对分户计量供热系统热负荷及室温变化规律的研究
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摘要
作为建筑节能的主要手段之一，供热采暖系统实行按热量计量收费的技术势在必行。然而此项事业在我国毕竟是一件新鲜事物，涉及国家政策、历史传统、生活习惯、日常管理等问题，是我国从计划经济向市场经济过渡中要解决的难点问题之一。本文中，对我国推行分户热量计量技术后所带来的问题逐一作了分析，并对几个关键问题进行了研究。
本文从热舒适、工作效率以及健康标准等方面出发，以热舒适方程及PMV／PPD评价指标为依据，对采用分户计量供热系统的居住建筑的室内设计计算温度的确定进行了研究，确定其为20℃，室内温度的变化范围是16℃～24℃。当然，温度的提高必然带来能耗的增加，因此从建筑能耗方面论证了室内设计温度提高为20℃的可行性。研究表明，对节能建筑而言，虽然室内设计温度提高了，但是采暖能耗比非节能建筑在18℃时的能耗
低。
本文以实行分户热量计量的典型房间为模型，分析了室内
温度的变化规律，并对房间的冷却过程和再加热过程进行了研
究。发现当散热器恒温控制阀关小或关断后，室内温度呈负指数
规律衰减，且由于建筑热容量的影响，室内温度变化是一个比较
慢的过程。同时给出了典型房间的室内温度日变化曲线，有利于
供暖期间的运行调节。
通过对以上问题的研究，解决了计量供热系统热负荷计算
的核心问题，达到了建筑节能的目的，从而对完善分户热量计量
控制技术，以及对相关暖通规范的编写有一定的指导意义。
As one of the most means of energy efficiency for buildings, it is imperative that put household heating and heat metering technique into practice. But it is a fresh thing, and has connection with national policy, tradition, living custom and management, and so on. This problem is one of difficult things to transit from planned economy to market economy. In this dissertation, problems brought by heat metering technique and several related important problems were studied and analyzed.
Based on thermal comfort formula and PMV/PPD evaluation indices, design indoor temperature of residential building with household heating and heat metering systems was studied in this dissertation. It was determined that the range of indoor temperature is 16C~24C when design indoor temperature is 20C. Of course, increase of design indoor temperature must lead to increase of energy consumption, so the feasibility of 20C is demonstrated from the aspect of building consumption. As far as energy efficiency buildings, design indoor temperature is increased, but its energy consumption is less than that in ordinary buildings at the temperature of 18C.
In this dissertation, takes representative room with household heating and heat metering systems, and analyzes the law of indoor temperature, studies the
cooling and reheating process in the representative room and discovers that indoor temperature is attenuation by the law of negative exponent when radiator-thermostats are resized or turned off. Owing to the influence of thermal capacity in buildings, the attenuation of indoor temperature is very slow. In the same time, the temperature curve in design day was obtained.
Through the studies of the above problems, the key problem of heating load calculation and the criterion of building energy efficiency was resolved. It is significant for perfecting heat metering technique and providing specifications of HVAC.
本文从热舒适、工作效率以及健康标准等方面出发，以热舒适方程及PMV／PPD评价指标为依据，对采用分户计量供热系统的居住建筑的室内设计计算温度的确定进行了研究，确定其为20℃，室内温度的变化范围是16℃～24℃。当然，温度的提高必然带来能耗的增加，因此从建筑能耗方面论证了室内设计温度提高为20℃的可行性。研究表明，对节能建筑而言，虽然室内设计温度提高了，但是采暖能耗比非节能建筑在18℃时的能耗
低。
本文以实行分户热量计量的典型房间为模型，分析了室内
温度的变化规律，并对房间的冷却过程和再加热过程进行了研
究。发现当散热器恒温控制阀关小或关断后，室内温度呈负指数
规律衰减，且由于建筑热容量的影响，室内温度变化是一个比较
慢的过程。同时给出了典型房间的室内温度日变化曲线，有利于
供暖期间的运行调节。
通过对以上问题的研究，解决了计量供热系统热负荷计算
的核心问题，达到了建筑节能的目的，从而对完善分户热量计量
控制技术，以及对相关暖通规范的编写有一定的指导意义。
As one of the most means of energy efficiency for buildings, it is imperative that put household heating and heat metering technique into practice. But it is a fresh thing, and has connection with national policy, tradition, living custom and management, and so on. This problem is one of difficult things to transit from planned economy to market economy. In this dissertation, problems brought by heat metering technique and several related important problems were studied and analyzed.
