近代早期西方社会救济制度的基督教渊源
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摘要
中古时期基督教的神恩济贫观念是驱动教会济贫事业发展的核心价值观,但是到了中古晚期,教会传统的济贫模式已无法应对社会经济、政治变革所引发的普遍性贫困。宗教改革后,新教神学也对传统的神恩济贫观念展开批判。在英格兰,亨利八世自上而下的完成了宗教改革,通过颁布一系列的济贫法令,实现了由世俗力量主导,教区为管理主体的近代早期社会救济制度的确立。
全文共分导论、五章正文和结语三个部分。导论部分主要阐述本课题的研究意义及研究综述。
第一章主要探讨基督教神恩济贫观的由来。首先介绍《圣经》中的原罪说与救赎论。西普里安、安布罗斯与奥古斯丁等古代教父们关于获得救赎的争论奠定了神恩济贫观的基础。在中古时期,经院哲学家阿伯拉尔和阿奎纳将这一理论发挥到了极致,成为推动教会济贫事业发展的核心价值观。
第二章介绍宗教改革前基督教会在英格兰的济贫状况与出现的问题,在贫困问题上,教会修道院是实施救济的主体,教区为辅。在医疗方面,黑死病肆虐英格兰期间,教会修道院起到了收容、护理、关怀、隔离病人等作用。在教育方面,修道院创办了独具特色的教会学校,不仅培养神职人员,也为世俗弟子提供力所能及的教育。?
第三章探讨宗教改革时期,新教各派的济贫观念。基督教人文主义者提出了“理性”的贫困观、路德教的“唯信称义”重新构建信与救赎的关系,济贫的行为不再只是为了求得回报,而是一种责任和义务。加尔文教则在“双预定论”中称济贫行为是上帝赐予其选民的特殊的恩典。
第四章介绍宗教改革后英格兰王权主导下的社会救济制度的建立。教区在改革中衍变成为地方基层行政单位,尽管如此,教区在管理方式上还是保留了宗教传统,尤其是在解决流民问题和贫困问题上发挥了而不可替代的重要作用,教区在信仰与世俗的双重领域发挥了比中古时期更大的作用。
第五章比较路德教、加尔文教和安立甘教在近代早期西方救济制度中发挥的作用以及所产生的不同效果。
结语部分对全文进行总结,近代早期英格兰的社会救济制度,是在王权主导下,对传统宗教济贫模式的保留中形成的。在转型时期,这一制度确保了社会的平稳变革,有效地缓解了贫困问题,维护了社会稳定。
The divine of salvation of Christianism was the most important value which motivated the development of Christian career of Relieving Poor in mediaeval times.However, The traditional patterns of Relieving Poor could not deal with widely spreaded crisis caused by the economical and political revolutions of the society.After Chiristian Reformation, Protestanism theology started criticism of the traditional divine of salvation. In England, King Henry VIII completed from top to bottom revolution of Christianism. He issued a series of decrees of Relieving Poor, and built up the early modern social relief system, which is directed by secular power, and administrated by Parish.
The whole thesis consists three parts: the introduction, five-chapter body and conclusion. The significance of the study and the literature review are expounded in introduction part.
Chapter one mainly explores the sources of the the divine monerism of salvation of Christianism. First of all, the original sins and redemption are introduced.The debates on redemption of some ancient Godfathes, including Cyprian、Ambrose and Augustinus,laid fundation for the divine of salvation.In mediaeval times, scholastic philosophers, Abelard and Aquinas, developed the theory into climax, and made it the most important value which motivated the development of Christian career of Relieving Poor.
Chapter two introduces Christian relieving and its propblems in England before Reformation. In the aspect of the poverty, the ecclesiastic abbeies were the main body to carry out the reliveing poor. In the aspect of medical treatment, the ecclesiastic abbeies provided houses, treatment, care and patients'separation. In the aspect of education, the ecclesiastic abbeies create special missionary schools, and provided as much education as possible to both clergy and laity.
Chapter three discusses beliefs of different schools of protestanism in Reformation. The Christian believers of Humanism put forward the rationalism of reliveing poor, and Lutheranism's Justification by faith alone reconstruct the relationship bewtween faith and redemption. The behavior of reliveing poor was no longer for any return, but a kind of responsiobility and duty. Calvinism said that the action of relieving poor people is the special gift for citizens from God in Predestination.
Chapter four introduce the construction of Social Relief System under the government of royal power of England after Reformation. Parish changed into local administation units in the revolution. In spite of all these changes, Parish remained Christian tradition in administation patterns, and palyed a crutial role in solving the problem of vagrant and poverty. Parish had more significant influence on both faith and secular.
Chapter five compare the functions and effects of Lutheranism, Calvinism and Church of England in early modern western Social Relief System.
In the conclusion part, the author briefly summarize the whole thesis. The early modern Social Relief System grew up under the direction of royal power, and the reservation of traditional Christian Relivieing Poor patterns. In transition period, this system guranteed stability of the Reformation, effectively relieved the poverty and kept stability of the society.
全文共分导论、五章正文和结语三个部分。导论部分主要阐述本课题的研究意义及研究综述。
第一章主要探讨基督教神恩济贫观的由来。首先介绍《圣经》中的原罪说与救赎论。西普里安、安布罗斯与奥古斯丁等古代教父们关于获得救赎的争论奠定了神恩济贫观的基础。在中古时期,经院哲学家阿伯拉尔和阿奎纳将这一理论发挥到了极致,成为推动教会济贫事业发展的核心价值观。
第二章介绍宗教改革前基督教会在英格兰的济贫状况与出现的问题,在贫困问题上,教会修道院是实施救济的主体,教区为辅。在医疗方面,黑死病肆虐英格兰期间,教会修道院起到了收容、护理、关怀、隔离病人等作用。在教育方面,修道院创办了独具特色的教会学校,不仅培养神职人员,也为世俗弟子提供力所能及的教育。?
