微观交通仿真技术在城市道路系统中的研究
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摘要
交通仿真是用数学模型复现交通流时间空间变化的技术。随着运输系统管理(TSM)广义理念和智能交通系统(ITS)的日益发展，交通仿真技术在交通管理、交通控制、交通规划和交通设施改造中越来越得到广泛地应用。
基于以CORSIM为研究平台进行二次开发的城市交通网络仿真系统UrbanSim，本文就仿真技术在城市交通中的应用作了实践与理论两个方面的研究。干道信号协调控制是减少交叉口车辆排队延误和停车率的有效途径；线控研究建立交通仿真模型，是用数学方法模拟车流在道路网上的运行状况，研究道路网配时参数的改变对车流运行的影响。通过建立长沙市五一路线控系统，可以迅速在仿真软件中对相位差进行图解法的计算。在线控研究的基础上，介绍国外发展相对成熟的感应式控制原理和UrbanSim在感应式控制中的应用，通过对五一路干道及其周边区域的实验研究，分析了其实行感应式控制的可能性和所产生的效益。在理论研究方面，就环形交叉口交通流运行特性进行了分析，并深入地研究了可接受间隙对延误的影响以及车头时距分布对通行能力的影响，提出了利用仿真技术研究环形交叉口通行能力的实验方法。最后利用UrbanSim模型中交通仿真与交通分配相结合的特点，对比研究不同的交通分配方法在仿真模拟中路段产生的交通量，分析了交通分配中用户平衡和系统最优原理对路段行驶时间、行驶车速的影响，并进一步研究了交通量构成对路段动态特征指标的影响，以及利用交通仿真系统尝试在动态交通分配中进行应用研究。
Traffic simulation is a technique to reproduce the dynamic process of traffic flow by using mathematical model. With development of extended Idea of transportation system management (TSM) and intelligence traffic system, traffic simulation technique is applied in transportation management, traffic control, transportation planning as well as the enhancement of transportation infrastructures extensively.
Based on urban traffic network simulation system-UrbanSim that was developed on the platform of CORSIM, the paper does a research of the theory about application of simulation technology in urban transportation. Coordinated control of major road signals is a valid pathway to reduce vehicle queue delay and numbers of stop at intersections; traffic simulation model of coordinated control imitates vehicle performance in traffic network through mathematical model. We can study how to affect vehicle flow due to alteration of traffic network signal parameter. Through coordinated control of WuYi Road, a main artery in Changsha, we can calculate offsets by graphical analysis in the simulation software. On the base of completing coordinated control, the paper introduces the theory of actuated control which has been developed perfectly in western countries for many years and the application of UrbanSim in actuated control. Through experiments, the paper analyzes possibility and benefit of actuated control if it be put
into use along WuYi Road. In theoretical study, through analyzing operational characteristics of traffic flow in roundabout and studying the acceptable gap influence on delay and different arrival distributions effect to the capacity, the paper brings forward the experiment methods to study the capacity of roundabout by using the simulation technology. At last, based on the feature integrating traffic simulation with traffic assignment, the paper compares the link volume by using different traffic assignment models, and analyzes the influence of user equilibrium and system's optimal assignments on travel time, travel speed as well as traffic volume on links. Further, the paper introduces the study on the influence of traffic composition on road link dynamics and the traffic simulation application in formulating dynamic traffic assignment models.
基于以CORSIM为研究平台进行二次开发的城市交通网络仿真系统UrbanSim，本文就仿真技术在城市交通中的应用作了实践与理论两个方面的研究。干道信号协调控制是减少交叉口车辆排队延误和停车率的有效途径；线控研究建立交通仿真模型，是用数学方法模拟车流在道路网上的运行状况，研究道路网配时参数的改变对车流运行的影响。通过建立长沙市五一路线控系统，可以迅速在仿真软件中对相位差进行图解法的计算。在线控研究的基础上，介绍国外发展相对成熟的感应式控制原理和UrbanSim在感应式控制中的应用，通过对五一路干道及其周边区域的实验研究，分析了其实行感应式控制的可能性和所产生的效益。在理论研究方面，就环形交叉口交通流运行特性进行了分析，并深入地研究了可接受间隙对延误的影响以及车头时距分布对通行能力的影响，提出了利用仿真技术研究环形交叉口通行能力的实验方法。最后利用UrbanSim模型中交通仿真与交通分配相结合的特点，对比研究不同的交通分配方法在仿真模拟中路段产生的交通量，分析了交通分配中用户平衡和系统最优原理对路段行驶时间、行驶车速的影响，并进一步研究了交通量构成对路段动态特征指标的影响，以及利用交通仿真系统尝试在动态交通分配中进行应用研究。
Traffic simulation is a technique to reproduce the dynamic process of traffic flow by using mathematical model. With development of extended Idea of transportation system management (TSM) and intelligence traffic system, traffic simulation technique is applied in transportation management, traffic control, transportation planning as well as the enhancement of transportation infrastructures extensively.
