基于社会资本视角的社区开放空间研究
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摘要
随着改革开放的不断推进,我国的社会、政治、经济结构等都发生了深刻的变化。社会转型背景下,城市化进程的步伐明显加快,加之政府职能的转变,使“单位制”向“社区制”回归,城市中大量的社区随之不断涌现。作为现代城市社会的基本组成部分,社区可以形象地称之为现代城市社会的“细胞”,社区共同体的建设与发展表明了整个社会的发展趋势,其在当今构建和谐社会的过程中应扮演十分重要的角色。然而目前我国城市社区建设中存在着许多失谐现象,社区中社会交往淡薄,邻里关系薄弱,社区没有发挥出其应有的作用。本文试图将西方社会科学研究的一个重要概念和分析工具——社会资本,引入社区的规划建设中,基于社会资本视角来分析我国的社区建设和发展问题,提出通过物质层面的社区开放空间设计影响居民的环境满意度,心理感受和交往行为,以此来培育和提高社区中居民的社会资本,进而促进社区健康、和谐,可持续的发展。
本文的研究一方面是在对“社会资本”已有研究成果进行综合论述的基础上,理解和分析基于中国城市社区的社会资本,社会资本与社区的相互关联性以及社会资本在社区中的作用,提出社区中加强社会资本可以很大程度地促进社区的建设和发展;另一方面,在对社会资本与城市社区关联性分析的基础上,进一步分析在城市社区中开放空间物质环境对社会资本的影响,提出社区中开放空间对社会资本的培育和获取有重要影响。最后,在此分析的基础上,从物质规划层面针对性的提出一些我国社区开放空间规划设计建议。希望本文的研究能为以后更深入地探讨中国城市社区规划的具体设计研究提供一个崭新的视角。
As the reform and opening up going into depth, tremendous changes have taken place in China' s political, economic and social conditions.In the background of social changing, urbanization has been obviously paced up. And as well as the transformation of government functions, the“unit system”changed to“community system”. And communities in urban areas continued to bring out. As the fundamental parts of the urban society, communities are regarded as“the cell of society”,the build and development of community represent a trend that it plays a important role in the process of building a harmonious society. But there are much disharmony in the community, such as weak communication and neighbourhood, community failed to bring its function into play. In this paper, the writer a introduce an important concept-“social capital”, which is often used in the western sociology research. Based on the perspective of sociology, we investigate the problems during the community development. And we give the opinion that we can affect the satisfaction index about the environment, the psychological feeling and the communicate activities by planning and design of open space in the community. By doing this, we can cultivate and development the social capital of the community and then promote the the health, harmonious and sustainable development of community.
On the one hand, this paper is based on the comprehensive statement of previous research on“social capital”. It analyses the social capital in Chinese community, the relationship between social capital and community and the function of social capital in community. On the other hand, by analysis of the relationship between social capital and urban community, we study further the influences on social capital that physical environment of open space in urban community has. Eventually, we give some suggestions on planning of community open space and looking forward to provide a new perspective for further research on community planning in the future.
本文的研究一方面是在对“社会资本”已有研究成果进行综合论述的基础上,理解和分析基于中国城市社区的社会资本,社会资本与社区的相互关联性以及社会资本在社区中的作用,提出社区中加强社会资本可以很大程度地促进社区的建设和发展;另一方面,在对社会资本与城市社区关联性分析的基础上,进一步分析在城市社区中开放空间物质环境对社会资本的影响,提出社区中开放空间对社会资本的培育和获取有重要影响。最后,在此分析的基础上,从物质规划层面针对性的提出一些我国社区开放空间规划设计建议。希望本文的研究能为以后更深入地探讨中国城市社区规划的具体设计研究提供一个崭新的视角。
As the reform and opening up going into depth, tremendous changes have taken place in China' s political, economic and social conditions.In the background of social changing, urbanization has been obviously paced up. And as well as the transformation of government functions, the“unit system”changed to“community system”. And communities in urban areas continued to bring out. As the fundamental parts of the urban society, communities are regarded as“the cell of society”,the build and development of community represent a trend that it plays a important role in the process of building a harmonious society. But there are much disharmony in the community, such as weak communication and neighbourhood, community failed to bring its function into play. In this paper, the writer a introduce an important concept-“social capital”, which is often used in the western sociology research. Based on the perspective of sociology, we investigate the problems during the community development. And we give the opinion that we can affect the satisfaction index about the environment, the psychological feeling and the communicate activities by planning and design of open space in the community. By doing this, we can cultivate and development the social capital of the community and then promote the the health, harmonious and sustainable development of community.
On the one hand, this paper is based on the comprehensive statement of previous research on“social capital”. It analyses the social capital in Chinese community, the relationship between social capital and community and the function of social capital in community. On the other hand, by analysis of the relationship between social capital and urban community, we study further the influences on social capital that physical environment of open space in urban community has. Eventually, we give some suggestions on planning of community open space and looking forward to provide a new perspective for further research on community planning in the future.
