游客视角的文化景观与地方性认知研究
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摘要
旅游作为支柱产业,在我国的经济发展中起着举足轻重的作用。在旅游产业结构中,城市文化景观是核心的旅游吸引物,如今各地政府也都努力打造城市文化景观,深度开发城市旅游资源,挖掘各自独具特色的地方性,并取得了显著效果。这些努力,为各地的旅游业和城市发展作出了一定贡献,也在宏观上为我国的旅游业发展起到了推波助澜的作用。然而,游客是如何看待城市文化景观的?游客所感知到的旅游城市的“地方性”有哪些?目前对于这些问题的探讨尚未有深入的研究。有鉴于此,本文以大连为例,以大连城市文化景观和地方性为关注点,从游客的角度,分析游客对城市文化景观和地方性的认知,这对于进一步开发城市文化景观以及旅游城市的地方性具有重要的意义和价值。
根据研究过程设计,本研究分三个阶段。具体研究内容、研究方法和研究结论如下：
第一阶段主要探讨城市文化景观的形塑。本部分主要采用文献研究法,通过对地理、历史、经济、文化等相关文献的深入分析,阐述城市文化景观形塑的主要动力以及形塑过程。研究发现,城市文化景观是多种力量相互作用的结果,其中,自然力所塑造的自然地理环境是城市文化景观形成的基础,政治文化力和社会经济力对城市文化景观的形塑具有决定性的作用。在上述多种力量作用下,城市文化经历的是漫长的演进历程。以大连为例,根据该城市历史发展分期,其城市文化景观的演化分为以下几个阶段：古代渔村小镇景观阶段,沙俄殖民化景观阶段,日本殖民化景观阶段,港口工业城市风貌保持阶段,城市景观“现代化”阶段。其中不同时期所形成的文化景观类型各异,特点也各不相同。因此,本文在进行这部分探讨时,或按照时间顺序,或按照地域划分进行分析。比如,把大连第一时期的“远古渔村小镇阶段”分为“远古时期”“战国时期”“两汉时期”“唐宋时期”和“明清时期”五个阶段进行探讨。第二时期的“沙俄殖民化景观阶段”则从旅顺和大连城区两个地理区域的规划和建设来探讨。第三时期的“日本殖民化景观阶段”则从日治初期、中期和后期的大连城市建设和规划来分析。第四、第五时期的“港口工业城市风貌”和“城市景观现代化”阶段,由于已经是建国后的时代,年代跨度不大,且各区域差异相对不明显了,因此这两个时期未再细分,只做总体分析。而各个时期形成的文化景观类型和特点也都各不相同。
第二阶段主要分析游客对城市文化景观的认知。本部分采用访谈和实地观察的方法,对城市代表性文化景观进行分析。研究发现,游客眼中的代表性景观丰富多样。以大连为样本,经过对大连城市代表性文化景观的深度分析,归纳出五大类景观类型,分别是海滨文化景观、建筑文化景观、广场文化景观、节庆文化景观和市民生活景观。大连具有良好的海滨文化景观,最为突出的是海滨地貌景观,滨海路和金石滩是典型代表。与其他海滨城市不同的是,大连三面环海,湿润的海滨环境、清新的空气、金色的沙滩和清澈的海水,对大连城市环境具有决定性的影响,这是大连成为最适于人居城市之一的最重要的条件。大连建筑景观别有特色,天生就具有十足的“洋味”。既有西欧和东欧风格,还有北欧和南欧气质,被称为欧洲建筑文化博物馆。广场在大连的含义已远远超出了建筑景观的范畴,成为大连景观文化的一种载体。大连广场文化景观具有自身特点。一是数量多,是中国广场最多的城市：友好广场、人民广场、胜利广场、中山广场、二七广场、奥林匹克广场等。二是风格各异,而每一个不同的风格,都成为一道令人心醉的人文风景。三是具有文化意义,大连的广场多有属于自己的一段故事与来历,体现着与众不同的性格。大连城市节庆活动丰富多彩,组合成城市流动的音符,构成大连城市景观的一大类型。烟花爆竹迎春会、大连赏槐会、大连啤酒节、大连服装节、徒步大会、樱桃节等。大连被称为花园城市,市民享受着“天蓝、水碧、山青、夜静”的幸福生活,构成了大连城市文化景观的一个基本类型。
第三阶段主要探讨游客对“地方性”的认知。本部分主要通过深度访谈来分析游客对“地方性”的认知。本研究从城市精神、城市性格和市井民情三个层面深入阐释游客对地方性的认知。仍然以大连为样本。在城市精神方面,大连具有包容、时尚、创朗、浪漫的特点；在城市性格方面,大连城市典型性格特征就是心高气傲,好大喜洋、讲究扮相、热情豪爽。在市井民情方面,大连方言、饮食文化以及大连女人和男人都成为游客感知大连地方性的重要方面。
创新是学术研究的生命。本研究可能的创新主要体现在三个方面：一是视角创新,即从游客视角来审视城市文化景观,这不同于政府视角和市民视角,而是通过对游客进行调研,从而从游客视角来分析旅游地城市代表性的城市文化景观。同时,本研究不仅仅停留在景观层面上,还进一步深入到对地方性的探讨。二是方法创新,采用了质性研究方法,对访谈资料进行分析处理,同时还应用了大量的图片、地图等材料。三是观点创新,在城市文化景观塑造方面,提出了城市文化景观形塑动力以及时空演进分期。在游客对城市文化景观认知方面,归纳了城市文化景观的基本类型。在对地方性认知方面,从城市精神、城市性格、市井民情三个层面分析,得出了许多新观点。上述这些观点对于深度挖掘城市旅游资源以及塑造旅游城市的地方性方面具有重要的价值。
本研究也存在着一定的不足,主要是理论研究不够深入,研究方法不够熟练,研究结论有些简单等。本研究对城市建设方面提出一些建议,认为真正建设保护好城市文化景观的同时,要从多个层面、多个角度分析城市文化景观和地方性。尤其是最后的结论部分,自知高度需要加强,理论性也需进一步深化,但由于笔者精力和能力有限,未能做得更好,但这也为笔者以后的研究确定了方向,留下了空间。
