市场的难易程度等条件都是西部地区不能东部地区抗衡的。基于我国资本市场是在政府干预下不完全竞争的资本市场,所以资本市场的融资效率低下,非财政性资金融资效率低的根本原因是西部地区融资资金来源的市场化能力弱,反映了西部地区在融资环境、融资制度、融资能力等方面存在影响融资效率的深层次原因。建议西部地区各级政府一方面应大力培育市场发育。完善市场体系,充分发挥市场机制作用;另一方面也是目前最为迫切、更为有效的措施是,在市场尚未完善或成熟之前,发挥政府的组织协调功能,甚至暂时“替代”部分市场的功能,以弥补“残缺”或“不发达”市场的缺陷。
文章指出国际上通用的投资效率指标存在的缺陷,认为随着社会经济发展,需要从能源科学利用、非国有企业投资额占比、环境保护、社会发展角度等多方位立体地设计指标衡量投资效率,以此思路构建了体现经济、社会、环境资源综合发展的西部城市化绿色投资效率指标体系,采用主成分分析方法对重庆市1995年至2004年的相关指标组成的样本进行实证计算和评价。在综合考虑投资结构、聚集经济、经济空间联系等因素对投资效率的影响后引进城市流理论,通过对西部11省市区外向性产业进行的数量性描述,以提高城市化投资效率为目的,分析西部各省市自治区重点发展第三产业过程中,如何合理布局投资空间和产业。作者提出发挥重庆在西部城市化发展中的重要作用,西部地区打破行政壁垒,形成西部大发展群,不追求小而全,强化规模意识和协作意识,合理产业分工,重庆、成都和西安大力投资发展金融等高端的第三产业,其他城市大力发展旅游等产业,继续加强能源富区的地位,集约地合理利用丰富的资源,形成优势产业链。
最后对全文研究的成果进行了总结,并指出了西部城市化投融资效率研究还需要深入的方向和内容。
With the globalization of economy, urbanization becomes an important strategic and necessary condition to solve a series of problems in the western area, such as to work out the urban-rural dual system of deformity, to coordinate unharmonious points of the industrial structure, to eliminate the gap between the eastern and western regions, to expanding domestic demand, to increase employment rate, to promote economic growth so that urbanization can finally achieve a comprehensive well-off society in China. This paper summarizes and evaluates the foreign city's development mode and the feature of development mode in China's eastern developed region, besides that the paper also makes a theoretical study and careful collation about some definitions related to the topic such as, capital, financing, investment, efficiency and so on. Financing Efficiency, in the paper, can be defined as the ability and scale of capital formation in the western region during the development of the western urbanization; and Investment Efficiency refers to favorably investment distribution in layout of industry or space during the urbanization process after taking a whole consideration of the investment structure, agglomeration economies, economic and other related factors.
Under the restriction of the natural and political environment in the western region and other multiple unfavorable factors, the features of urbanization in the west area are composed of relatively slow development of cities, high degree of the first city , low-density urban space and weak urban competition in general, inadequate urban infrastructure and industries support, a severe shortage of urbanization funds and so on. Through qualitative analysis and quantitative research, the paper defines the scale of the demonstration, the investment rate, the level of the third industries’development, the level of infrastructure’s development, and human resource reserving ability and something like as important impacts on the development of the western city, and it also confirmed the significance of improving efficiency of financing and investment during western urbanization process.
With the investment rate and its calculation, which proves that economic growth in China’s western region is invest-pull? Therefore raising funds is very important to the urbanization in the west area, and also improving the efficiency of financing is an urgent affair in the way of developing urbanization. According to the different sources of funds, the paper makes a financing efficiency analysis of the western urbanized funds, including financial and non-financial funds. Financial funds include tax revenue and the central financial transfer payment. The established model to judge the taxation system in China's tax policy and the central financial transfer payment policy for the western region funds has the aggregation effects. According to the new tax system since 1994 in the western region and the implementation of the annual transfer payments and GDP data ,the paper will give a conclusion and give some advice about policy adjustments. Non-financial capital financing mostly analyzes the foreign capital and capital market’s financing efficiency, foreign capital chips namely the development of infrastructure, human capital’s formation and scale, the ease of access to markets and so on which make the western region can not outweigh the eastern region. In terms of China capital market’s inadequate competition under the government intervention, there exists inefficient financing in the capital market. The reason why non-financial fund’s financial efficiency is so low is sources of funds for financing the western region is weak, which reflects that the financial situation, policy and ability in the west still exist deep-rooted problems affecting the efficiency of financing. Recommend the governments in the west region should make great efforts to cultivate market, and improve market system, and give full freedom to the market mechanism self; on the other hand, the most urgent and effective methods is to develop governments’organizing and coordinating functions, if possible, temporarily "replacing" some parts of the function of the market in order to make up "crippled" or "undeveloped" market defects before the market is not mature or perfect.
The paper makes a introduction of the norm system of our country’s investment efficiency nowadays and points out the flaw existing in the system. With the development of social economy, to design the norm measuring investment efficiency needs comprehensive angles, such as scientifically using energy, the investment ratio of non-state-owned enterprises, environmental protection, and social development and so on. Besides that, the proportion between non-state-owned enterprises’investment and total investment, the growth ratio of the inhabitant’s lifespan and the decreasing ratio of crime all should be taken into consideration while measuring investment efficiency. Then, taking Chongqing’s data as the sample, the paper checks the investment efficiency’s norm from the macro-perspective; uses“the boundary capital delivers the ratio”to calculate the investment efficiency in the western area; takes advantage of the gray connection theory compared with“production ratio by the boundary capital”to summarizes the factors influencing Chongqing’s investment efficiency and finally proves that there is the largest connection between urbanization and investment efficiency in the western region. After making a comprehensive consideration about investment structure, gathering economy, and the connection of economic spaces, which influence investment efficiency, the paper introduces in city flow theory. Through the quantity description of the western 11 provinces urban districts extroversion industry and taking enhancing the urbanized investment efficiency as the goal, the paper will finally analyzes how to layout the investment spaces and industries favorably while the western provinces and autonomous regions are paying great attention to the third industry. The paper thinks that improving investment efficiency is enhancing the validity of the capital disposition. To improve the investment efficiency of the western urbanization, following the nature, economic and social development is a must. The author proposes that Chongqing can be listed as the engine of the western urbanized development and will break the western administrative barrier to form a large development group in this area, which will not pursue only the small and the entire, but pay attention to the scale and cooperative consciousness so that the group can enjoy the reasonable industrial division of labor.Chongqing,Chengdu and Xi'an vigorously invest the financial and other high-tech tertiary industries; other cities vigorously develop traveling industries and continue to strengthen the status of the rich energy areas, to use the rich resources intensively and reasonably so that the areas can form a superiority industry chain. After building up the green investment efficiency norm system, which show the comprehensive development of economy, social and environmental resources? Except that, the paper will use the principal components analysis method to carry on the real diagnosis computation by Chongqing’s index of correlation composition sample from 1995 to 2004,and in the end it will unify each norm’s standard value to give the appraisal of the real diagnosis computation result.
At the end of this paper, it will make a summary to the research achievements in this whole text, and points out the research about investment efficiency of the western urbanization still has a long way to go.
引文
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