第三章探讨宗教改革时期,新教各派的济贫观念。基督教人文主义者提出了“理性”的贫困观、路德教的“唯信称义”重新构建信与救赎的关系,济贫的行为不再只是为了求得回报,而是一种责任和义务。加尔文教则在“双预定论”中称济贫行为是上帝赐予其选民的特殊的恩典。
第四章介绍宗教改革后英格兰王权主导下的社会救济制度的建立。教区在改革中衍变成为地方基层行政单位,尽管如此,教区在管理方式上还是保留了宗教传统,尤其是在解决流民问题和贫困问题上发挥了而不可替代的重要作用,教区在信仰与世俗的双重领域发挥了比中古时期更大的作用。
第五章比较路德教、加尔文教和安立甘教在近代早期西方救济制度中发挥的作用以及所产生的不同效果。
结语部分对全文进行总结,近代早期英格兰的社会救济制度,是在王权主导下,对传统宗教济贫模式的保留中形成的。在转型时期,这一制度确保了社会的平稳变革,有效地缓解了贫困问题,维护了社会稳定。
The divine of salvation of Christianism was the most important value which motivated the development of Christian career of Relieving Poor in mediaeval times.However, The traditional patterns of Relieving Poor could not deal with widely spreaded crisis caused by the economical and political revolutions of the society.After Chiristian Reformation, Protestanism theology started criticism of the traditional divine of salvation. In England, King Henry VIII completed from top to bottom revolution of Christianism. He issued a series of decrees of Relieving Poor, and built up the early modern social relief system, which is directed by secular power, and administrated by Parish.
The whole thesis consists three parts: the introduction, five-chapter body and conclusion. The significance of the study and the literature review are expounded in introduction part.
Chapter one mainly explores the sources of the the divine monerism of salvation of Christianism. First of all, the original sins and redemption are introduced.The debates on redemption of some ancient Godfathes, including Cyprian、Ambrose and Augustinus,laid fundation for the divine of salvation.In mediaeval times, scholastic philosophers, Abelard and Aquinas, developed the theory into climax, and made it the most important value which motivated the development of Christian career of Relieving Poor.
Chapter two introduces Christian relieving and its propblems in England before Reformation. In the aspect of the poverty, the ecclesiastic abbeies were the main body to carry out the reliveing poor. In the aspect of medical treatment, the ecclesiastic abbeies provided houses, treatment, care and patients'separation. In the aspect of education, the ecclesiastic abbeies create special missionary schools, and provided as much education as possible to both clergy and laity.
Chapter three discusses beliefs of different schools of protestanism in Reformation. The Christian believers of Humanism put forward the rationalism of reliveing poor, and Lutheranism's Justification by faith alone reconstruct the relationship bewtween faith and redemption. The behavior of reliveing poor was no longer for any return, but a kind of responsiobility and duty. Calvinism said that the action of relieving poor people is the special gift for citizens from God in Predestination.
Chapter four introduce the construction of Social Relief System under the government of royal power of England after Reformation. Parish changed into local administation units in the revolution. In spite of all these changes, Parish remained Christian tradition in administation patterns, and palyed a crutial role in solving the problem of vagrant and poverty. Parish had more significant influence on both faith and secular.
Chapter five compare the functions and effects of Lutheranism, Calvinism and Church of England in early modern western Social Relief System.
In the conclusion part, the author briefly summarize the whole thesis. The early modern Social Relief System grew up under the direction of royal power, and the reservation of traditional Christian Relivieing Poor patterns. In transition period, this system guranteed stability of the Reformation, effectively relieved the poverty and kept stability of the society.
引文
①Paul slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England, London: Addison-Wesley, 1988,p.97.
①Robert Jütte, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994,p.27.
②Robert Jütte, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994,p.29.
③Paul slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England, London: Addison-Wesley, 1988,p.192.
④Paul Slack, From Reformation to Improvement: Public Welfare in Early Modem England, Oxford: Clarend on Press , 1998 .p.5.
①Wilbur K.Jordan, Philanthropy in England 1480-1660 , London: G. Allen & Unwin,1959,p.371.
①Elizabeth M. Leonard, The Early History of English Poor Relief , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1900,p.18.
②Valor Ecclesiasticus:英国教会脱离罗马教廷后,亨利八世与1535年对教会进行的财政调查,包括英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
③Barbara Harvey, Living and Dying in england 1100-1540:The Monastic Experience, Oxford, Oxford University Press,1995,pp.214-215.
④Paul slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England, London: Addison-Wesley, 1988, p.13.
①Neil Rushton,“Monastic Poor Relief in Sixteenth-Century England”,Journal of Interdisciplinary History,Vol.32,No.2,(Autumn,2001),pp.193-216.
②Neil Rushton,“Monastic charitable provision in Tudor England: quantifying and qualifying poor relief in the early sixteenth century”, Contin Chang,16 (1), (2001),pp.9-44.
③Alan L. Beier, The problem of the poor in tudor and early stuart england, London: Routledge, 1983, p.20.
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①Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,Washington university, 1973,p.195.
②Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,Washington university, 1973,p.196.
③Gerhard Uhlhorn , Christian charity in the ancient church, New York:C. Scribner's Sons, 1883, p.302.
④Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.198.
⑤Saint Ambrose, De Spiritu Sancto(on the Holy Spirit) ,Book I(13), available at http:// mb-soft. com/ believe/ txud/ ambros24.htm (April 1, 2010).
⑥Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university,1973,p.198.
①Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.200.
②Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.200.
③Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.217.
④Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.218.
①Saint Ambrose,In De officiis(On the Duties of the Clergy),Chapter 1(30), available at http:// www. newadvent. org/fathers/34011.htm. (October 2, 2010).
②Saint Ambrose,In De officiis(On the Duties of the Clergy),Chapter 1(30), available at http:// www. newadvent. org/fathers/34011.htm. (October 2, 2010).
③Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.221.
④Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.221.
①Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.202.
②Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.204.
①Judith Herron, The Formation of Christendom, Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987, p.150.
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②Brian Davies, The Thought of Thomas Aquinas, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, p264.
③Brian Davies, The Thought of Thomas Aquinas, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, p262.
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⑤Brian Davies, The Thought of Thomas Aquinas, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, p338.
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①A.L. Beier, The Problem of the Poor in Tudor and Early Stuart Engand, Newyork: Methuen, 1983, p.8.
②Neil Rushton,“Monastic Poor Relief in Sixteenth-Century England”,Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 32, No. 2,( Autumn, 2001), pp.193-216.
③[英]戴维.M.沃克:《牛津法律大辞典》,北京社会与科技发展研究所组织译,北京:光明日报出版社,1988,第665页。
①刘城:《英国中世纪教会研究》,北京:首都师范大学出版社,1996年,第49页。
②Neil Rushton,“Monastic Poor Relief in Sixteenth-Century England”,Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 32, No. 2,( Autumn, 2001), pp.193-216.
③Neil Rushton,“Monastic Poor Relief in Sixteenth-Century England”,Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 32, No. 2,( Autumn, 2001), pp.193-216.
①王旭东、孟庆龙:《世界瘟疫史》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005年,第21页。
②W.Barbara.Tuchman,A distant Mirror,New York:Ballantine Books, 1978, p.94.
③Robert S.Gottfried,The Black Death-Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe, New York: FreePublishers, 1983,p.77.
①Robert S.Gottfried, The Black Death-Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe, New York: FreePublishers, 1983, pp.46-47.
②谷延方:《黑死病与英国农村劳动力的转移》,《北方论丛》,2005年第3期,第110页。
③Robert S.Gottfried, The Black Death-Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe, New York: FreePublishers, 1983, p.78.
④人们认为女巫勾结魔鬼,对畜牲施法,是瘟疫产生的原因,黑死病的降临使大批“问题女人”被诬陷为女巫,在历经酷刑后被活活烧死。
⑤欣正人:《瘟疫与文明》,太原:山西人民出版社,2004年,第84页。
①Rosemary Horrox, The Black Death, Manchester: Manchester University Press,1994.pp.122-124.
②Rosemary Horrox, The Black Death, Manchester: Manchester University Press,1994.p.111.
③李威:《中世纪英格兰医院制度论略》,《北方论丛》,2008年第2期,第90页。
②Rosemary Horrox, The Black Death, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994.p.271.
③按照基督教的说法,死者将在某一天复活,因此必须将他们埋葬在神圣的地方,而基督徒们也渴望自己葬身之处能尽量靠近圣事仪式,从而享受到圣体面饼和基督降临的保护。
④Rosemary Horrox, The Black Death, Manchester: Manchester University Press,1994.p269、84.
⑤OleJ.Benedictow, The Black Death 1346-1353, The Complete History, Wood Bridge: The Boydell Press, 2004. p.356.
①A.F Leach, The Schools of Medieval England, London: Methuen and Co.Ltd,1915,p.156.
②Rosemary O'Day, Education and Society, 1500-1800: the Social Foundations of Education in Early Modern Britain, London;New York:Longman,1982,p.42.
①A.W.Parry, M.A.D.Sc, Education in England in the Middle Age, AMS Press, 1975, p.175.
①Goo Saing Hur,Commonwealth, Social Order and the Tudor Poor Law, MinnesotaUniversity, 1998, p.129.
②Goo Saing Hur,Commonwealth, Social Order and the Tudor Poor Law, MinnesotaUniversity, 1998, P.132.
③马克垚:《英国封建社会研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第306页。
④张佳生:《中世纪晚期英国的乞讨问题及对其限制》,《贵州大学学报》,2008年第2卷第1期,第76页。
⑤丁建定:《中世纪晚期英国的济贫法制度》,《南都学坛》,2010年第30卷第5期,第28页。
⑥尹虹:《16世纪和17世纪前期英国的流民问题》,《世界历史》,2001年,第4期,第45页。?
①向荣:《论16、17世纪英国理性的济贫观》,《武汉大学学报》,1999年第3期,第70页。
②J.Robert, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge:Universiry Press, 1996.p2.
③王亚平:《基督教的神秘主义》,北京:东方出版社,2001年,第208页。
④王亚平:《基督教的神秘主义》,北京:东方出版社,2001年,第212页。
⑤Margo Todd, Christian Humanism and the Puritan Social Order, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1987, p.127.
⑥向荣:《论16、17世纪英国理性的济贫观》,《武汉大学学报》,1999年第3期,第72页。
①Margo Todd, Christian Humanism and the Puritan Social Order, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1987, p137.
②Elton, G. R, England under theTudors, London: Routledge, 1977, p.189.
③[德]马丁·路德:《九十五条论纲》,available at http: //godoor. com/ article /list. aspid=1057 (October 2,2010).
④德国宗教改革时期基督教神学家,在1522年路德被监禁期间,他领导了维滕伯格市政改革,但由于其反对教堂内设置的图像、偶像等某些激进的改革措施,导致维滕伯格市发生混乱。
⑤Andreas Karlstadt,On the Abolition of Images and that There Shall Be No Beggars Among Christians,available at http:// de.wikisource.org/w/ index.php title=Kategorie: Von_abtuhung_ der_ Bylder& from=1,(August 22,2010).