Based on urban traffic network simulation system-UrbanSim that was developed on the platform of CORSIM, the paper does a research of the theory about application of simulation technology in urban transportation. Coordinated control of major road signals is a valid pathway to reduce vehicle queue delay and numbers of stop at intersections; traffic simulation model of coordinated control imitates vehicle performance in traffic network through mathematical model. We can study how to affect vehicle flow due to alteration of traffic network signal parameter. Through coordinated control of WuYi Road, a main artery in Changsha, we can calculate offsets by graphical analysis in the simulation software. On the base of completing coordinated control, the paper introduces the theory of actuated control which has been developed perfectly in western countries for many years and the application of UrbanSim in actuated control. Through experiments, the paper analyzes possibility and benefit of actuated control if it be put
into use along WuYi Road. In theoretical study, through analyzing operational characteristics of traffic flow in roundabout and studying the acceptable gap influence on delay and different arrival distributions effect to the capacity, the paper brings forward the experiment methods to study the capacity of roundabout by using the simulation technology. At last, based on the feature integrating traffic simulation with traffic assignment, the paper compares the link volume by using different traffic assignment models, and analyzes the influence of user equilibrium and system's optimal assignments on travel time, travel speed as well as traffic volume on links. Further, the paper introduces the study on the influence of traffic composition on road link dynamics and the traffic simulation application in formulating dynamic traffic assignment models.
引文
[1] 王炜，过秀成，交通工程学．南京：东南大学出版社，2000
[2] Wilhelm Leutzbach, Rainer Wiedemann. Development and applications of traffic simulation models at the karlsrube institute fuer Verkehrwesen. Traffic Engineering Control, 1986, 5 (2): 55～59
[3] Moshe E. Ben-Akiva, Haris N. Koutsopoulos, Rabi G. Mishalani, et al. Simulation laboratory for evaluation dynamic traffic management systems. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 1997, 102 (8): 283～289
[4] 邹智军．城市道路交通仿真研究：[博士学位论文]．上海：同济大学交通工程学院，2000
[5] 段进宇．高速道路入口匝道范围交通仿真研究与入口匝道控制研究：[博士论文]．上海：同济大学交通工程学院，1997
[6] 田军．城市交通网络微观仿真系统 UrbanSim 开发研究：[硕士学位论文]．湖南：湖南大学土木工程学院，2000
[7] 胡明伟，史其信．支持ITS影响评价的交通仿真模型研究．公路交通科技，2001，18 (06)：13～17
[8] 黄卫，陈里得．智能运输系统(ITS)概论．北京：人民交通出版社，1999
[9] Sharon Adams Boxill, Lei Yu. An evaluation of traffic simulation models for supporting ITS development. Traffic Engineering Control, 2000, 19 (6): 101～106
[10] Larry E.Owen, Yunlong Zhang, Lei Rao, et al. Traffic flow simulation using CORSIM. In: Proceedings of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference. Colorado, 2000
[11] Hans Thomas, Fritzsche. A model for traffic simulation. Traffic engineering control, 1994, 150 (5):317～321
[12] McLean. TRAFVU file description document. In: FHWA Turner-Fairbanks Highway Research. Virginia, 2001
[13] 石建军，任福田，赵明．道路交通系统动态图形仿真的研究．中国交通工程，1994 (2)：21～24
[14] 刘以成，任福田，冯桂炎．交通工程手册．北京：人民交通出版社，1995
[15] 杨佩昆，杨树升．交通管理与控制．北京：人民交通出版社，1995
[16] 万绪军，陆化普．线控系统中相位差优化模型的研究．中国公路学报，2000，4 (14)：99～102