Based on thermal comfort formula and PMV/PPD evaluation indices, design indoor temperature of residential building with household heating and heat metering systems was studied in this dissertation. It was determined that the range of indoor temperature is 16C~24C when design indoor temperature is 20C. Of course, increase of design indoor temperature must lead to increase of energy consumption, so the feasibility of 20C is demonstrated from the aspect of building consumption. As far as energy efficiency buildings, design indoor temperature is increased, but its energy consumption is less than that in ordinary buildings at the temperature of 18C.
In this dissertation, takes representative room with household heating and heat metering systems, and analyzes the law of indoor temperature, studies the
cooling and reheating process in the representative room and discovers that indoor temperature is attenuation by the law of negative exponent when radiator-thermostats are resized or turned off. Owing to the influence of thermal capacity in buildings, the attenuation of indoor temperature is very slow. In the same time, the temperature curve in design day was obtained.
Through the studies of the above problems, the key problem of heating load calculation and the criterion of building energy efficiency was resolved. It is significant for perfecting heat metering technique and providing specifications of HVAC.
引文
[1] 《民用建筑节能设计标准》“采暖居住建筑部分”，1996
[2] 李先瑞．采暖空调方式和分户供热计量收费技术．中国建筑科学院科技干部培训中心 2000．8
[3] 徐伟邹瑜．供暖系统恒温与热计量技术．中国计划出版社 2000．11
[4] 贺平，孙刚．供热工程(第三版)．中国建筑工业出版社，1993
[5] GBJ19—87采暖通风与空气调节设计规范
[6] ASHRAE Standard 55-66. American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers: Thermal comfort conditions. New York, 1966
[7] 钱以明．高层建筑空调与节能．上海：同济大学出版社，1990
[8] Fanger P. O. Thermal comfort. Danish Technical Press,1970
[9] [英]T．A．马克斯，E．N．莫里斯著．建筑物·气候·能量．陈士驎，译
[10] Wyon, D. P., The role of the environment in buildings today: Thermal aspect (factors affecting the choice of a suitable room temperature) Building International, (6),39～54,1973
[11] 唐鸣放，左现广．节能建筑冬季采暖临界温度．西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版) 2002，4：321～324
[12] ISO. International Standard 7730. Moderate thermal environment-determination of the PMV and PPD indices and
specification of the conditions for thermal comfort. Geneva: International standard Organization, 1984
[13] 王昭俊，张志强，廉乐明．热舒适评价指标及冬季室内计算温度探讨．暖通空调，2002，2：26-28
[14] 王恒毅．工效学．机械工业出版社 1994
[15] 马有江，姬伟松，马建华．谈散热器恒恒温制阀在供热系统中的应用．节能技术，1998，4
[16] 清华同方股份有限公司研究发展中心 DEST开发组．DEST1．0软件使用手册，2000，5
[17] 官燕玲．我国中部地区民用建筑供暖房间室内热环境的动态分析．西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生毕业论文，1996．4
[18] 北京市建筑设计标准化办公室，北京市建筑设计研究院主编．新建集中供暖住宅分户热计量设计技术规程DBJ01-605-2000，2000．9
[19] 石兆玉，王智超．当前供热技术中需要取得共识的几个问题．清华大学
[20] 同济大学数学教研室 主编．高等数学(第三版)．高等教育出版社，1988，9
[21] 廖传善等编著．空调设备与系统节能控制．中国建筑工业出版社，1984．12
[22] 宋翀芳．地下建筑动态热工环境数值分析研究．西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文，2001，6
[23] J.F. Nicol, M.A. Humphreys. Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buidings. Energy and Buildings, 34(2002) 563～572
[24] 魏润柏，徐文华．热环境．同济大学出版社，1994
[25] 袁堂仕，高甫生．冬季围护结构冷辐射对人体热舒适的影响．1998年全国暖通空调学术年会论文集，1998
[26] 石兆玉，王智超．当前供热技术中需要取得共识的几个问题．
[27] 冯小平．装有恒温阀的室内垂直双管供暖系统．住宅科技，2000，7
[28] 王敬．计量供热系统设计探讨．建筑节能(35)．中国建筑工业出版社，2001．9
[29] 刘应宗，孟俊娜．城市采暖供热价格制定管理．建筑节能
[35]．中国建筑工业出版社，2001．9
[30] 徐伟，邹瑜，黄维，刘向东．按热量计量的住宅供热采暖技术研究 (上)．建筑科学，1999，4