①Saint Ambrose,In De officiis(On the Duties of the Clergy),Chapter 11(39), available at http:// www. newadvent. org/fathers/34011.htm.(October 2, 2010).
②Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther, and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Sep., 1977), pp. 313-334.
③[德]马丁·路德:《致德意志基督教贵族公开书》,available at http:// wenku. baidu. com/ view/ ece0b56fb 84ae 45c3b358cf2. html 2010.8.21(August 22,2010).
④[德]马丁·路德:《马丁·路德文选》,路德著作翻译小组译,北京:中国社会科学院出版社,2003年,第19页。
①[德]马丁·路德:《马丁·路德文选》,路德著作翻译小组译,北京:中国社会科学院出版社,2003年,第27页。
②[德]马丁·路德:《马丁·路德文选》,路德著作翻译小组译,北京:中国社会科学院出版社,2003年,第27页。
③[德]马丁·路德:《致德意志基督教贵族公开书》,available at http://wenku.baidu.com/view/ ece0 b56fb84ae45c3b358cf2.html 2010.8.21(August 22,2010).
④Andreas Karlstadt,On the Abolition of Images and that There Shall Be No Beggars Among Christians,available at http:// de.wikisource.org/w/index.php title=Kategorie:Von_abtuhung_ der_Bylder& from=1,(August 22,2010).
⑤[德]马丁·路德:《致德意志基督教贵族公开书》,available at http:// wenku. baidu. com/ view/ ece0 b56fb84ae45c3b358cf2.html 2010.8.21(August 22,2010).
⑥Andreas Karlstadt,On the Abolition of Images and that There Shall Be No Beggars Among Christians,available at http:// de.wikisource.org/w/index.php title=Kategorie:Von_abtuhung_ der_Bylder& from=1,(August 22,2010).
①S Kahl,“The Religious Roots of Modern Poverty Policy: Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed Protestant Traditions Compared”,European Journal of Sociology, Vol. 46, (2005),pp.91-126.
②[德]马丁·路德:《致德意志基督教贵族公开书》,available at http:// wenku. baidu. com/ view/ ece0b56fb 84ae 45c3b358cf2. html 2010.8.21(August 22,2010).
③Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,Washington university, 1973,p.195.
④[德]马丁·路德:《马丁·路德文选》,路德著作翻译小组译,北京:中国社会科学院出版社,2003年,第22页。
⑤[德]马丁·路德:《马丁·路德文选》,路德著作翻译小组译,北京:中国社会科学院出版社,2003年,第24页。
⑥[德]马丁·路德:《马丁·路德文选》,路德著作翻译小组译,北京:中国社会科学院出版社,2003年,第98页。
⑦[德]马丁·路德:《马丁·路德文选》,路德著作翻译小组译,北京:中国社会科学院出版社,2003年,第98页。
①[德]马丁·路德:《马丁·路德文选》,路德著作翻译小组译,北京:中国社会科学院出版社,2003年,第99页。
②[德]马丁·路德:《马丁·路德文选》,路德著作翻译小组译,北京:中国社会科学院出版社,2003年,第21页。
③[德]马丁·路德:《马丁·路德文选》,路德著作翻译小组译,北京:中国社会科学院出版社,2003年,第102页。
④[德]马丁·路德:《马丁·路德文选》,路德著作翻译小组译,北京:中国社会科学院出版社,2003年,第22页。
⑤张庆熊:《基督教神学范畴》,上海:上海人民出版社,2003年,第254页。
⑥向荣:《论16、17世纪英国理性的济贫观》,《武汉大学学报》,1999年第3期,第72页。
⑦《圣经·新约》,南京:中国天主教主教团,2009年,第1691页。
①Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.104.
②Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.104.
③Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.104.
④Robert M. Kingdon,“Social Welfare in Calvin's Geneva”, The American Historical Review, Vol. 76, No. 1 (1971).
①Smith. Allen, Forming of National Country, London, 1984,p.13.
②刘城:《中世纪欧洲的教皇权与英国王权》,《历史研究》,1998年第1期,第100页。
③[英]G.R.波特:《新编剑桥世界近代史》第一卷,中国社会科学院、世界历史研究所组译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988年,第122页。
①尹虹:《16、17世纪英国流民产生的原因》,《首都师范大学学报》,2001年第4期,第46页。
②[英]勃里格斯著:《英国社会史》,陈叔平、刘成译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1991年,第139页。
①Paul Slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England, London: Addison-Wesley, 1988, p.13.
②Neil Rushton,“Monastic Poor Relief in Sixteenth-Century England”,Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol.32,No.2,(Autumn,2001),pp.193-216.
③Barbara Harvey, Living and Dying in england 1100-1540; The Monastic Experience,Oxford, 1993, pp.214-215.
④[英]勃里格斯著:《英国社会史》,陈叔平、刘成译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1991年,第140页。
⑤Robert Jütte, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p.l08.
①Michael David Hole, Your Majesty’s Poor Subject:the Crown and the Poor in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1485—1625, paper for PH.D, California University, 2004,p.32.
②Bronislaw Gerrmek, Poverty A History , Wiley-Blackwell, 1994, p.166.
③Michael David Hole, Your Majesty’s Poor Subject:the Crown and the Poor in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1485—1625, paper for PH.D., California University, 2004,p.34.
④Bronislaw Gerrmek, Poverty A History, Wiley-Blackwell, 1994, p.166.
⑤Michael David Hole, Your Majesty’s Poor Subject:the Crown and the Poor in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1485—1625, paper for PH.D., California University, 2004,pp.45-46.
①尹虹:《十六、十七世纪前期英国流民问题研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003年,第144页。
②Paul Slack.“Vagrants andVagrancy in England, 1598-1664”.The Economic History Review,(August 1974), pp.360-379.