As a major industry, tourism plays a crucial role in the economy of China. In terms of the structure of tourism industry, cultural attractions are at the core. Local governments have launched great efforts to explore the in-depth development of cultural attractions and urban tourism,and remarkable achievements have been made. However, how do visitors view the cultural attractions? How do they perceive the local features? The paper will explore the analysis of the viewpoints of visitors. It is expected to benefit the urban development by showing the fantastic and unique cultural attractions and local features.
The authors'research will be presented in three sections:research contents, researching methods and conclusion.
The first step is to figure out the shaping of the cultural attractions. By collecting data, the author tries to analyze geographical, historical, economic, and cultural aspects through relevant literature. Take Dalian as an example. The study has found out that cultural attractions resulted from the interaction of various forces, in which the natural forces are the most fundamental ones, while political, socio-economic and cultural forces are the decisive. Dalian urban culture has undergone a long evolutionary process. Historical development of Dalian is divided into five stages. In the first stage, Dalian was an ancient fishing town with beautiful natural scenery; in the second stage, Dalian formed some of its cultural attractions because of the tsarist Russian colonialism; thirdly, the invasion of the Japanese during the Second World War resulted in some more cultural attractions. Fourthly, industrialization helped it develop the port areas. Finally, fashionable sights have turned Dalian into a modern city. When discussing the first stage, five periods are divided:ancient time, Zhan Dynasty, Han Dynasty, the Dynasties of Tang&Song and the Dynasties of Ming&Qing. As for the second stage, the thesis does the analysis by grouping Dalian into Lvshun part and the downtown part. When it comes to the third stage, the primary period, the middle period and the last period are discussed respectively. However, for the fourth and fifth stages, the discussion is generally done without doing any division.