[17] 全永焱．城市交通控制．北京：人民交通出版社，1989
[18] 李海渊，秦吉玛，王彦卿译．交通控制系统手册．北京：人民交通出版社，1987
[19] 王炜．道路平面交叉口通行能力的延误分析法．中国公路学报，1998，增(11)：62～67
[20] 交通工程研究会编[日]，杨春华，刘景译．平面交叉路口的规划与设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1988
[21] 李硕，李嘉，周学农等．提高长沙市道路系统通行能力研究技术总结报告．长沙：湖南省交通工程学会，1998
[22] 严宝杰，李小俊．信号交叉口通行能力及延误仿真系统结构研究．西安公路交通大学学报，1997，2B(17)：1～5
[23] 金双泉，李硕，杜攀峰．交通仿真软件在线控中的应用研究．城市交通，2002，15(4)：6～11
[24] Gerry M. Fascione, Carl R. Marino, Robin M. Waterman. Signal Design Manual. Minnesota: Mn DOT Press, 2003
[25] FHWA. Traffic Detector Handbook Second Edition. Virginia: U.S. FHWA Press, 1990
[26] Connecticut department of transportation. Highway design manual. Virginia: U.S. FHWA Press, 2000
[27] Feng-Bor Lin, Ning Wang, S. Vijayakymar. Development of an intelligent adaptive signal control logic. Urban Traffic, 1999 (5): 257～279
[28] Allen R. Stubberud, Xiao-Hua Yu. A new control strategy for a signalized traffic intersection. IEEE, 1998, 20 (4): 284～289
[29] Charlie Stallard, Larry E. Owen. Evaluating adaptive signal control using CORSIM. In: Proceeding of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference. Virginia, 1998
[30] A.G.R. Bullen, N.P. Hummon. New approaches to the optimization and simulation of a vehicle actuated traffic signal. Urban Traffic, 1999 (1): 91～102
[31] Jonathan D. Reid, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Joseph E. Hummer. Analyzing system travel time in arterial corridors with unconventional designs using microscopic simulation. Journal of North Carolina State Univ., 2000, 20 (5): 107～115
[32] Keith R. Bisset, Robert L. Kelsey. Simulation of traffic flow and control using conventional, fuzzy, and adaptive methods. In: European Simulation Multi conference York. London, 1999
[33] 伍建国，巨永锋．平面交叉口信号模糊控制与仿真．西安公路交通大学学报，2001，4(21)：81～84
[34] 项乔君，王炜，陈冰等．环形交叉口通行能力理论模型研究．中国公路学报，1999，4(12)：69～72
[35] 杨锦冬，杨晓光，彭国雄．环形交叉口交通控制模式研究．公路交通科技，2000，3(17)：47～51
[36] 马小毅，王炜．模拟方法在主路优先交叉口通行能力中的应用．东南大学学报，1997 10(5)：71～75
[37] Richard Cunard, Henry Lieu, Hani Mahmassani. Traffic flow theory. Lowell: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999
[38] Kenneth G. Courage. Roundabout modeling in CORSIM. In: The Third International Symposium of Intersections without Traffic Signals. Oregon, 1997
[39] A. Alvarez, J. J. Bery, J.M. Casado. A simulation model for traffic flow with passing. Transportation Research Record, 1990, 40 (3): 193～202
[40] 任福田，杨峰，荣建等．北京市环形交叉口通行能力分析．公路交通科技，2001，3(18)：64～67
[41] Said M. Easa, Member, Asce. Model for sign-distance analysis of uncontrolled intersections. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 1998, 50 (4): 156～162
[42] 丹尼尔 L．鸠洛夫，马休 J．休伯著，蒋璜，任福田译．交通流理论．北京：人民交通出版社，1983
[43] Virginia P. Sisiopiku. Evaluating traffic characteristics of roundabout in SIDRA. North America Traffic information, 2002, 10 (12): 21～31
[44] Michael P. Manser, Dana M. Even. Effects of in-vehicle distracter complexity on driving and emergency response performance. In: The 2002 Annual Reports of TAMU University. Swutc, 2002
[45] 王炜，徐吉谦．城市交通规划理论与方法．北京：人民交通出版社，1991
[46] 约翰．布拉克著，蒋璜，章与春，肖秋生等译．城市交通规划理论与实践．北京：人民交通出版社，1987
[47] 陆化普．交通规划理论与方法．北京：清华大学出版社，1997
[48] Hamid, Iravani. Integration of EMME/2 and CORSIM. In: 15th International EMME/2 Users' Group Conference. Vancouver, 2000
[49] 石小法，王炜．动态交通网络的用户均衡配流模型．东南大学学报，2000，1 (30)：111～116