③Michael David Hole, Your Majesty’s Poor Subject:the Crown and the Poor in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1485—1625, paper for PH.D, California University, 2004,p.49.
④G.R.Elton, England under theTudors, London: Routledge,1991, p.190.
①Bronislaw Gerrmek, Poverty A History , Wiley-Blackwell, 1994, p.165.
②Michael David Hole, Your Majesty’s Poor Subject:the Crown and the Poor in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1485—1625, paper for PH.D, California University, 2004,p.49.
①Bronislaw Gerrmek, Poverty A History , Wiley-Blackwell,1994,p.169.
②尹虹:《近代早期英国流民问题及流民政策》,《历史研究》,2001年第2期,第115页。
③Bronislaw Gerrmek, Poverty A History , Wiley-Blackwell, 1994, p.168.
④Paul Slack. From Reformation to Improvement: Public Welfare in EarlyModern England, Oxford, 1999.p.21.
⑤尹虹:《十六、十七世纪前期英国流民问题研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003年,第156-157页。
①陈日华:《中古英格兰的教区行政》,《世界历史》,2007年第1期,第101页。
②Paul Slack, The English Poor Law 1531-1782, New York:Cambridge University Press,1995,p.20.
①Paul Slack, The English Poor Law 1531-1782, New York:Cambridge University Press,1995,p.20.
②Wallace Notestein, The English People On the Eve Of Colonization, 1603-1630, Kessinger Publishing, 2009, p.247.
③尹虹:《论十七、十八世纪英国政府的济贫问题》,《历史研究》,2003年第3期,第136页。
①Carter Lindberg,The European Reformations,USA : Blackwell Publishers, 1996, p.115.
②德语中的Beutelordnung,翻译成英文为Order for a Common Purse,笔者称之为“共同钱箱计划”。经过德国学者Nikolaus Muller考证,Beutelordnung由路德起草并修改补充的,这份政令是后来1522年维滕伯格改革法令的雏形,对维滕伯格市的济贫改革产生了深远的影响。
③Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther, and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Sep., 1977), pp.313-334.
①Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther, and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Sep., 1977), pp. 313-334.
②Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther, and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Sep., 1977), pp. 313-334.
③Virpi Mkinen,Lutheran Reformation and the law,Leiden ;Boston :Brill,2006,p.212.
④Virpi Mkinen,Lutheran Reformation and the law,Leiden ;Boston :Brill,2006,p.212.
⑤Virpi Mkinen,Lutheran Reformation and the law,Leiden ;Boston :Brill,2006,p.213.
⑥Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther, and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History, Vol.46,No.3(Sep.,1977),pp.313-334.
①Virpi Mkinen,Lutheran Reformation and the law,Leiden ;Boston :Brill,2006, p.213.
②Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther, and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History,Vol.46,No.3(Sep.,1977),pp.313-334.
③Andreas Karlstadt,On the Abolition of Images and that There Shall Be No Beggars Among Christians,available at http:// de.wikisource.org/w/index.php title=Kategorie:Von_abtuhung_ der_Bylder& from=1,(August 22,2010).
④Virpi Mkinen,Lutheran Reformation and the law,Leiden ;Boston :Brill,2006, p.216.
⑤Philip S. Gorski,The disciplinary revolution: Calvinism and the rise of the state in early modern europe,Chicago :University of Chicago Press,2003, p.127.
⑥S Kahl,“The Religious Roots of Modern Poverty Policy: Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed Protestant Traditions Compared”,European Journal of Sociology, Vol.46,(2005),p.91-126.
⑦Philip S. Gorski,The disciplinary revolution: Calvinism and the rise of the state in early modern europe,Chicago :University of Chicago Press,2003, p.127.
⑧Brandt W I,Luther’s work,philadelphia:muhlenberg press,1962,p.189.
⑨Carter Lindberg,The European Reformations,USA : Blackwell Publishers, 1996, p.116.
①Carter Lindberg,The European Reformations,USA : Blackwell Publishers, 1996, p.117.
②Carter Lindberg,The European Reformations,USA : Blackwell Publishers, 1996, p.117.
③今比利时境内。
④[德]马丁·路德:《教会被掳于巴比伦》,available at http://shuku.jidujiao.com /files/ article/ html/0/365/9399.html,2010.9.15.(September 15, 2010)
⑤Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther,and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History,Vol.46,No.3(Sep.,1977),pp.313-334.
①Max Weber,The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism,London ; New York : Routledge, 2001,p.178.
②Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.196.
③吴于廑:《十五十六世纪东西方历史初学集》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005年,第169页。
④Johannes a'Lasco,宗教改革家,波兰贵族华沙副主教,1538年与天主教决裂,16世纪40-50年代伦敦、埃姆登荷兰加尔文教难民社区领导人。
⑤Timothy G. Fehler, Poor Relief and Protestantism: The Evolution of Social Welfare in Emden , Aldershot, 1999, p.108.
⑥Andrew Pettegree, Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth-Century London, Oxford Univ, 1987,p.182.
①Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.108.
②Andrew Pettegree, Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth-Century London, Oxford Univ,1987,p.182.
③Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.109.
④Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.111.
⑤Charles H.Parker,Calvinism and Poor Relief in Reformation Holland,The Reformation of Charity: The Secular and the Religious in Early Modern Poor Relief, Brill Academic Publishers,2003,p.108.
①Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, pp.86-90.
②Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.69.
③[苏]阿·齐斯托兹沃诺夫著:《十六世纪尼德兰资产阶级革命》,刘立勋译,三联书店,1959年,第66页。
④Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.70.
⑤Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.74.
