黄土沟壑地区城市山地开发技术经济分析
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摘要
我国中西部地区存在着众多山地城市。在西部大开发的背景下,城市化进程势不可挡,如何合理开发山地资源成为山地城市建设的首要问题。对于黄土沟壑地区的一些迅速发展的城市,这个问题尤为显著。因此,研究城市山区土地的开发模式,对相关技术进行经济分析,对山地开发方案进行优选评价都是很有必要和非常有意义的。
本文以延安市为例,从山地开发的可行性和经济性角度出发,分析了黄土沟壑地区山地开发项目的技术、经济两方面的内容以及二者之间的联系。主要研究成果可总结为以下几个方面：
(1)对黄土沟壑地区的山地开发项目进行了可行性分析,论述了山地开发的必要性和可能性,并结合延安市的发展现状与趋势,指出山地开发可行且势在必行。
(2)明确了建设项目全寿命周期成本的涵义,结合山地开发的特点分析了其全寿命周期成本构成内容、分析时机以及费用增量。
(3)从政府、开发商、购房者的立场出发,分析了各自对待山地开发项目的关注点与成本效益。
(4)基于山地开发项目的全寿命周期成本分析理论,提出了山地开发方案的技术经济优化与成本控制要点。
(5)结合工程实例,对延安市马家湾住宅小区的山地开发方案进行了优选评价,并得出相关结论：新方案比旧方案更具有经济效益。新方案不仅找到了不同主体间相对利益的平衡点,而且美化了小区环境,为城市带来了现代化气息,对后续山地开发项目的导向性更大。
本文的研究成果将有利于从整体上把握山地城市扩张中对山地开发的方案设计,也能对延安市政府提出的“中心市区城市建设上山”的发展构想有很好的经济、社会效益启示。
In china, there are a lot of mountainous cities in the central and western regions. Under the background of large-scale development of the western region,massive urbanization process is overwhelming. It is a primary problom for most western mountainous cities that how to reasonably exploit mountainous land resource. Especially for the cities in loess ravine regions which is developing fast, it is necessary and urgent to study on relevant development mode, the key technologies and economic analysis.
Taking YanAn city for example and from the perspective of feasibility analysis, this paper elaborates key techniques and its cost efficiency, specially focus on the relationship between them. After systemic research, this thesis deal with the following several aspects:
First, this thesis analyses feasibility on the mountainous development project in the loess ravine region which is about the necessary and the sustain of technical and economic.Then combining the current situation and development trend of YanAn city, it draw a conclusion that the project is feasible and imperative.
Second, the meaning, constitution, analyzing process and time of life cycle cost about mountainous development construction project is confirmed, which is different from that in flatland construction projects.
Third, following different standpoint, this paper discussion the concerns、costs and benefits about mountainous development project from the government、developers and users.
Fourth, on the basis of life cycle cost analysis theory, optimization and evaluation for mountainous development projects is used, which can be in favor of cost control.
Last, this thesis makes multi-analysis in view of concrete project example-Majiawan dwelling construction in YanAn city. Through the comparative analysis of different developed programs, optimization and evaluation is used Then it come to a conclution that the new program is better than the old one. The new program not only find the interest balance between different mainstaies, and also be good at bettter environment, which is playing an important guidance role in the future.
The researching result of this paper is helpful with selection of the total design scheme about mountainous area exploitation. Meanwhile, there is fine economic and social benefits in turn the program brought out by YanAn government into reality in which the central district is built on hills.
