中国农村金融演变、创新和风险管理
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摘要
农业现代化、城乡协调发展是实现国民经济、社会稳定和持续发展的重要内容。改革开放以来,我国农村经济实力极大地增强了。然而,无论绝对水平还是相对水平,城乡差距越来越大了。在市场经济条件下,建设社会主义新农村必须筹集大量资金和改变长期以来农村资金外流的局面。这些都需要农村金融市场发挥收入分配和资源配置功能。
农村金融是农村这一特定领域内货币流通、资金运动与信用活动的总称,即以信用手段筹集、分配和管理农村货币资金的活动。为适应农村地区需要设立的彼此分工又相互联系的金融市场和金融机构总和,便构成农村金融范畴。相对于城镇金融,在服务的对象、经营环境和经营业务等方面,农村金融具有其独自的特征。本文主要内容如下:
第一,回顾了农村金融发展理论、创新理论和农村金融风险管理理论,简述了我国农村合作金融、商业金融和政策金融的演变,并将演变的特点归纳为变革频繁、演变的实质内容少和演变的作用小。结合几个典型国家的农村金融运行状况,比较了中外农村金融的区别,发现农村金融运行良好的国家多以合作金融、政策金融为主,商业金融为辅。
第二,从农村经济环境、农村社会环境两方面详细分析了中国农村金融的经营环境,概述了我国农村金融发展规模和经营绩效,分析了农村居民储蓄、信贷等金融行为,并通过问卷调查了农村居民接受金融服务状况,分析得出农村居民金融行为受农户居住地的交通条件、农民年龄、收入结构影响,发现农户信贷多用于解决必需生活和子女教育,较少用于经营和生产。
第三,从农村特殊环境着手,分析金融机构经营地的交通条件、覆盖面积、区域内人口密度、人均收入等因素对农村金融机构类型选择和经营持续性的影响,调查分析了农村金融机构负责人任命方式、职员构成状况、机构运作方式、机构经营设备状况、经营绩效等情况,并分析得到它们之间的相关关系。
第四,计算了农村金融发展程度、农村全要素生产率,分析了它们之间的关系,并讨论了存贷款利差、存贷款实际利率、农村居民货币收入与总收入比值等实际指标对它们的影响。
第五,从农业经营、农村非农经营、农村居民生活及社会、农村金融政策差异性、金融制度变革、农村金融产权和经营机制方面分析了农村金融风险来源,提出农村金融风险管理模式,建议加强农业保险,规避农村经济风险,分散农村金融风险。
第六,阐述了农村金融创新的服务对象目标、金融机构目标和金融管理体制目标,认为实现农村金融创新,应健全法制,明晰产权,给予农村金融机构合理政策。农村金融机构要确立正确的经营宗旨,建立有效的组织,健全经营机制,创新产品和服务。在宏观层面,政府应改变不利于农村经济、社会发展的政策,改善农村基础设施,增加农村经济生产活动的金融需求,实现金融经营环境创新。
综上所述,根据农村金融风险的来源,提出如下风险管理措施:保持宏观经济稳定,促进城乡统筹发展,消除忽视农村区域、农业的政策,吸引农村剩余资金回流,改善农村金融经营的弱势环境,可减轻农村金融风险;加强股份制改造,实现产权多样化,培育内部监督机制,减少经营决策风险;改革传统的垄断经营局面,机构之间建立合理的独立核算关系,实现正常的市场竞争,增加客户的外部监督;成立行业协会,发挥行会协调、信息、监督和政府参谋功能,预防风险的发生。
Modernization of agriculture, the urban-rural hormonious development is the important elements of keeping stability and sustainability of national economy and society. Since carrying out reform and opening-up policy, rural economy is becoming even stronger in our country. However, not only from absolute level, but also from relative level, the gap between urban and rural area is getting bigger. In socialist market economy, in order to build socialist new county, it is necessary to raise considerable funds and change the long-term situation of rural surplus fund spilling out. These require that rural finance perform the function on income-distributing and resource- allocating.
Rural finance refers to money flowing, funds moving and credit activities in rural area. Compared to urban finance, rural finance possesses its own features with regard to the servicing objects, operating environments, and professional works. The main contents are as follows:
Firstly, the thesis outlines the evolution of Chinese rural cooperative finance, rural commercial bank and finance policy after reviewing the rural finance development theory, innovation theory and rural finance risk-managing theory. It concludes that the evolution of China rural finance exhibits little essential contents or contribution. The thesis finds that well-behaved rural finance is mainly cooperative finance and policy finance by comparing Chinese rural finance with that in some typical developed countries.