②加尔文派在南荷兰省的重要城市多德雷赫特、莱顿、代尔夫特和豪达已获得解放,北荷兰省的哈勒姆和阿姆斯特丹还在西班牙的掌控中,直到1578年。
①Benjamin J. Kaplan, Dutch Particularism and the Calvinist Quest for holy Uniformity, Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, 82 ,(1991), pp.239-256.
②Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 ,Cambridge,1998,p.157.
③Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.119.
④Charles H.Parker,Calvinism and Poor Relief in Reformation Holland,The Reformation of Charity:The Secular and the Religious in Early Modern Poor Relief, Brill Academic Publishers,2003,p.118.
①Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.119.
②Benjamin J. Kaplan, Calvinists and Libertines: Confession and Community in Utrecht 1578-1620, Clarendon Press, 1995,p.302.
①程汉大:《英国法制史》,济南:齐鲁书社,2001年,第235页。
②G.R.Elton, England under theTudors, London: Routledge,1991, p189.
③E.M. Leonard, The Early History of English Poor Relief, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1965,p.52.
[1]济贫法原文http://www.workhouses.org.uk/
[2] Valor Ecclesiasticus(1531年教会财政评估书).
[3] Saint Ambrose,In De officiis(On the Duties of the Clergy论神职人员的职责),Chapter 11(39), available at http:// www. newadvent. org/ fathers/ 34011. htm.
[4] Joseph Hunter, An introduction to the Valor ecclesiasticus of King Henry VIII with a map of England and Wales showing the distribution in dioceses(对亨利八世教会财政评估书及英格兰和威尔士教区分布地图的介绍).London, 1834.
[5] Valor beneficiorum, or, A valuation of all ecclesiastical preferments in England and Wales to which is added(关于英格兰和苏格兰宗教事务的评估). Cambridge University Library, 1695.
[6] Andreas Karlstadt,On the Abolition of Images and that There Shall Be No Beggars Among Christians(基督徒中不该有乞丐)available at http:// de.wikisource.org/w/ index.php? title=Kategorie: Von_abtuhung_ der_ Bylder& from=1.
[7] A true report of the great number of poor children, and other poor people maintained in the severall hospitals by the pious care of the Lord Mayor(关于贫困儿童、穷人在医院安置的报告), commonalty and citizens of the city of London, British Library, The 10th day of Aprill 1655.
[8] A true report of the great costs and charges of the foure hospitals, in the city of London in the maintenance of their great number of poore(关于伦敦四家医院抚养穷人花销的报告), British Library, 1644.
[9] An account of several workhouses for employing and maintaining the poor(若干贫民习艺的帐户), London, Social Sciences, 1725.
[10]An account of the hospitals, alms-houses, and public schools(医院、救济院和公共学校的帐户), in Bristol, History and Geography, 1775.
[11]Adam, ThomasYork, The poor man's guide to heaven, or the gospel way of salvation plainly taught(福音布道, Religion and Philosophy, 1788.
[12]Alcock, Thomas, Observations on the defects of the poor laws, and on the causes and consequences of the great increase and burden of the poor(关于济贫法缺陷的评论及加重穷人负担的原因和后果), London, Social Sciences, 1752.
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③Barbara Harvey, Living and Dying in england 1100-1540:The Monastic Experience, Oxford, Oxford University Press,1995,pp.214-215.
④Paul slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England, London: Addison-Wesley, 1988, p.13.
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⑦《圣经·新约》罗马书7:17-21,南京:中国天主教主教团,2009年,第1748页。
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①《圣经·新约》罗马书5:11,南京:中国天主教主教团,2009年,第1745页。
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④Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.198.
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⑥Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university,1973,p.198.
①Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.200.
②Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.200.
③Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.217.
④Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.218.
①Saint Ambrose,In De officiis(On the Duties of the Clergy),Chapter 1(30), available at http:// www. newadvent. org/fathers/34011.htm. (October 2, 2010).
②Saint Ambrose,In De officiis(On the Duties of the Clergy),Chapter 1(30), available at http:// www. newadvent. org/fathers/34011.htm. (October 2, 2010).
③Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.221.
④Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.221.
①Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.202.
②Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,washington university, 1973,p.204.
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②Neil Rushton,“Monastic Poor Relief in Sixteenth-Century England”,Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 32, No. 2,( Autumn, 2001), pp.193-216.
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②Neil Rushton,“Monastic Poor Relief in Sixteenth-Century England”,Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 32, No. 2,( Autumn, 2001), pp.193-216.
③Neil Rushton,“Monastic Poor Relief in Sixteenth-Century England”,Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 32, No. 2,( Autumn, 2001), pp.193-216.
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③Robert S.Gottfried,The Black Death-Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe, New York: FreePublishers, 1983,p.77.
①Robert S.Gottfried, The Black Death-Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe, New York: FreePublishers, 1983, pp.46-47.
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③Robert S.Gottfried, The Black Death-Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe, New York: FreePublishers, 1983, p.78.
④人们认为女巫勾结魔鬼,对畜牲施法,是瘟疫产生的原因,黑死病的降临使大批“问题女人”被诬陷为女巫,在历经酷刑后被活活烧死。
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②Rosemary Horrox, The Black Death, Manchester: Manchester University Press,1994.p.111.
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②Rosemary Horrox, The Black Death, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994.p.271.
③按照基督教的说法,死者将在某一天复活,因此必须将他们埋葬在神圣的地方,而基督徒们也渴望自己葬身之处能尽量靠近圣事仪式,从而享受到圣体面饼和基督降临的保护。
④Rosemary Horrox, The Black Death, Manchester: Manchester University Press,1994.p269、84.
⑤OleJ.Benedictow, The Black Death 1346-1353, The Complete History, Wood Bridge: The Boydell Press, 2004. p.356.