本文以延安市为例,从山地开发的可行性和经济性角度出发,分析了黄土沟壑地区山地开发项目的技术、经济两方面的内容以及二者之间的联系。主要研究成果可总结为以下几个方面：
(1)对黄土沟壑地区的山地开发项目进行了可行性分析,论述了山地开发的必要性和可能性,并结合延安市的发展现状与趋势,指出山地开发可行且势在必行。
(2)明确了建设项目全寿命周期成本的涵义,结合山地开发的特点分析了其全寿命周期成本构成内容、分析时机以及费用增量。
(3)从政府、开发商、购房者的立场出发,分析了各自对待山地开发项目的关注点与成本效益。
(4)基于山地开发项目的全寿命周期成本分析理论,提出了山地开发方案的技术经济优化与成本控制要点。
(5)结合工程实例,对延安市马家湾住宅小区的山地开发方案进行了优选评价,并得出相关结论：新方案比旧方案更具有经济效益。新方案不仅找到了不同主体间相对利益的平衡点,而且美化了小区环境,为城市带来了现代化气息,对后续山地开发项目的导向性更大。
本文的研究成果将有利于从整体上把握山地城市扩张中对山地开发的方案设计,也能对延安市政府提出的“中心市区城市建设上山”的发展构想有很好的经济、社会效益启示。
In china, there are a lot of mountainous cities in the central and western regions. Under the background of large-scale development of the western region,massive urbanization process is overwhelming. It is a primary problom for most western mountainous cities that how to reasonably exploit mountainous land resource. Especially for the cities in loess ravine regions which is developing fast, it is necessary and urgent to study on relevant development mode, the key technologies and economic analysis.
Taking YanAn city for example and from the perspective of feasibility analysis, this paper elaborates key techniques and its cost efficiency, specially focus on the relationship between them. After systemic research, this thesis deal with the following several aspects:
First, this thesis analyses feasibility on the mountainous development project in the loess ravine region which is about the necessary and the sustain of technical and economic.Then combining the current situation and development trend of YanAn city, it draw a conclusion that the project is feasible and imperative.
Second, the meaning, constitution, analyzing process and time of life cycle cost about mountainous development construction project is confirmed, which is different from that in flatland construction projects.
Third, following different standpoint, this paper discussion the concerns、costs and benefits about mountainous development project from the government、developers and users.
Fourth, on the basis of life cycle cost analysis theory, optimization and evaluation for mountainous development projects is used, which can be in favor of cost control.
Last, this thesis makes multi-analysis in view of concrete project example-Majiawan dwelling construction in YanAn city. Through the comparative analysis of different developed programs, optimization and evaluation is used Then it come to a conclution that the new program is better than the old one. The new program not only find the interest balance between different mainstaies, and also be good at bettter environment, which is playing an important guidance role in the future.
The researching result of this paper is helpful with selection of the total design scheme about mountainous area exploitation. Meanwhile, there is fine economic and social benefits in turn the program brought out by YanAn government into reality in which the central district is built on hills.
引文
[1]戴志忠,刘彦军.山地建筑设计理论的研究现状与展望[J].城市建筑,2008：17-19
[2]黄勇,赵万民.哥本哈根人居环境变迁研究[J].建筑工程与科学学报,2008(2)：120-125
[3]黄光宇.山地城市学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[4]黄光宇.山地城市空间结构的生态学思考[J].城市规划,2005(1)：57-63
[5]卢济威,王海松.山地建筑设计[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007
[6]王振.陕北地区河谷型城市边缘区规划研究[D].西安：西北大学,2007
[7]徐欣.黄土梁峁地区建筑基础形式选用研究[D].西安：长安大学,2008
[8]韩冰.延安地区建筑边坡稳定性分析及抗滑桩加固研究[D].西安：长安大学,2009
[9]郑宴超.黄土滑坡稳定性分析及山地城市扩张中的边坡支护加固方案研究[D].西安：长安大学,2008
[10]吴天谋.山地居住区规划设计初探[J].四川建筑,2002：22卷2期,15-16
[11]何芳.城市土地经济与利用[M].上海：同济大学出版社,2004
[12]辞海编委会.辞海[M].上海辞海出版社,1999年,P943.
[13]靳亦冰.资源承载限度下黄土高原沟壑地区村落发展研究[D].西安：西安建筑科技大学,2009
[14]郭红雨.山地建筑的本土性[J].新建筑,1998(4)：45-47
[15]艾维涛.山地新区开发项目内部道路交通研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2006.