In the second part of this thesis, the author will focus on tourists'recognition and understanding of the cultural attractions. Again,Dalian serves as an example. Interviews and field observations have been analyzed to understand the cultural attractions. According to the study, cultural attractions are viewed differently by many people. Therefore the thesis classifies them into five categories:coastal areas, architectural landscapes, cultural squares, festivals and daily life. Dalian has beaches and landscapes. The coastal seascapes are the most prominent; these include Coastal Road, Golden Pebble Beach as two of the most prominent. Dalian is surrounded with seas in three sides. Moist coastal weather, clean air, golden beaches and clear waters have a decisively positive impact on Dalian environment and make the city very livable. With distinctive architectural cityscapes, Dalian is inherently full of "foreign flavor." With the mix of Western and Eastern architectural styles, as well as Northern and Southern Chinese architectural features, Dalian is known as the museum of architectural styles. City squares in Dalian are modern and unique examples of architectural cityscape. They serve as landmarks in Dalian. Squares in Dalian have their own characteristics. Firstly, Dalian has the largest number of squares in China:Friendship Square, Renmin Square, Shengli Square, Zhongshan Square, Erqi Square,etc.Secondly, Dalian has numerous types of square designs. Thirdly, most of the squares have their own stories reflecting the distinctive characteristics. The great variety of festivals in Dalian constitutes another attraction:Firework Festival, Sophora Festive, Beer Festival, Fashion Festival and Walkthon.... Dalian is known as the Garden City and the residents enjoy the "blue skies, clean waters, green mountains, and quiet and calm nights."
The third part of the thesis is to study the tourists'recognition and understanding of the local features. Based on the interviews conducted, three topics will be discussed. The author will explore the spirit of the city, the characteristics of the city and the local residents'daily life. Again, Dalian is taken as an example. In terms of spirit, Dalian is defined as an inclusive, fashionable, creative, enterprising and romantic city. Dalian's citizens are characterized as being kind, frank, hospitable and proud. In reference to the local residents'daily life, strong dialect, delicious seafood and well-dressed women and men make the citizens'daily life happy and special.
Creativity is the life of academic research and this research is unique at this point. Firstly, the research reflects unique perspectives. It is different from others conducted by the government or the public agencies. Secondly, the methodology, qualitative research methods are used by providing abundant photographs, maps and charts. Thirdly, is it original and reveals new results. In the shaping of the cultural attractions of Dalian, the thesis proposes five evolutional stages. As for visitors'perspective, this thesis sums up the basic types of Dalian cultural attractions. In reference to local features, three points are established:the spirit of the city, the characteristics of the city and the residents'daily life. These aspects are expected to help further the development of local tourism resources.