①A.F Leach, The Schools of Medieval England, London: Methuen and Co.Ltd,1915,p.156.
②Rosemary O'Day, Education and Society, 1500-1800: the Social Foundations of Education in Early Modern Britain, London;New York:Longman,1982,p.42.
①A.W.Parry, M.A.D.Sc, Education in England in the Middle Age, AMS Press, 1975, p.175.
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②Goo Saing Hur,Commonwealth, Social Order and the Tudor Poor Law, MinnesotaUniversity, 1998, P.132.
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②J.Robert, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge:Universiry Press, 1996.p2.
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⑤Margo Todd, Christian Humanism and the Puritan Social Order, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1987, p.127.
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①Margo Todd, Christian Humanism and the Puritan Social Order, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1987, p137.
②Elton, G. R, England under theTudors, London: Routledge, 1977, p.189.
③[德]马丁·路德:《九十五条论纲》,available at http: //godoor. com/ article /list. aspid=1057 (October 2,2010).
④德国宗教改革时期基督教神学家,在1522年路德被监禁期间,他领导了维滕伯格市政改革,但由于其反对教堂内设置的图像、偶像等某些激进的改革措施,导致维滕伯格市发生混乱。
⑤Andreas Karlstadt,On the Abolition of Images and that There Shall Be No Beggars Among Christians,available at http:// de.wikisource.org/w/ index.php title=Kategorie: Von_abtuhung_ der_ Bylder& from=1,(August 22,2010).
①Saint Ambrose,In De officiis(On the Duties of the Clergy),Chapter 11(39), available at http:// www. newadvent. org/fathers/34011.htm.(October 2, 2010).
②Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther, and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Sep., 1977), pp. 313-334.
③[德]马丁·路德:《致德意志基督教贵族公开书》,available at http:// wenku. baidu. com/ view/ ece0b56fb 84ae 45c3b358cf2. html 2010.8.21(August 22,2010).
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③Herbert Theodore Mayer,Charity in the Western Roman Empire,paper for PH.D,Washington university, 1973,p.195.
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②Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.104.
③Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.104.
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①Smith. Allen, Forming of National Country, London, 1984,p.13.
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①尹虹:《16、17世纪英国流民产生的原因》,《首都师范大学学报》,2001年第4期,第46页。
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①Paul Slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England, London: Addison-Wesley, 1988, p.13.
②Neil Rushton,“Monastic Poor Relief in Sixteenth-Century England”,Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol.32,No.2,(Autumn,2001),pp.193-216.
③Barbara Harvey, Living and Dying in england 1100-1540; The Monastic Experience,Oxford, 1993, pp.214-215.
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⑤Robert Jütte, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p.l08.
①Michael David Hole, Your Majesty’s Poor Subject:the Crown and the Poor in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1485—1625, paper for PH.D, California University, 2004,p.32.
②Bronislaw Gerrmek, Poverty A History , Wiley-Blackwell, 1994, p.166.
③Michael David Hole, Your Majesty’s Poor Subject:the Crown and the Poor in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1485—1625, paper for PH.D., California University, 2004,p.34.
④Bronislaw Gerrmek, Poverty A History, Wiley-Blackwell, 1994, p.166.
⑤Michael David Hole, Your Majesty’s Poor Subject:the Crown and the Poor in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1485—1625, paper for PH.D., California University, 2004,pp.45-46.
①尹虹:《十六、十七世纪前期英国流民问题研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003年,第144页。
②Paul Slack.“Vagrants andVagrancy in England, 1598-1664”.The Economic History Review,(August 1974), pp.360-379.
③Michael David Hole, Your Majesty’s Poor Subject:the Crown and the Poor in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1485—1625, paper for PH.D, California University, 2004,p.49.
④G.R.Elton, England under theTudors, London: Routledge,1991, p.190.
①Bronislaw Gerrmek, Poverty A History , Wiley-Blackwell, 1994, p.165.
②Michael David Hole, Your Majesty’s Poor Subject:the Crown and the Poor in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1485—1625, paper for PH.D, California University, 2004,p.49.
①Bronislaw Gerrmek, Poverty A History , Wiley-Blackwell,1994,p.169.
②尹虹:《近代早期英国流民问题及流民政策》,《历史研究》,2001年第2期,第115页。
③Bronislaw Gerrmek, Poverty A History , Wiley-Blackwell, 1994, p.168.
④Paul Slack. From Reformation to Improvement: Public Welfare in EarlyModern England, Oxford, 1999.p.21.
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①陈日华:《中古英格兰的教区行政》,《世界历史》,2007年第1期,第101页。
②Paul Slack, The English Poor Law 1531-1782, New York:Cambridge University Press,1995,p.20.
①Paul Slack, The English Poor Law 1531-1782, New York:Cambridge University Press,1995,p.20.
②Wallace Notestein, The English People On the Eve Of Colonization, 1603-1630, Kessinger Publishing, 2009, p.247.
③尹虹:《论十七、十八世纪英国政府的济贫问题》,《历史研究》,2003年第3期,第136页。
①Carter Lindberg,The European Reformations,USA : Blackwell Publishers, 1996, p.115.
②德语中的Beutelordnung,翻译成英文为Order for a Common Purse,笔者称之为“共同钱箱计划”。经过德国学者Nikolaus Muller考证,Beutelordnung由路德起草并修改补充的,这份政令是后来1522年维滕伯格改革法令的雏形,对维滕伯格市的济贫改革产生了深远的影响。
③Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther, and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Sep., 1977), pp.313-334.
①Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther, and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Sep., 1977), pp. 313-334.
②Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther, and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Sep., 1977), pp. 313-334.
③Virpi Mkinen,Lutheran Reformation and the law,Leiden ;Boston :Brill,2006,p.212.