[16]李速,卢济威.山地建筑技术论[J].新建筑,1998(4)：43-45
[17]秦志学.黄河流域滑坡的发育规律[M].滑坡文集编委会编.滑坡文集,第8集.北京：中国铁道出版社,1991.92-95
[18]张骏.边坡稳定可靠性分析及综合支护体系研究[D].西安：长安大学,2005
[19]GB50330-2002,建筑边坡工程技术规范[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[20]Mary C.King著,孙宁译,可持续性究竟意味着什么?.原载：Challenge,March-April 2008,现载于Journal of Translation from Foreign Literatures of Economics
[21]王菲,袁实勇.城市可持续性发展研究[J].热门话题,52-53
[22]延安市2008年政府工作报告[R].延安：延安市政府,2009
[23]延安市住房建设规划2008-2012[EB/OL].陕西省人民政府网站,2010-3-04
[24]姜得义.边坡稳定性分析与滑坡防治[M].重庆：重庆大学出版社,2005
[25]金铮,何霆.离散企业产品全生命周期成本控制问题研究[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报,2004,20(5)：629-632
[26]马晓久,石峰等.全寿命周期成本管理简介及应用分析[J].河南电力,2006,(4)：18-21
[27]徐恩利.基于全寿命周期的房地产开发项目成本控制研究[D].天津：天津大学,2007
[28]张丽.商品住宅全生命周期费用模型研究[D].南京：东南大学,2005
[29]王恩茂.基于全寿命周期费用的节能住宅投资决策[D].西安：西安建筑科技大学,2008
[30]龚维丽.工程造价的确定与控制[M].北京：中国计划出版社,2001
[31]朱妍.建设工程造价管理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1998
[32]建设部标准定额研究所.房地产开发项目经济评价案例[M].北京：中国计划出版社,2002
[33]唐连玉.住宅开发与工程造价[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1998
[34]范如国.房地产投资与管理[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2004
[35]丁烈云.房地产开发[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005
[36]Nalanie Mithraratne,Brenda Vale.Life cycle analysis model for New Zealand houses[J],Building and Environment,2004, (39):483-492
[37]雷祥义.黄土高原地质灾害与人类活动[M].北京：地质出版社,2001
[38]刘玉梅,张俊,倪万魁等.延安城市工程地质[M].北京：中国地质大学出版社,1988,6-14.
[39]地质灾害防治管理办法.中华人民共和国国土资源部令第4号[EB/OL].百度文库,1999-02-24
[40]Jose Ph.Harkness,Sandra Newman, George Gaister, et al.Life-Cyele Costs of Housing for the Menially[J].Journal of Housing Eeonomics,1997(6):223-247
[41]Harvy.GLife cycle costing:arcview of the technique[J]. Management Accounting, October 1976:343-347
[42]David.G..Woodward.Life cycle costing-theory[J]. information acquisition and Application, International Journal of Project Management,1997 (6):335-344
[43]中华人民共和国建设部.房地产开发项目经济评价方法[M].北京：中国计划出版社,2000
[44]Kati Herzog,Carl-Alexander Graubner.Life cycle cost of sustainable buildings[J].Darmstadt Concrete,2002, (17)
[45]马勇.全生命周期造价管理及其应用[D].成都：西南交通大学,2006
[46]杨东.房地产开发项目全过程成本控制[J].建筑经济,2006,(8)：69-72
[47]A.S.Rakhra, Buildings and Life-Cycle Costing[J].Canadian Building Digests-212, Originally published July,1980
[48]高呈祥.延安市马家湾小区岩土工程勘察报告[R].延安：延安市工程地质勘测院,2006
[2]黄勇,赵万民.哥本哈根人居环境变迁研究[J].建筑工程与科学学报,2008(2)：120-125
[3]黄光宇.山地城市学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[4]黄光宇.山地城市空间结构的生态学思考[J].城市规划,2005(1)：57-63
[5]卢济威,王海松.山地建筑设计[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007
[6]王振.陕北地区河谷型城市边缘区规划研究[D].西安：西北大学,2007
[7]徐欣.黄土梁峁地区建筑基础形式选用研究[D].西安：长安大学,2008
[8]韩冰.延安地区建筑边坡稳定性分析及抗滑桩加固研究[D].西安：长安大学,2009
[9]郑宴超.黄土滑坡稳定性分析及山地城市扩张中的边坡支护加固方案研究[D].西安：长安大学,2008
[10]吴天谋.山地居住区规划设计初探[J].四川建筑,2002：22卷2期,15-16
[11]何芳.城市土地经济与利用[M].上海：同济大学出版社,2004
[12]辞海编委会.辞海[M].上海辞海出版社,1999年,P943.