[50] 王炜，曲大义，朱中．城市交通网络综合平衡交通分配模型研究．东南大学学报，2000，1 (30)：117～120
[51] 刘洋，陈洪仁，张仕励等．公路网规划中交通分配方法应用研究．哈尔滨建筑大学学报，2000，2 (33)：100～104
[52] Pawan Lingras, Marlo Adamo. Average and peak traffic volumes: Nem'al Nets, Regression, Factor Approaches. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 1996 102 (10): 300～306
[53] C. F. Daganzo. A simple dynamic representation of highway traffic consistent with the hydrodynamic theory. Transportation Research, 1994, 28 (2): 269～287
[54] T. L. Frieaz, D. Bemstein, T. E. Smith. A variational inequality formulation of the dynamic network equilibrium problem. Operation Research, 1993, 41 (12): 179～191
[55] Andre de Palma. A modular system for dynamic traffic simulation. In: 76th TRB annual meeting. METROPOLIS, 1996
[56] Toshi Yoshii, Masao Kuwahara. A traffic simulation model for over-saturated traffic flow on urban expressway. In: 7th World Conference on Transportation Research. Sydney, 1995
[2] Wilhelm Leutzbach, Rainer Wiedemann. Development and applications of traffic simulation models at the karlsrube institute fuer Verkehrwesen. Traffic Engineering Control, 1986, 5 (2): 55～59
[3] Moshe E. Ben-Akiva, Haris N. Koutsopoulos, Rabi G. Mishalani, et al. Simulation laboratory for evaluation dynamic traffic management systems. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 1997, 102 (8): 283～289
[4] 邹智军．城市道路交通仿真研究：[博士学位论文]．上海：同济大学交通工程学院，2000
[5] 段进宇．高速道路入口匝道范围交通仿真研究与入口匝道控制研究：[博士论文]．上海：同济大学交通工程学院，1997
[6] 田军．城市交通网络微观仿真系统 UrbanSim 开发研究：[硕士学位论文]．湖南：湖南大学土木工程学院，2000
[7] 胡明伟，史其信．支持ITS影响评价的交通仿真模型研究．公路交通科技，2001，18 (06)：13～17
[8] 黄卫，陈里得．智能运输系统(ITS)概论．北京：人民交通出版社，1999
[9] Sharon Adams Boxill, Lei Yu. An evaluation of traffic simulation models for supporting ITS development. Traffic Engineering Control, 2000, 19 (6): 101～106
[10] Larry E.Owen, Yunlong Zhang, Lei Rao, et al. Traffic flow simulation using CORSIM. In: Proceedings of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference. Colorado, 2000
[11] Hans Thomas, Fritzsche. A model for traffic simulation. Traffic engineering control, 1994, 150 (5):317～321
[12] McLean. TRAFVU file description document. In: FHWA Turner-Fairbanks Highway Research. Virginia, 2001
[13] 石建军，任福田，赵明．道路交通系统动态图形仿真的研究．中国交通工程，1994 (2)：21～24
[14] 刘以成，任福田，冯桂炎．交通工程手册．北京：人民交通出版社，1995
[15] 杨佩昆，杨树升．交通管理与控制．北京：人民交通出版社，1995
[16] 万绪军，陆化普．线控系统中相位差优化模型的研究．中国公路学报，2000，4 (14)：99～102
[17] 全永焱．城市交通控制．北京：人民交通出版社，1989
[18] 李海渊，秦吉玛，王彦卿译．交通控制系统手册．北京：人民交通出版社，1987
[19] 王炜．道路平面交叉口通行能力的延误分析法．中国公路学报，1998，增(11)：62～67
[20] 交通工程研究会编[日]，杨春华，刘景译．平面交叉路口的规划与设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1988
[21] 李硕，李嘉，周学农等．提高长沙市道路系统通行能力研究技术总结报告．长沙：湖南省交通工程学会，1998
[22] 严宝杰，李小俊．信号交叉口通行能力及延误仿真系统结构研究．西安公路交通大学学报，1997，2B(17)：1～5
[23] 金双泉，李硕，杜攀峰．交通仿真软件在线控中的应用研究．城市交通，2002，15(4)：6～11
[24] Gerry M. Fascione, Carl R. Marino, Robin M. Waterman. Signal Design Manual. Minnesota: Mn DOT Press, 2003
[25] FHWA. Traffic Detector Handbook Second Edition. Virginia: U.S. FHWA Press, 1990
[26] Connecticut department of transportation. Highway design manual. Virginia: U.S. FHWA Press, 2000
[27] Feng-Bor Lin, Ning Wang, S. Vijayakymar. Development of an intelligent adaptive signal control logic. Urban Traffic, 1999 (5): 257～279
[28] Allen R. Stubberud, Xiao-Hua Yu. A new control strategy for a signalized traffic intersection. IEEE, 1998, 20 (4): 284～289