Secondly, the thesis analyzes the rural finance operating environment, including rural economy and society environment, outlines the scale of rural finance development and operating performance, examines the rural habitants’saving and credit behaviors. It is finds that rural residents’behaviors are affected by the traffic conditions in living area, farmers’age and the income structure, and that farmers’loans is mostly used for necessary living and children schooling, hardly for business and production with questionnaire inquiring information.
Thirdly, the thesis analyzes the impacts of traffic facilities, covering dimension, population density and income per capita on the choice of finance institutes and operating sustainability.
Fourthly, the thesis measures rural finance development and total factor productivity, and tests the relations between them, and analyzes the effect of rate difference between savings and loans, real rate of savings and loans, the ratio of rural residents’monetary income and total revenue on them.
Fifthly, the thesis explores rural finance risk sources from agricultural production, rural non-agricultural activities, the difference of rural residents’livings, society and rural finance policies, put forward rural finance risk managing models. It suggests develpment agricultural insurance, hedge against rural business risk and disperse rural finance risk. Sixthly, the thesis expounds rural finance innovation targets on serving objects, finance institutes and finance managing system. It is deemed to perfect the legal system, clarifying property ownership, render rural financial institutes appropriate policies. Rural financial institutes must adopt right operating philosophy, establish effective organizations, perfect operating mechanism, and create new products and services. On the macro-level, government should transform the policies that do not suit rural economy and society development, improve rural facilities, enhance financial demand in rural production, and bring about innovation in rural finance environment.
In short, the thesis sets forth such risk management measures as keeping macroeconomic stability, promoting urban–rural overall development, reforming the policies ignoring the agricultural and rural development, improving rural finance operating situation, reinforcing stock system reforms, realizing multi-property ownerships, enforcing internal supervisory mechanism, reforming traditionally monopolistic complexion, building properly independent accounting relations among financial institutes, and encouraging normal market competition, and forming trade associations to lower risks.
农村金融是农村这一特定领域内货币流通、资金运动与信用活动的总称,即以信用手段筹集、分配和管理农村货币资金的活动。为适应农村地区需要设立的彼此分工又相互联系的金融市场和金融机构总和,便构成农村金融范畴。相对于城镇金融,在服务的对象、经营环境和经营业务等方面,农村金融具有其独自的特征。本文主要内容如下:
第一,回顾了农村金融发展理论、创新理论和农村金融风险管理理论,简述了我国农村合作金融、商业金融和政策金融的演变,并将演变的特点归纳为变革频繁、演变的实质内容少和演变的作用小。结合几个典型国家的农村金融运行状况,比较了中外农村金融的区别,发现农村金融运行良好的国家多以合作金融、政策金融为主,商业金融为辅。
第二,从农村经济环境、农村社会环境两方面详细分析了中国农村金融的经营环境,概述了我国农村金融发展规模和经营绩效,分析了农村居民储蓄、信贷等金融行为,并通过问卷调查了农村居民接受金融服务状况,分析得出农村居民金融行为受农户居住地的交通条件、农民年龄、收入结构影响,发现农户信贷多用于解决必需生活和子女教育,较少用于经营和生产。
第三,从农村特殊环境着手,分析金融机构经营地的交通条件、覆盖面积、区域内人口密度、人均收入等因素对农村金融机构类型选择和经营持续性的影响,调查分析了农村金融机构负责人任命方式、职员构成状况、机构运作方式、机构经营设备状况、经营绩效等情况,并分析得到它们之间的相关关系。
第四,计算了农村金融发展程度、农村全要素生产率,分析了它们之间的关系,并讨论了存贷款利差、存贷款实际利率、农村居民货币收入与总收入比值等实际指标对它们的影响。
第五,从农业经营、农村非农经营、农村居民生活及社会、农村金融政策差异性、金融制度变革、农村金融产权和经营机制方面分析了农村金融风险来源,提出农村金融风险管理模式,建议加强农业保险,规避农村经济风险,分散农村金融风险。
第六,阐述了农村金融创新的服务对象目标、金融机构目标和金融管理体制目标,认为实现农村金融创新,应健全法制,明晰产权,给予农村金融机构合理政策。农村金融机构要确立正确的经营宗旨,建立有效的组织,健全经营机制,创新产品和服务。在宏观层面,政府应改变不利于农村经济、社会发展的政策,改善农村基础设施,增加农村经济生产活动的金融需求,实现金融经营环境创新。
综上所述,根据农村金融风险的来源,提出如下风险管理措施:保持宏观经济稳定,促进城乡统筹发展,消除忽视农村区域、农业的政策,吸引农村剩余资金回流,改善农村金融经营的弱势环境,可减轻农村金融风险;加强股份制改造,实现产权多样化,培育内部监督机制,减少经营决策风险;改革传统的垄断经营局面,机构之间建立合理的独立核算关系,实现正常的市场竞争,增加客户的外部监督;成立行业协会,发挥行会协调、信息、监督和政府参谋功能,预防风险的发生。
Modernization of agriculture, the urban-rural hormonious development is the important elements of keeping stability and sustainability of national economy and society. Since carrying out reform and opening-up policy, rural economy is becoming even stronger in our country. However, not only from absolute level, but also from relative level, the gap between urban and rural area is getting bigger. In socialist market economy, in order to build socialist new county, it is necessary to raise considerable funds and change the long-term situation of rural surplus fund spilling out. These require that rural finance perform the function on income-distributing and resource- allocating.