引文
[1]中国发展门户网.我国城市化水平已达41.8%城市人口5.4亿.http://www.chinagate.com.cn/chinese/jingji/39988.htm,2005-11-29
[2]中国新闻网.社科院发布首部《中国城市发展蓝皮书》.http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/200712/20/t20071220_13985579.shtml,2007-12-20
[3]徐永详.社区发展论.广州:华东理工大学出版社,2000:75-76
[4]徐一大.城市社区空间发展研究报告:[同济大学博士后论文报告].上海:同济大学,2005:4-5
[5]埃比尼泽,霍华德.明日的田园城市.金纪元译.北京:商务印书馆,2000:15-86
[6]李强.从邻里单位到新城市主义社区——美国社区规划模式变迁探究.世界建筑,2006,(7):92-94
[7]叶南客.都市社会的微观再造——中外社区比较新论.南京:东南大学出版社,2003:35-36
[8]候玉兰.城市社区发展国际比较研究.北京:北京出版社,2000:52-60
[9]李惠斌,杨雪冬.社会资本与社会发展.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000:27-29
[10] Coleman J S. Social Capital , in Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge Massachusett:Harvard University Press,1990: 300-321
[11] Putnam R D. The prosperous community-social cohesion and public life.American Prospect, 1993, (13) : 35-42
[12]林南.社会资本——社会结构与行动的理论.上海:世纪出版集团,2005:15-18
[13]世界银行.2000/2001年世界发展报告:与贫困作斗争.北京:中国财经经济出版社,2001:23-26
[14]边燕杰.城市居民社会资本的来源及作用.网络观点与调查发现.中国社会科学,2004,(3):25-28
[15]庄洁.社会转型中的社会资本:[山东大学硕士学位论文].山东:山东大学,2004:24-29
[16]罗伯特·帕特南.使民主运转起来.南昌:江西人民出版社,2001:196-197
[17]张其仔.社会资本论——社会资本与经济增长.北京:社会科学文献出版社,1997:53-56
[18]罗伯特·帕特南.虞大鹏等译.独自打保龄球:美国下降了的社会资本.规划师,2002,(5):83-85
[19]文军,张赛军.社会资本与社区脱贫——对社会资本独立性功能的分析.西北师大学报,2006,(5):20-21
[20]刘林平.关系、社会资本与社会转型.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002:125-134
[21]杨荣.社会资本的缺失与重建.山东科技大学学报,2004,(9):47-49.
[22]胡俊梅.社会资本视野下的城市社区非政府组织研究:[上海交通大学硕士学位].上海:上海交通大学,2005:34-38
[23]周建国.社会资本及其获取途径.上海交通大学学报,2005,(6):12-13
[24] Bin Kang. Effects Of Open Space On The Interpersonal Level Of Resident Social Capital:A Comparative Case Study Of Urban Neighborhoods In GuangZhou,China.Texas A&M University, 2006: 35
[25]余琪.现代城市开放空间系统的建构.城市规划汇刊,1998,(6):49-56
[26]K·亚历山大.建筑模式语言.王听度,周序红译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989:18-34
[27] Lin N. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001: 63-67
[28] Taylor R B. Neighborhood physical environment. Environmental Stress. England: Cambridge University Press, 1982: 310-317
[29]郑飞.公共空间与城市社区发展——对北京市东城区东华门街道两个社区的实证研究:[中国农业大学硕士学位论文].北京:中国农业大学,2005:35-41
[30]薛丰丰.城市住区邻里交往研究——南京市城市社区邻里交往状况实证分析:[南京大学硕士学位论文].南京:南京大学,2005:18-25
[31]周晓虹.中国中产阶层调查.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005:72-79
[32] Wilkinson P F. Urban Open Space Planning. Toronto: York University Press,1983: 232-245
[33]李嘉雷.城市居住社区户外空间研究:[深圳大学硕士学位论文].深圳:深圳大学,2006:10-15
[34]凯文·林奇.城市意向.方益萍,何晓军译.北京:华夏出版社,2001:35-69
[35]孔祥伟.社区公共生活与公共空间的互动:[东南大学硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2005:28-32
[36]扬·盖尔(JanGehl).何人可译.交往与空间.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992:1-4
[37] Newman, Oscar.Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. New York: The Macmillan Company,1972: 250-262
[38] Wilkinson P F.Urban Open Space Planning. Toronto: York University Press,1983: 232-245
[39]卢蔚.营造适合老年人的居住区复合型公共空间.华中建筑,2005,(5):108-110,129
[40]唐晓晖.居住社区公共中心区的研究:[华南理工大学硕士学位论文].广州:华南理工大学,2005:28-34
[41] Eriksen A. Playground Design: Outdoor Environment for Learning and Development. New York: Van Norstrand Reinhold Company,1985:65-69
[42] Hanson C S,Hanson K S.The Cohousing Handbook: Building a Place forCommunity. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers,2005:187-196
[43]薛丰丰.城市社区邻里交往.建筑学报,2004,(4):26-28
[44]常怀生.建筑环境心理学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990:73-76