④Virpi Mkinen,Lutheran Reformation and the law,Leiden ;Boston :Brill,2006,p.212.
⑤Virpi Mkinen,Lutheran Reformation and the law,Leiden ;Boston :Brill,2006,p.213.
⑥Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther, and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History, Vol.46,No.3(Sep.,1977),pp.313-334.
①Virpi Mkinen,Lutheran Reformation and the law,Leiden ;Boston :Brill,2006, p.213.
②Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther, and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History,Vol.46,No.3(Sep.,1977),pp.313-334.
③Andreas Karlstadt,On the Abolition of Images and that There Shall Be No Beggars Among Christians,available at http:// de.wikisource.org/w/index.php title=Kategorie:Von_abtuhung_ der_Bylder& from=1,(August 22,2010).
④Virpi Mkinen,Lutheran Reformation and the law,Leiden ;Boston :Brill,2006, p.216.
⑤Philip S. Gorski,The disciplinary revolution: Calvinism and the rise of the state in early modern europe,Chicago :University of Chicago Press,2003, p.127.
⑥S Kahl,“The Religious Roots of Modern Poverty Policy: Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed Protestant Traditions Compared”,European Journal of Sociology, Vol.46,(2005),p.91-126.
⑦Philip S. Gorski,The disciplinary revolution: Calvinism and the rise of the state in early modern europe,Chicago :University of Chicago Press,2003, p.127.
⑧Brandt W I,Luther’s work,philadelphia:muhlenberg press,1962,p.189.
⑨Carter Lindberg,The European Reformations,USA : Blackwell Publishers, 1996, p.116.
①Carter Lindberg,The European Reformations,USA : Blackwell Publishers, 1996, p.117.
②Carter Lindberg,The European Reformations,USA : Blackwell Publishers, 1996, p.117.
③今比利时境内。
④[德]马丁·路德:《教会被掳于巴比伦》,available at http://shuku.jidujiao.com /files/ article/ html/0/365/9399.html,2010.9.15.(September 15, 2010)
⑤Carter Lindberg,"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians":Karlstadt, Luther,and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief,Church History,Vol.46,No.3(Sep.,1977),pp.313-334.
①Max Weber,The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism,London ; New York : Routledge, 2001,p.178.
②Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.196.
③吴于廑:《十五十六世纪东西方历史初学集》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005年,第169页。
④Johannes a'Lasco,宗教改革家,波兰贵族华沙副主教,1538年与天主教决裂,16世纪40-50年代伦敦、埃姆登荷兰加尔文教难民社区领导人。
⑤Timothy G. Fehler, Poor Relief and Protestantism: The Evolution of Social Welfare in Emden , Aldershot, 1999, p.108.
⑥Andrew Pettegree, Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth-Century London, Oxford Univ, 1987,p.182.
①Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.108.
②Andrew Pettegree, Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth-Century London, Oxford Univ,1987,p.182.
③Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.109.
④Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.111.
⑤Charles H.Parker,Calvinism and Poor Relief in Reformation Holland,The Reformation of Charity: The Secular and the Religious in Early Modern Poor Relief, Brill Academic Publishers,2003,p.108.
①Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, pp.86-90.
②Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.69.
③[苏]阿·齐斯托兹沃诺夫著:《十六世纪尼德兰资产阶级革命》,刘立勋译,三联书店,1959年,第66页。
④Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.70.
⑤Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.74.
②加尔文派在南荷兰省的重要城市多德雷赫特、莱顿、代尔夫特和豪达已获得解放,北荷兰省的哈勒姆和阿姆斯特丹还在西班牙的掌控中,直到1578年。
①Benjamin J. Kaplan, Dutch Particularism and the Calvinist Quest for holy Uniformity, Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, 82 ,(1991), pp.239-256.
②Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 ,Cambridge,1998,p.157.
③Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.119.
④Charles H.Parker,Calvinism and Poor Relief in Reformation Holland,The Reformation of Charity:The Secular and the Religious in Early Modern Poor Relief, Brill Academic Publishers,2003,p.118.
①Charles H. Parker, The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620 , Cambridge, 1998, p.119.
②Benjamin J. Kaplan, Calvinists and Libertines: Confession and Community in Utrecht 1578-1620, Clarendon Press, 1995,p.302.
①程汉大:《英国法制史》,济南:齐鲁书社,2001年,第235页。
②G.R.Elton, England under theTudors, London: Routledge,1991, p189.
③E.M. Leonard, The Early History of English Poor Relief, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1965,p.52.
[1]济贫法原文http://www.workhouses.org.uk/
[2] Valor Ecclesiasticus(1531年教会财政评估书).
[3] Saint Ambrose,In De officiis(On the Duties of the Clergy论神职人员的职责),Chapter 11(39), available at http:// www. newadvent. org/ fathers/ 34011. htm.
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[5] Valor beneficiorum, or, A valuation of all ecclesiastical preferments in England and Wales to which is added(关于英格兰和苏格兰宗教事务的评估). Cambridge University Library, 1695.
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[7] A true report of the great number of poor children, and other poor people maintained in the severall hospitals by the pious care of the Lord Mayor(关于贫困儿童、穷人在医院安置的报告), commonalty and citizens of the city of London, British Library, The 10th day of Aprill 1655.
[8] A true report of the great costs and charges of the foure hospitals, in the city of London in the maintenance of their great number of poore(关于伦敦四家医院抚养穷人花销的报告), British Library, 1644.
[9] An account of several workhouses for employing and maintaining the poor(若干贫民习艺的帐户), London, Social Sciences, 1725.
[10]An account of the hospitals, alms-houses, and public schools(医院、救济院和公共学校的帐户), in Bristol, History and Geography, 1775.
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