[31] 民用建筑节能设计标准(采暖居住部分)山西地区实施细则(第二阶段) DBJ-216-1999，1999
[32] 陆耀庆．供暖通风设计手册．北京，中国建筑工业出版社，1987年版
[33] J. F. Nicol, M.A. Humphreys. Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings. Energy and Buildings 34(2002) 563～572
[34] McIntyre D A. Indoor climate. London, Applied Science Published Ltd, 1980
[35] Alex H.W. Lee, Ph.D, P.E. Successful Case Studies of Energy Savings Using Adjustable Speed Drives For Pumps and Fans. Energy Engineering 2001,3(45～51)
[36] McIntyre D A. Indoor climate. London: Applied Science Published
Ltd, 1980
[37] Nevins R G. Psychometrics and modern comfort. Presented at the joint ASHRAE-ASME meeting, November 28-29． 1961
[38] Charleo E Dorgan. James S Elleson.Design guide for thermal storage. ASHRAE 1994
[2] 李先瑞．采暖空调方式和分户供热计量收费技术．中国建筑科学院科技干部培训中心 2000．8
[3] 徐伟邹瑜．供暖系统恒温与热计量技术．中国计划出版社 2000．11
[4] 贺平，孙刚．供热工程(第三版)．中国建筑工业出版社，1993
[5] GBJ19—87采暖通风与空气调节设计规范
[6] ASHRAE Standard 55-66. American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers: Thermal comfort conditions. New York, 1966
[7] 钱以明．高层建筑空调与节能．上海：同济大学出版社，1990
[8] Fanger P. O. Thermal comfort. Danish Technical Press,1970
[9] [英]T．A．马克斯，E．N．莫里斯著．建筑物·气候·能量．陈士驎，译
[10] Wyon, D. P., The role of the environment in buildings today: Thermal aspect (factors affecting the choice of a suitable room temperature) Building International, (6),39～54,1973
[11] 唐鸣放，左现广．节能建筑冬季采暖临界温度．西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版) 2002，4：321～324
[12] ISO. International Standard 7730. Moderate thermal environment-determination of the PMV and PPD indices and
specification of the conditions for thermal comfort. Geneva: International standard Organization, 1984
[13] 王昭俊，张志强，廉乐明．热舒适评价指标及冬季室内计算温度探讨．暖通空调，2002，2：26-28
[14] 王恒毅．工效学．机械工业出版社 1994
[15] 马有江，姬伟松，马建华．谈散热器恒恒温制阀在供热系统中的应用．节能技术，1998，4
[16] 清华同方股份有限公司研究发展中心 DEST开发组．DEST1．0软件使用手册，2000，5
[17] 官燕玲．我国中部地区民用建筑供暖房间室内热环境的动态分析．西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生毕业论文，1996．4
[18] 北京市建筑设计标准化办公室，北京市建筑设计研究院主编．新建集中供暖住宅分户热计量设计技术规程DBJ01-605-2000，2000．9
[19] 石兆玉，王智超．当前供热技术中需要取得共识的几个问题．清华大学
[20] 同济大学数学教研室 主编．高等数学(第三版)．高等教育出版社，1988，9
[21] 廖传善等编著．空调设备与系统节能控制．中国建筑工业出版社，1984．12
[22] 宋翀芳．地下建筑动态热工环境数值分析研究．西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文，2001，6
[23] J.F. Nicol, M.A. Humphreys. Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buidings. Energy and Buildings, 34(2002) 563～572
[24] 魏润柏，徐文华．热环境．同济大学出版社，1994
[25] 袁堂仕，高甫生．冬季围护结构冷辐射对人体热舒适的影响．1998年全国暖通空调学术年会论文集，1998
[26] 石兆玉，王智超．当前供热技术中需要取得共识的几个问题．
[27] 冯小平．装有恒温阀的室内垂直双管供暖系统．住宅科技，2000，7
[28] 王敬．计量供热系统设计探讨．建筑节能(35)．中国建筑工业出版社，2001．9
[29] 刘应宗，孟俊娜．城市采暖供热价格制定管理．建筑节能
[35]．中国建筑工业出版社，2001．9
[30] 徐伟，邹瑜，黄维，刘向东．按热量计量的住宅供热采暖技术研究 (上)．建筑科学，1999，4
[31] 民用建筑节能设计标准(采暖居住部分)山西地区实施细则(第二阶段) DBJ-216-1999，1999
[32] 陆耀庆．供暖通风设计手册．北京，中国建筑工业出版社，1987年版
[33] J. F. Nicol, M.A. Humphreys. Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings. Energy and Buildings 34(2002) 563～572
[34] McIntyre D A. Indoor climate. London, Applied Science Published Ltd, 1980
[35] Alex H.W. Lee, Ph.D, P.E. Successful Case Studies of Energy Savings Using Adjustable Speed Drives For Pumps and Fans. Energy Engineering 2001,3(45～51)
[36] McIntyre D A. Indoor climate. London: Applied Science Published
Ltd, 1980
[37] Nevins R G. Psychometrics and modern comfort. Presented at the joint ASHRAE-ASME meeting, November 28-29． 1961
[38] Charleo E Dorgan. James S Elleson.Design guide for thermal storage. ASHRAE 1994