城市景园文化：一部空间与行为互动的历史
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摘要
城市景园是艺术，更是一种文化，或者说是文化的一种载体。无论过去还是将来，城市景观园林始终都是人类文明状况的标志。正因为有文化含义的存在，城市景园才具有丰富多彩的特色，人们才有认同归属感。以经纬作比喻，世界上的各民族文化就如同经线，各民族文化的发展进程就如同纬线，无数的经纬织就出城市景园的兴起和繁荣。
论文将城市景园文化作为人类社会文化形态的一部分来考察其发展规律，以人类社会发展史为参照系，追溯了过去近6000年的城市景观园林的变迁，比较了不同地域文化背景下，特别是中西方城市景园艺术所表现出的空间形式，设计手法，设计理念及哲学审美等方面的异同。论文试图从中找寻城市景园发展的内在规律，论文重新审视了中国传统景园文化的社会价值，探讨了在未来城市景园中行为心理与空间互动的可能性。
凡是文化都需要向外界表达一种思想或者说明一种意义，语言在创作过程中书写这些意义，景观设计师则使用景观设计语言进行创作。论文对景观设计的独特语言：空间形式、设计方法、设计理念等进行研究，剖析它们的性质、背景、相互联系方式及将其结合后产生的观念，考察它们所带来的逐渐演变的城市景观形式，能帮助我们建立起对于当今的城市景园更为深刻的认识，引起我们对于自身文化价值的深思。
当我们追溯城市景园文化的历史，我们可以看到它清晰可辨的发展痕迹。城市景园文化的特殊性表现在人们对于空间的尺度视觉形象以及行为和体验上。城市景园空间具有转变日常生活形态的可能性，这种改变的可能性，正是景观对人类的能动作用。城市景园空间就是如此在与人的行为心理的互动中发展的。
论文正是基于对城市景园空间形式与人的行为心理模式的研究，捕捉空间与行为互动作用与的特性，探索行为心理与空间的关系，提出有关城市景园形态的时空框架，侧重于对现有的城市空间的改建恢复和对人们生活的关心。
论文具有较强的理论指导作用和设计参考价值，注重城市景园理论研究的专业化程度，注重城市景观设计教育的试验性，注重“游戏精神”(play spirit)的体现，开拓多元化的思路。论文拟编写成教材(供本学院试用)，提出城市景园设计具有创新意义的理论和方法，适合环境艺术设计专业学习和实践。
Urban landscape & gardening is a culture more than an art, or may be a record of culture. No matter in the past or in the future, urban landscape & gardening is always the symbol of the human being's culture. For the sense of culture, urban landscape & gardening express colorfully, and the people have the identification of which. The national cultures in world is as warps and the progress of each national culture is as weft, that all construct the beginning and flourishing of urban landscape & gardening.
The paper has researched the regulation of urban landscape & gardening culture's development, regarding which as a section of social culture. The paper has returned to the change of urban landscape & gardening in the past 6000 years, referring to the history of social development. The paper has compared the identity and diversity of space forms especially between the west and Chinese, such as design style, design idea, philosophical & aesthetic appreciation of urban landscape & gardening and so on, under the different culture background and in the different regions. The thesis tries to search the interior regulation in the development of urban landscape & gardening. The thesis has re-inspected the new social value of Chinese tradition culture of landscape & gardening. The thesis also discourse the possibility of interaction between space and behavior and psychology in the future urban landscape & gardening.
Any culture wants to express an idea or explain the meaning through the language, while landscape architects create through landscape design language. The paper has researched distinctive design language: space form, design style, design idea and so on. The paper has analyzed the characters, background, interaction relationship and combined idea of which language, and has researched the gradual change of urban landscape form also the resolve. All these lead us to think ourselves culture value and help us construct the further recognition about the contemporary urban landscape & gardening.
When we return to the history of urban landscape & gardening culture, we can notice its trace of development. Urban landscape & gardening culture express the special property on the image of visual size and on the behavior experience about landscape
space. Urban landscape & gardening space has the possibility of translating the usual life style, which is the active function of landscape to the human beings. Such like this, urban landscape & gardening space develop under the mutuality of behavior and psychology.
The paper propose the time梥pace frame of urban landscape & gardening form, emphasize the transform and re-construct of the exist city space, and be care of people's life types, basing on the research about the interactive relationship between space form and behavior model.
The paper gives much more directive function to the theory and provide the reference for the landscape design. The paper emphasizes the professional level of the theory research, emphasizes the experiment of urban landscape & gardening's education, emphasizes the play spirit in design, and open to the diverse idea. The paper provides the new theory and method of urban landscape & gardening design, which is useful to the professional education and practice of urban landscape & gardening. The tries to be edited as teaching material for our own academy.