[13]靳亦冰.资源承载限度下黄土高原沟壑地区村落发展研究[D].西安：西安建筑科技大学,2009
[14]郭红雨.山地建筑的本土性[J].新建筑,1998(4)：45-47
[15]艾维涛.山地新区开发项目内部道路交通研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2006.
[16]李速,卢济威.山地建筑技术论[J].新建筑,1998(4)：43-45
[17]秦志学.黄河流域滑坡的发育规律[M].滑坡文集编委会编.滑坡文集,第8集.北京：中国铁道出版社,1991.92-95
[18]张骏.边坡稳定可靠性分析及综合支护体系研究[D].西安：长安大学,2005
[19]GB50330-2002,建筑边坡工程技术规范[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[20]Mary C.King著,孙宁译,可持续性究竟意味着什么?.原载：Challenge,March-April 2008,现载于Journal of Translation from Foreign Literatures of Economics
[21]王菲,袁实勇.城市可持续性发展研究[J].热门话题,52-53
[22]延安市2008年政府工作报告[R].延安：延安市政府,2009
[23]延安市住房建设规划2008-2012[EB/OL].陕西省人民政府网站,2010-3-04
[24]姜得义.边坡稳定性分析与滑坡防治[M].重庆：重庆大学出版社,2005
[25]金铮,何霆.离散企业产品全生命周期成本控制问题研究[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报,2004,20(5)：629-632
[26]马晓久,石峰等.全寿命周期成本管理简介及应用分析[J].河南电力,2006,(4)：18-21
[27]徐恩利.基于全寿命周期的房地产开发项目成本控制研究[D].天津：天津大学,2007
[28]张丽.商品住宅全生命周期费用模型研究[D].南京：东南大学,2005
[29]王恩茂.基于全寿命周期费用的节能住宅投资决策[D].西安：西安建筑科技大学,2008
[30]龚维丽.工程造价的确定与控制[M].北京：中国计划出版社,2001
[31]朱妍.建设工程造价管理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1998
[32]建设部标准定额研究所.房地产开发项目经济评价案例[M].北京：中国计划出版社,2002
[33]唐连玉.住宅开发与工程造价[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1998
[34]范如国.房地产投资与管理[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2004
[35]丁烈云.房地产开发[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005
[36]Nalanie Mithraratne,Brenda Vale.Life cycle analysis model for New Zealand houses[J],Building and Environment,2004, (39):483-492
[37]雷祥义.黄土高原地质灾害与人类活动[M].北京：地质出版社,2001
[38]刘玉梅,张俊,倪万魁等.延安城市工程地质[M].北京：中国地质大学出版社,1988,6-14.
[39]地质灾害防治管理办法.中华人民共和国国土资源部令第4号[EB/OL].百度文库,1999-02-24
[40]Jose Ph.Harkness,Sandra Newman, George Gaister, et al.Life-Cyele Costs of Housing for the Menially[J].Journal of Housing Eeonomics,1997(6):223-247
[41]Harvy.GLife cycle costing:arcview of the technique[J]. Management Accounting, October 1976:343-347
[42]David.G..Woodward.Life cycle costing-theory[J]. information acquisition and Application, International Journal of Project Management,1997 (6):335-344
[43]中华人民共和国建设部.房地产开发项目经济评价方法[M].北京：中国计划出版社,2000
[44]Kati Herzog,Carl-Alexander Graubner.Life cycle cost of sustainable buildings[J].Darmstadt Concrete,2002, (17)
[45]马勇.全生命周期造价管理及其应用[D].成都：西南交通大学,2006
[46]杨东.房地产开发项目全过程成本控制[J].建筑经济,2006,(8)：69-72
[47]A.S.Rakhra, Buildings and Life-Cycle Costing[J].Canadian Building Digests-212, Originally published July,1980
[48]高呈祥.延安市马家湾小区岩土工程勘察报告[R].延安：延安市工程地质勘测院,2006