[29] Charlie Stallard, Larry E. Owen. Evaluating adaptive signal control using CORSIM. In: Proceeding of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference. Virginia, 1998
[30] A.G.R. Bullen, N.P. Hummon. New approaches to the optimization and simulation of a vehicle actuated traffic signal. Urban Traffic, 1999 (1): 91～102
[31] Jonathan D. Reid, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Joseph E. Hummer. Analyzing system travel time in arterial corridors with unconventional designs using microscopic simulation. Journal of North Carolina State Univ., 2000, 20 (5): 107～115
[32] Keith R. Bisset, Robert L. Kelsey. Simulation of traffic flow and control using conventional, fuzzy, and adaptive methods. In: European Simulation Multi conference York. London, 1999
[33] 伍建国，巨永锋．平面交叉口信号模糊控制与仿真．西安公路交通大学学报，2001，4(21)：81～84
[34] 项乔君，王炜，陈冰等．环形交叉口通行能力理论模型研究．中国公路学报，1999，4(12)：69～72
[35] 杨锦冬，杨晓光，彭国雄．环形交叉口交通控制模式研究．公路交通科技，2000，3(17)：47～51
[36] 马小毅，王炜．模拟方法在主路优先交叉口通行能力中的应用．东南大学学报，1997 10(5)：71～75
[37] Richard Cunard, Henry Lieu, Hani Mahmassani. Traffic flow theory. Lowell: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999
[38] Kenneth G. Courage. Roundabout modeling in CORSIM. In: The Third International Symposium of Intersections without Traffic Signals. Oregon, 1997
[39] A. Alvarez, J. J. Bery, J.M. Casado. A simulation model for traffic flow with passing. Transportation Research Record, 1990, 40 (3): 193～202
[40] 任福田，杨峰，荣建等．北京市环形交叉口通行能力分析．公路交通科技，2001，3(18)：64～67
[41] Said M. Easa, Member, Asce. Model for sign-distance analysis of uncontrolled intersections. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 1998, 50 (4): 156～162
[42] 丹尼尔 L．鸠洛夫，马休 J．休伯著，蒋璜，任福田译．交通流理论．北京：人民交通出版社，1983
[43] Virginia P. Sisiopiku. Evaluating traffic characteristics of roundabout in SIDRA. North America Traffic information, 2002, 10 (12): 21～31
[44] Michael P. Manser, Dana M. Even. Effects of in-vehicle distracter complexity on driving and emergency response performance. In: The 2002 Annual Reports of TAMU University. Swutc, 2002
[45] 王炜，徐吉谦．城市交通规划理论与方法．北京：人民交通出版社，1991
[46] 约翰．布拉克著，蒋璜，章与春，肖秋生等译．城市交通规划理论与实践．北京：人民交通出版社，1987
[47] 陆化普．交通规划理论与方法．北京：清华大学出版社，1997
[48] Hamid, Iravani. Integration of EMME/2 and CORSIM. In: 15th International EMME/2 Users' Group Conference. Vancouver, 2000
[49] 石小法，王炜．动态交通网络的用户均衡配流模型．东南大学学报，2000，1 (30)：111～116
[50] 王炜，曲大义，朱中．城市交通网络综合平衡交通分配模型研究．东南大学学报，2000，1 (30)：117～120
[51] 刘洋，陈洪仁，张仕励等．公路网规划中交通分配方法应用研究．哈尔滨建筑大学学报，2000，2 (33)：100～104
[52] Pawan Lingras, Marlo Adamo. Average and peak traffic volumes: Nem'al Nets, Regression, Factor Approaches. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 1996 102 (10): 300～306
[53] C. F. Daganzo. A simple dynamic representation of highway traffic consistent with the hydrodynamic theory. Transportation Research, 1994, 28 (2): 269～287
[54] T. L. Frieaz, D. Bemstein, T. E. Smith. A variational inequality formulation of the dynamic network equilibrium problem. Operation Research, 1993, 41 (12): 179～191
[55] Andre de Palma. A modular system for dynamic traffic simulation. In: 76th TRB annual meeting. METROPOLIS, 1996
[56] Toshi Yoshii, Masao Kuwahara. A traffic simulation model for over-saturated traffic flow on urban expressway. In: 7th World Conference on Transportation Research. Sydney, 1995