论文将城市景园文化作为人类社会文化形态的一部分来考察其发展规律，以人类社会发展史为参照系，追溯了过去近6000年的城市景观园林的变迁，比较了不同地域文化背景下，特别是中西方城市景园艺术所表现出的空间形式，设计手法，设计理念及哲学审美等方面的异同。论文试图从中找寻城市景园发展的内在规律，论文重新审视了中国传统景园文化的社会价值，探讨了在未来城市景园中行为心理与空间互动的可能性。
凡是文化都需要向外界表达一种思想或者说明一种意义，语言在创作过程中书写这些意义，景观设计师则使用景观设计语言进行创作。论文对景观设计的独特语言：空间形式、设计方法、设计理念等进行研究，剖析它们的性质、背景、相互联系方式及将其结合后产生的观念，考察它们所带来的逐渐演变的城市景观形式，能帮助我们建立起对于当今的城市景园更为深刻的认识，引起我们对于自身文化价值的深思。
当我们追溯城市景园文化的历史，我们可以看到它清晰可辨的发展痕迹。城市景园文化的特殊性表现在人们对于空间的尺度视觉形象以及行为和体验上。城市景园空间具有转变日常生活形态的可能性，这种改变的可能性，正是景观对人类的能动作用。城市景园空间就是如此在与人的行为心理的互动中发展的。
论文正是基于对城市景园空间形式与人的行为心理模式的研究，捕捉空间与行为互动作用与的特性，探索行为心理与空间的关系，提出有关城市景园形态的时空框架，侧重于对现有的城市空间的改建恢复和对人们生活的关心。
论文具有较强的理论指导作用和设计参考价值，注重城市景园理论研究的专业化程度，注重城市景观设计教育的试验性，注重“游戏精神”(play spirit)的体现，开拓多元化的思路。论文拟编写成教材(供本学院试用)，提出城市景园设计具有创新意义的理论和方法，适合环境艺术设计专业学习和实践。
Urban landscape & gardening is a culture more than an art, or may be a record of culture. No matter in the past or in the future, urban landscape & gardening is always the symbol of the human being's culture. For the sense of culture, urban landscape & gardening express colorfully, and the people have the identification of which. The national cultures in world is as warps and the progress of each national culture is as weft, that all construct the beginning and flourishing of urban landscape & gardening.
The paper has researched the regulation of urban landscape & gardening culture's development, regarding which as a section of social culture. The paper has returned to the change of urban landscape & gardening in the past 6000 years, referring to the history of social development. The paper has compared the identity and diversity of space forms especially between the west and Chinese, such as design style, design idea, philosophical & aesthetic appreciation of urban landscape & gardening and so on, under the different culture background and in the different regions. The thesis tries to search the interior regulation in the development of urban landscape & gardening. The thesis has re-inspected the new social value of Chinese tradition culture of landscape & gardening. The thesis also discourse the possibility of interaction between space and behavior and psychology in the future urban landscape & gardening.
Any culture wants to express an idea or explain the meaning through the language, while landscape architects create through landscape design language. The paper has researched distinctive design language: space form, design style, design idea and so on. The paper has analyzed the characters, background, interaction relationship and combined idea of which language, and has researched the gradual change of urban landscape form also the resolve. All these lead us to think ourselves culture value and help us construct the further recognition about the contemporary urban landscape & gardening.
When we return to the history of urban landscape & gardening culture, we can notice its trace of development. Urban landscape & gardening culture express the special property on the image of visual size and on the behavior experience about landscape
space. Urban landscape & gardening space has the possibility of translating the usual life style, which is the active function of landscape to the human beings. Such like this, urban landscape & gardening space develop under the mutuality of behavior and psychology.
The paper propose the time梥pace frame of urban landscape & gardening form, emphasize the transform and re-construct of the exist city space, and be care of people's life types, basing on the research about the interactive relationship between space form and behavior model.
The paper gives much more directive function to the theory and provide the reference for the landscape design. The paper emphasizes the professional level of the theory research, emphasizes the experiment of urban landscape & gardening's education, emphasizes the play spirit in design, and open to the diverse idea. The paper provides the new theory and method of urban landscape & gardening design, which is useful to the professional education and practice of urban landscape & gardening. The tries to be edited as teaching material for our own academy.