[45] Kuo F,Sullivan W. Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2001,( 33):343-367
[2]中国新闻网.社科院发布首部《中国城市发展蓝皮书》.http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/200712/20/t20071220_13985579.shtml,2007-12-20
[3]徐永详.社区发展论.广州:华东理工大学出版社,2000:75-76
[4]徐一大.城市社区空间发展研究报告:[同济大学博士后论文报告].上海:同济大学,2005:4-5
[5]埃比尼泽,霍华德.明日的田园城市.金纪元译.北京:商务印书馆,2000:15-86
[6]李强.从邻里单位到新城市主义社区——美国社区规划模式变迁探究.世界建筑,2006,(7):92-94
[7]叶南客.都市社会的微观再造——中外社区比较新论.南京:东南大学出版社,2003:35-36
[8]候玉兰.城市社区发展国际比较研究.北京:北京出版社,2000:52-60
[9]李惠斌,杨雪冬.社会资本与社会发展.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000:27-29
[10] Coleman J S. Social Capital , in Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge Massachusett:Harvard University Press,1990: 300-321
[11] Putnam R D. The prosperous community-social cohesion and public life.American Prospect, 1993, (13) : 35-42
[12]林南.社会资本——社会结构与行动的理论.上海:世纪出版集团,2005:15-18
[13]世界银行.2000/2001年世界发展报告:与贫困作斗争.北京:中国财经经济出版社,2001:23-26
[14]边燕杰.城市居民社会资本的来源及作用.网络观点与调查发现.中国社会科学,2004,(3):25-28
[15]庄洁.社会转型中的社会资本:[山东大学硕士学位论文].山东:山东大学,2004:24-29
[16]罗伯特·帕特南.使民主运转起来.南昌:江西人民出版社,2001:196-197
[17]张其仔.社会资本论——社会资本与经济增长.北京:社会科学文献出版社,1997:53-56
[18]罗伯特·帕特南.虞大鹏等译.独自打保龄球:美国下降了的社会资本.规划师,2002,(5):83-85
[19]文军,张赛军.社会资本与社区脱贫——对社会资本独立性功能的分析.西北师大学报,2006,(5):20-21
[20]刘林平.关系、社会资本与社会转型.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002:125-134
[21]杨荣.社会资本的缺失与重建.山东科技大学学报,2004,(9):47-49.
[22]胡俊梅.社会资本视野下的城市社区非政府组织研究:[上海交通大学硕士学位].上海:上海交通大学,2005:34-38
[23]周建国.社会资本及其获取途径.上海交通大学学报,2005,(6):12-13
[24] Bin Kang. Effects Of Open Space On The Interpersonal Level Of Resident Social Capital:A Comparative Case Study Of Urban Neighborhoods In GuangZhou,China.Texas A&M University, 2006: 35
[25]余琪.现代城市开放空间系统的建构.城市规划汇刊,1998,(6):49-56
[26]K·亚历山大.建筑模式语言.王听度,周序红译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989:18-34
[27] Lin N. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001: 63-67
[28] Taylor R B. Neighborhood physical environment. Environmental Stress. England: Cambridge University Press, 1982: 310-317
[29]郑飞.公共空间与城市社区发展——对北京市东城区东华门街道两个社区的实证研究:[中国农业大学硕士学位论文].北京:中国农业大学,2005:35-41
[30]薛丰丰.城市住区邻里交往研究——南京市城市社区邻里交往状况实证分析:[南京大学硕士学位论文].南京:南京大学,2005:18-25
[31]周晓虹.中国中产阶层调查.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005:72-79
[32] Wilkinson P F. Urban Open Space Planning. Toronto: York University Press,1983: 232-245
[33]李嘉雷.城市居住社区户外空间研究:[深圳大学硕士学位论文].深圳:深圳大学,2006:10-15
[34]凯文·林奇.城市意向.方益萍,何晓军译.北京:华夏出版社,2001:35-69
[35]孔祥伟.社区公共生活与公共空间的互动:[东南大学硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2005:28-32
[36]扬·盖尔(JanGehl).何人可译.交往与空间.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992:1-4
[37] Newman, Oscar.Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. New York: The Macmillan Company,1972: 250-262
[38] Wilkinson P F.Urban Open Space Planning. Toronto: York University Press,1983: 232-245
[39]卢蔚.营造适合老年人的居住区复合型公共空间.华中建筑,2005,(5):108-110,129
[40]唐晓晖.居住社区公共中心区的研究:[华南理工大学硕士学位论文].广州:华南理工大学,2005:28-34
[41] Eriksen A. Playground Design: Outdoor Environment for Learning and Development. New York: Van Norstrand Reinhold Company,1985:65-69
[42] Hanson C S,Hanson K S.The Cohousing Handbook: Building a Place forCommunity. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers,2005:187-196
[43]薛丰丰.城市社区邻里交往.建筑学报,2004,(4):26-28
[44]常怀生.建筑环境心理学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990:73-76
[45] Kuo F,Sullivan W. Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2001,( 33):343-367