Nevertheless, due to limited time and research methodology, faults and shortcomings are inevitable. The study should be replicated on multiple levels and reveal more about the cultural landscapes and local features of Dalian. However, due to limited time and the author's ability, there is still a long way to run.
根据研究过程设计,本研究分三个阶段。具体研究内容、研究方法和研究结论如下：
第一阶段主要探讨城市文化景观的形塑。本部分主要采用文献研究法,通过对地理、历史、经济、文化等相关文献的深入分析,阐述城市文化景观形塑的主要动力以及形塑过程。研究发现,城市文化景观是多种力量相互作用的结果,其中,自然力所塑造的自然地理环境是城市文化景观形成的基础,政治文化力和社会经济力对城市文化景观的形塑具有决定性的作用。在上述多种力量作用下,城市文化经历的是漫长的演进历程。以大连为例,根据该城市历史发展分期,其城市文化景观的演化分为以下几个阶段：古代渔村小镇景观阶段,沙俄殖民化景观阶段,日本殖民化景观阶段,港口工业城市风貌保持阶段,城市景观“现代化”阶段。其中不同时期所形成的文化景观类型各异,特点也各不相同。因此,本文在进行这部分探讨时,或按照时间顺序,或按照地域划分进行分析。比如,把大连第一时期的“远古渔村小镇阶段”分为“远古时期”“战国时期”“两汉时期”“唐宋时期”和“明清时期”五个阶段进行探讨。第二时期的“沙俄殖民化景观阶段”则从旅顺和大连城区两个地理区域的规划和建设来探讨。第三时期的“日本殖民化景观阶段”则从日治初期、中期和后期的大连城市建设和规划来分析。第四、第五时期的“港口工业城市风貌”和“城市景观现代化”阶段,由于已经是建国后的时代,年代跨度不大,且各区域差异相对不明显了,因此这两个时期未再细分,只做总体分析。而各个时期形成的文化景观类型和特点也都各不相同。
第二阶段主要分析游客对城市文化景观的认知。本部分采用访谈和实地观察的方法,对城市代表性文化景观进行分析。研究发现,游客眼中的代表性景观丰富多样。以大连为样本,经过对大连城市代表性文化景观的深度分析,归纳出五大类景观类型,分别是海滨文化景观、建筑文化景观、广场文化景观、节庆文化景观和市民生活景观。大连具有良好的海滨文化景观,最为突出的是海滨地貌景观,滨海路和金石滩是典型代表。与其他海滨城市不同的是,大连三面环海,湿润的海滨环境、清新的空气、金色的沙滩和清澈的海水,对大连城市环境具有决定性的影响,这是大连成为最适于人居城市之一的最重要的条件。大连建筑景观别有特色,天生就具有十足的“洋味”。既有西欧和东欧风格,还有北欧和南欧气质,被称为欧洲建筑文化博物馆。广场在大连的含义已远远超出了建筑景观的范畴,成为大连景观文化的一种载体。大连广场文化景观具有自身特点。一是数量多,是中国广场最多的城市：友好广场、人民广场、胜利广场、中山广场、二七广场、奥林匹克广场等。二是风格各异,而每一个不同的风格,都成为一道令人心醉的人文风景。三是具有文化意义,大连的广场多有属于自己的一段故事与来历,体现着与众不同的性格。大连城市节庆活动丰富多彩,组合成城市流动的音符,构成大连城市景观的一大类型。烟花爆竹迎春会、大连赏槐会、大连啤酒节、大连服装节、徒步大会、樱桃节等。大连被称为花园城市,市民享受着“天蓝、水碧、山青、夜静”的幸福生活,构成了大连城市文化景观的一个基本类型。
第三阶段主要探讨游客对“地方性”的认知。本部分主要通过深度访谈来分析游客对“地方性”的认知。本研究从城市精神、城市性格和市井民情三个层面深入阐释游客对地方性的认知。仍然以大连为样本。在城市精神方面,大连具有包容、时尚、创朗、浪漫的特点；在城市性格方面,大连城市典型性格特征就是心高气傲,好大喜洋、讲究扮相、热情豪爽。在市井民情方面,大连方言、饮食文化以及大连女人和男人都成为游客感知大连地方性的重要方面。
创新是学术研究的生命。本研究可能的创新主要体现在三个方面：一是视角创新,即从游客视角来审视城市文化景观,这不同于政府视角和市民视角,而是通过对游客进行调研,从而从游客视角来分析旅游地城市代表性的城市文化景观。同时,本研究不仅仅停留在景观层面上,还进一步深入到对地方性的探讨。二是方法创新,采用了质性研究方法,对访谈资料进行分析处理,同时还应用了大量的图片、地图等材料。三是观点创新,在城市文化景观塑造方面,提出了城市文化景观形塑动力以及时空演进分期。在游客对城市文化景观认知方面,归纳了城市文化景观的基本类型。在对地方性认知方面,从城市精神、城市性格、市井民情三个层面分析,得出了许多新观点。上述这些观点对于深度挖掘城市旅游资源以及塑造旅游城市的地方性方面具有重要的价值。
本研究也存在着一定的不足,主要是理论研究不够深入,研究方法不够熟练,研究结论有些简单等。本研究对城市建设方面提出一些建议,认为真正建设保护好城市文化景观的同时,要从多个层面、多个角度分析城市文化景观和地方性。尤其是最后的结论部分,自知高度需要加强,理论性也需进一步深化,但由于笔者精力和能力有限,未能做得更好,但这也为笔者以后的研究确定了方向,留下了空间。
As a major industry, tourism plays a crucial role in the economy of China. In terms of the structure of tourism industry, cultural attractions are at the core. Local governments have launched great efforts to explore the in-depth development of cultural attractions and urban tourism,and remarkable achievements have been made. However, how do visitors view the cultural attractions? How do they perceive the local features? The paper will explore the analysis of the viewpoints of visitors. It is expected to benefit the urban development by showing the fantastic and unique cultural attractions and local features.