引文
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[2] (日)高原荣重．杨增志译．城市绿地规划．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1983
[3] (日)小形研三、高原荣重． 索靖之、王恩庆译．园林设计——造园意匠论，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1984
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[5] (美)K·布恩斯．曹礼昆译．风景园林设计要素．北京：中国林业出版社，1989
[6] (德)D·普林茨．李维荣、李雄飞译．城市景观设计方法，天津：天津大学出版社，1989
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[8] (日)针之谷钟吉．邹洪灿译．西方造园变迁史——从伊甸园到天然公园．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1991
[9] (美)J·O·西蒙兹．程里尧译．大地景观——环境规划指南．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1992
[10] (美)A·拉普卜特．黄兰谷等译．建成环境的意义——非语言表达形式．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1992
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[12] (英)罗伯特·蔡松坚译．环境空间——国际景观建筑．合肥：安徽科学技术出版社，1999
[13] (美)阿尔伯特·拉特里奇．大众行为与公园设计．中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[14] (美)克莱尔·K·马库斯、卡罗琳·弗朗西斯．人性场所——城市开放空间设计导则．俞孔坚、孙鹏等译．中国建筑工业出版社，2001
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[17] 姚大志．现代之后——20世纪晚期西方哲学．北京：东方出版社，2000
[18] 刘滨谊．风景景观工程体系化．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1990
[19] 刘滨谊．现代景观规划设计．南京：东南大学出版社，1999
[20] 王珂、夏健、杨新海．城市广场设计．南京：东南大学出版社，1999
[21] 王建国．城市设计．南京：东南大学出版社，1999
[22] 李道增．环境行为概论．清华大学出版社，1999
[23] 杨俊平．景观生态绿化工程设计模式研究．北京：科学出版社，1999
[24] 叶骁军、温一慧．控制与系统：城市系统控制新论．南京：东南大学出版社，2000
[25] 冯钟平．中国园林建筑．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[26] 齐康．城市形态与城市设计．城市规划汇刊．1990(2)
[27] R·Trancik & B·Goodey．金广君译．城市设计的概念与内涵．新建筑，1992(4)
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[31] 卢霖．香港大学园境设计——硕士课程学生作品．建筑师，1997(6)
[32] 王建国．生态原则与绿色城市设计．建筑学报，1997(7)
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相关网址：
[1] 《ARCHITECTURE》 http://www.architecturemag.com/
[2] 《ARCHITECTURE RECORD》 http://www.architecturalrecord.com/
[3] http://www.far2000.com/
[4] http://www.welcom to/ar-behavior/
[5] http://www.berkeley.edu
[6] http://www.usc.edu/dept/architecture
[2] (日)高原荣重．杨增志译．城市绿地规划．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1983
[3] (日)小形研三、高原荣重． 索靖之、王恩庆译．园林设计——造园意匠论，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1984
[4] (英)J·麦克卢斯基．张仲一、卢绍曾译．道路型式与城市景观．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1985
[5] (美)K·布恩斯．曹礼昆译．风景园林设计要素．北京：中国林业出版社，1989
[6] (德)D·普林茨．李维荣、李雄飞译．城市景观设计方法，天津：天津大学出版社，1989
[7] (英)M·盖奇、M·凡登堡格．张仲一译．城市硬质景观设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1990
[8] (日)针之谷钟吉．邹洪灿译．西方造园变迁史——从伊甸园到天然公园．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1991
[9] (美)J·O·西蒙兹．程里尧译．大地景观——环境规划指南．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1992
[10] (美)A·拉普卜特．黄兰谷等译．建成环境的意义——非语言表达形式．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1992
[11] (英)G·卡伦．刘杰、周湘津译．城市景观艺术．天津：天津大学出版社，1992
[12] (英)罗伯特·蔡松坚译．环境空间——国际景观建筑．合肥：安徽科学技术出版社，1999
[13] (美)阿尔伯特·拉特里奇．大众行为与公园设计．中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[14] (美)克莱尔·K·马库斯、卡罗琳·弗朗西斯．人性场所——城市开放空间设计导则．俞孔坚、孙鹏等译．中国建筑工业出版社，2001
[15] (瑞士)皮业杰．倪连生、王琳译．结构主义．北京：商务印书馆，1996
[16] (美)米切尔WJ．比特之城：空间·场所·信息高速公路．范海燕、胡泳译．北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1999
[17] 姚大志．现代之后——20世纪晚期西方哲学．北京：东方出版社，2000
[18] 刘滨谊．风景景观工程体系化．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1990
[19] 刘滨谊．现代景观规划设计．南京：东南大学出版社，1999
[20] 王珂、夏健、杨新海．城市广场设计．南京：东南大学出版社，1999
[21] 王建国．城市设计．南京：东南大学出版社，1999
[22] 李道增．环境行为概论．清华大学出版社，1999
[23] 杨俊平．景观生态绿化工程设计模式研究．北京：科学出版社，1999
[24] 叶骁军、温一慧．控制与系统：城市系统控制新论．南京：东南大学出版社，2000
[25] 冯钟平．中国园林建筑．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[26] 齐康．城市形态与城市设计．城市规划汇刊．1990(2)
[27] R·Trancik & B·Goodey．金广君译．城市设计的概念与内涵．新建筑，1992(4)
[28] 王其亨 杨昌鸣 覃力．清代皇家园林研究的若干问题．建筑师，1995(6)
[29] 沈克宁．城市环境与城市设计．世界建筑，1997(3)
[30] 杨宏烈．论城墙公园．华中建筑，1997(6)
[31] 卢霖．香港大学园境设计——硕士课程学生作品．建筑师，1997(6)
[32] 王建国．生态原则与绿色城市设计．建筑学报，1997(7)
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[4] http://www.welcom to/ar-behavior/
[5] http://www.berkeley.edu
[6] http://www.usc.edu/dept/architecture