Rural finance refers to money flowing, funds moving and credit activities in rural area. Compared to urban finance, rural finance possesses its own features with regard to the servicing objects, operating environments, and professional works. The main contents are as follows:
Firstly, the thesis outlines the evolution of Chinese rural cooperative finance, rural commercial bank and finance policy after reviewing the rural finance development theory, innovation theory and rural finance risk-managing theory. It concludes that the evolution of China rural finance exhibits little essential contents or contribution. The thesis finds that well-behaved rural finance is mainly cooperative finance and policy finance by comparing Chinese rural finance with that in some typical developed countries.
Secondly, the thesis analyzes the rural finance operating environment, including rural economy and society environment, outlines the scale of rural finance development and operating performance, examines the rural habitants’saving and credit behaviors. It is finds that rural residents’behaviors are affected by the traffic conditions in living area, farmers’age and the income structure, and that farmers’loans is mostly used for necessary living and children schooling, hardly for business and production with questionnaire inquiring information.
Thirdly, the thesis analyzes the impacts of traffic facilities, covering dimension, population density and income per capita on the choice of finance institutes and operating sustainability.
Fourthly, the thesis measures rural finance development and total factor productivity, and tests the relations between them, and analyzes the effect of rate difference between savings and loans, real rate of savings and loans, the ratio of rural residents’monetary income and total revenue on them.
Fifthly, the thesis explores rural finance risk sources from agricultural production, rural non-agricultural activities, the difference of rural residents’livings, society and rural finance policies, put forward rural finance risk managing models. It suggests develpment agricultural insurance, hedge against rural business risk and disperse rural finance risk. Sixthly, the thesis expounds rural finance innovation targets on serving objects, finance institutes and finance managing system. It is deemed to perfect the legal system, clarifying property ownership, render rural financial institutes appropriate policies. Rural financial institutes must adopt right operating philosophy, establish effective organizations, perfect operating mechanism, and create new products and services. On the macro-level, government should transform the policies that do not suit rural economy and society development, improve rural facilities, enhance financial demand in rural production, and bring about innovation in rural finance environment.
In short, the thesis sets forth such risk management measures as keeping macroeconomic stability, promoting urban–rural overall development, reforming the policies ignoring the agricultural and rural development, improving rural finance operating situation, reinforcing stock system reforms, realizing multi-property ownerships, enforcing internal supervisory mechanism, reforming traditionally monopolistic complexion, building properly independent accounting relations among financial institutes, and encouraging normal market competition, and forming trade associations to lower risks.
引文
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① 数据来自:《中国统计年鉴》1983-2003 年,《中国金融年鉴》1995-2003 年,《中国农村统计年鉴》1992-2003年,《中国农村调查统计年鉴》1997 年。
① 中国国家统计局.中国农村统计年鉴.中国统计出版社,2003.19
① 注;邮政储蓄吸收储蓄,资金自我经营,自负盈亏,现在不向中央行上交储蓄资金获取利差。
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① 数据来自:《中国统计年鉴》1983-2003 年,《中国金融年鉴》1995-2003 年,《中国农村统计年鉴》1992-2003年,《中国农村调查统计年鉴》1997 年。
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① 注;邮政储蓄吸收储蓄,资金自我经营,自负盈亏,现在不向中央行上交储蓄资金获取利差。
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