The authors'research will be presented in three sections:research contents, researching methods and conclusion.
The first step is to figure out the shaping of the cultural attractions. By collecting data, the author tries to analyze geographical, historical, economic, and cultural aspects through relevant literature. Take Dalian as an example. The study has found out that cultural attractions resulted from the interaction of various forces, in which the natural forces are the most fundamental ones, while political, socio-economic and cultural forces are the decisive. Dalian urban culture has undergone a long evolutionary process. Historical development of Dalian is divided into five stages. In the first stage, Dalian was an ancient fishing town with beautiful natural scenery; in the second stage, Dalian formed some of its cultural attractions because of the tsarist Russian colonialism; thirdly, the invasion of the Japanese during the Second World War resulted in some more cultural attractions. Fourthly, industrialization helped it develop the port areas. Finally, fashionable sights have turned Dalian into a modern city. When discussing the first stage, five periods are divided:ancient time, Zhan Dynasty, Han Dynasty, the Dynasties of Tang&Song and the Dynasties of Ming&Qing. As for the second stage, the thesis does the analysis by grouping Dalian into Lvshun part and the downtown part. When it comes to the third stage, the primary period, the middle period and the last period are discussed respectively. However, for the fourth and fifth stages, the discussion is generally done without doing any division.
In the second part of this thesis, the author will focus on tourists'recognition and understanding of the cultural attractions. Again,Dalian serves as an example. Interviews and field observations have been analyzed to understand the cultural attractions. According to the study, cultural attractions are viewed differently by many people. Therefore the thesis classifies them into five categories:coastal areas, architectural landscapes, cultural squares, festivals and daily life. Dalian has beaches and landscapes. The coastal seascapes are the most prominent; these include Coastal Road, Golden Pebble Beach as two of the most prominent. Dalian is surrounded with seas in three sides. Moist coastal weather, clean air, golden beaches and clear waters have a decisively positive impact on Dalian environment and make the city very livable. With distinctive architectural cityscapes, Dalian is inherently full of "foreign flavor." With the mix of Western and Eastern architectural styles, as well as Northern and Southern Chinese architectural features, Dalian is known as the museum of architectural styles. City squares in Dalian are modern and unique examples of architectural cityscape. They serve as landmarks in Dalian. Squares in Dalian have their own characteristics. Firstly, Dalian has the largest number of squares in China:Friendship Square, Renmin Square, Shengli Square, Zhongshan Square, Erqi Square,etc.Secondly, Dalian has numerous types of square designs. Thirdly, most of the squares have their own stories reflecting the distinctive characteristics. The great variety of festivals in Dalian constitutes another attraction:Firework Festival, Sophora Festive, Beer Festival, Fashion Festival and Walkthon.... Dalian is known as the Garden City and the residents enjoy the "blue skies, clean waters, green mountains, and quiet and calm nights."
The third part of the thesis is to study the tourists'recognition and understanding of the local features. Based on the interviews conducted, three topics will be discussed. The author will explore the spirit of the city, the characteristics of the city and the local residents'daily life. Again, Dalian is taken as an example. In terms of spirit, Dalian is defined as an inclusive, fashionable, creative, enterprising and romantic city. Dalian's citizens are characterized as being kind, frank, hospitable and proud. In reference to the local residents'daily life, strong dialect, delicious seafood and well-dressed women and men make the citizens'daily life happy and special.
Creativity is the life of academic research and this research is unique at this point. Firstly, the research reflects unique perspectives. It is different from others conducted by the government or the public agencies. Secondly, the methodology, qualitative research methods are used by providing abundant photographs, maps and charts. Thirdly, is it original and reveals new results. In the shaping of the cultural attractions of Dalian, the thesis proposes five evolutional stages. As for visitors'perspective, this thesis sums up the basic types of Dalian cultural attractions. In reference to local features, three points are established:the spirit of the city, the characteristics of the city and the residents'daily life. These aspects are expected to help further the development of local tourism resources.
Nevertheless, due to limited time and research methodology, faults and shortcomings are inevitable. The study should be replicated on multiple levels and reveal more about the cultural landscapes and local features of Dalian. However, due to limited time and the author's ability, there is still a long way to run.
引文
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