摘要
可持续发展是指既满足当代人的需要,又不损害后代人满足其需要能力的发展。可持续发展模式强调的是社会、经济、环境的协调发展,追求的是人与自然、人与人之间的和谐。其核心思想是:经济和社会的发展应建立在生态持续、社会公正和人民福利不断提高的基础上,
可持续发展是可持续性对发展的负效应从时间尺度和空间尺度上做出的,限定,其实质是对实践主体——人的行为的规范。这种规范能否为人类接受,取决于人类是否已放弃作为传统发展模式基础的世界观和价值观,并确立了作为可持续发展模式的世界观和价值观。它已经不仅仅是一种经济与环境协调发展的理论,而且已逐渐上升为其他组织系统运行发展的指导思想。可持续发展已变成未来的最优选择。
竞技运动后备人才培养的可持续发展,是指在不危害后代人和其他区域满足其需要能力的前提下,以满足当代人对竞技运动后备人才的需要为目标,通过实践引导竞技运动后备人才培养系统向更加均衡、和谐和互补状态运行的定向动态过程。
我国竞技运动人才系统是由高级、中级和初级人才共同构成的有序系统。高级人才指优秀运动队的竞技运动人才,是我国最高竞技水平的体现者;中级和初级人才是我国业余训练体系培养的竞技运动后备人才,是我国竞技运动人才培养体制中极为重要的基础环节。人才的培养具有连续性,任何高级的人才都是从后备人才中经过培训、选拔和筛选而成长起来的。后备人才培养的数量及质量制约着高级人才的数量及质量。因此,各个国家和地区都注重竞技运动人才的培养从小抓起,并投入大量的人力、物力和财力,不断提高训练的科学化水平。
竞技运动后备人才的培养是一项长期的、复杂的系统工程,在本质上是运动训练实施者对运动员进行生物学、心理学和社会学全面系统改造的过程。需投入大量的时间、人力、物力和财力,并受诸多可变因素与不可变因素的制约。
在影响竞技运动后备人才培养系统的发展的各种因素中,主要有两类因子在起作用:一类是利导因子,一类是限制因子。当利导因子起主导作用时,发展过程表现为人类活动对利导因子的争夺过程,包括对未被利用的资源、环境
的开拓和不同人类活动间的竞争,此时,发展速度加快;随着利导因子的消耗
和被利用,限制因子逐渐突出,竞技运动后备人才培养事业的发展速度受到抑
制,这时的发展过程表现为对限制因子的克服。
本文在调查研究的基础上找出了山东省竟技运动后备人才培养系统的十
二个主要限制因子,以期不断改善系统发展条件、克服限制因子,寻求后备人
才培养系统的可持续发展;这对于提高竞技运动水平、实现山东省竟技体育的
可持续发展及战略目标具有重要的意义。
文章通过文献资料法、问卷调查法、专家访谈法和数理统计法等研究方法
对山东省竟技运动后备人才培养现状进行了调查研究,得出以下主要结论:
1.目前,山东省竟技运动后备人才培养可持续性发展的限制因子主要有:科
学训练、教练员水平、科学选材、训练条件、科学管理、生源情况、领导重视、
家长支持、人才培养体制、项目设置、运动员文化学习、竟赛制度等十二个因
素。
2山东省竟技运动后备人才的培养还缺乏系统性,科学化训练水平不高。训练
的计划性和监测水平有待于提高;训练条件完备还不完善:竟赛制度尚存在不
合理的导向因素,导致训练中存在短期化行为,训练大纲的执行情况不够理想。
3教练员的业务素质有待于提高,教练员多为经验型教练员,学历与知识层次
难以满足当代运动训练科学化的要求。
4选材的科学化水平不高。在山东省竟技运动后备人才的培养过程中,对科学
选材重要性的认识还不够充分,组织领导方面的条件尚不健全;选拔运动员的
范围过于狭窄;经验式选材占有较大比重。生源情况不够理想,尤其是地区级
体校系绞,生源匾乏的现象尤为突出。
5管理的科学化水平不高。政府部门和主管领导对竞技运动后备人才培养工作
的重视程度不够;管理人员的素质有待提高;项目设置不合理,缺乏统一规划;
竞技运动后备人才培养体制中存在不合理因素,尚未形成层层衔接的培养体
制。
6运动员文化学习状况让人担忧,己影响了社会心理环境对竞技运动后备人才
培养的承载能力。
The continuous development satisfies demands of the contemporary, meanwhile it will not damage future generations to meet their required abilities. Its pattern emphasizes the coordinated development of society, economy & environment and pursues the harmony among human beings as well as that between mankind and nature. Its key thought is that the development of economy and society should be based on the constant progress in ecological continuity, social justice & people's welfare.
The continuous development is the limitation measured by both time & space that continuity imposed on negative effect of development. Its essence lies in the standard for human beings' behavioi?the subjects of practice. Acceptance of this standard is determined by the fact whether mankind have given up the world outlook & value outlook which is the base of the traditional development pattern and establish new ones as continuous development pattern. It not only is a theory for the coordinated development of economy & environment, but also gradually becomes the principle idea of the movement & development of other systems. It has turned to be the best choice for the future.
The continuous development of reserve personnel in competitive sports (RFCS) refers to an oriented and dynamic process, bears the prerequisite not to harm the fulfillment of their required abilities for future generations & other regions, aims at meeting the contemporary needs for RPCS, and directs the training system of RPCS to get more balanced, harmonious & complement through practice.
The system of RFCS in China is composed orderly of advanced, secondary and primary personnel. The advanced personnel refer to athletes in excellent sports teams, who give a good performance of the highest level of competitive sports in China; the other two, reserve personnel from amateur sports teams, form an important, fundamental link in the training system of RPCS. Personnel training is sustained梐ny advanced personnel develops from a reserve one after training, selection & preparation. And the quality as well as the quantity of the reserve personnel restricts those of the advanced ones.
Therefore, each country and region attaches importance to athlete development from childhood, putting in plenty of manpower, material resources & financial capacity, constantly improving the scientific level of the training.
The training of RPCS is a long-term, comprehensive & systematic project. Essentially it is an overall & systematic transformation process practiced by sports trainers to athletes biologically, psychologically & sociologically, which is in need of abundant time, manpower, material resources and financial capacity & is limited by many elements, either changeable or fixed.
Among various elements affecting the development of training system of RPCS, there are mainly two categories: positive elements & negative ones. When the former plays a leading role, the development becomes a process in which human behaviors fight for the positive elements, including the reclamation of undeveloped resources & environment and competition among different human activities. In this circumstance, the development speeds up. However, due to the consumption of the positive elements, the latter gradually gets dominant and the speed of it is restrained, which is manifested by surmounting the negative elements.
Based on investigation & study, the following part lists 12 main negative elements for the development of training system of RPCS in Shandong Province, in order to improve conditions for systematic development constantly, overcome limitations, and to obtain the continuous development of training system for reserve personnel, which has vital significance to achieve the continuous development & strategic amis of competitive sports in Shandong Province.
According to investigation & study of relevant documents and data, questionnaires, talks with experts and mathematical statistics, the following chief conclusions concerning the present training situation of RPCS in Shandong Province
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