基于任务特性的前瞻记忆发展研究
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摘要
前瞻记忆是指在将来某个恰当的时间执行某项事先计划好的任务。近年来,基于事件的前瞻记忆实验室研究的基本操作是把前瞻记忆任务镶嵌到进行中任务里。因此,“双任务”特性对前瞻记忆的影响受到了研究者的关注。但是,对于某些任务特性是否会影响前瞻记忆成绩仍存在争议,而且较少有研究涉及到任务特性是如何影响注意资源分配及策略的选择。本研究主要探讨在前瞻记忆加工过程中,任务特性对策略的选择和注意资源分配的影响。
以大学生和老年人为研究对象,采用经典“双任务”实验范式。从任务特性方面对前瞻记忆注意资源分配及策略进行研究。共由7个实验组成。
研究一主要考察前瞻记忆任务特性对前瞻记忆加工机制的影响,以及前瞻记忆任务特性是否出现老化效应。实验1以大学生为被试,通过指导语告知他们前瞻记忆任务重要性,考察在赋予不同权重的前瞻任务条件下,前瞻记忆成绩的差异以及所使用的策略；实验2,控制前瞻记忆任务的明确性,一组被试告知具体的任务,另一组告知笼统的任务,探究被试在编码阶段形成的目标和行为反应联结是否影响前瞻记忆提取时的策略；实验3以老年人为被试,验证前瞻记忆任务重要性与明确性是否出现老化效应。结果发现：强调前瞻记忆任务重要性能提高前瞻记忆的成绩；当前瞻记忆任务明确时,前瞻记忆的成绩较好。被试根据任务特性主动的分配注意资源,选择不同的加工策略。前瞻记忆任务特性影响老化效应。当前瞻记忆任务不重要且不明确时老化效应显著；但在前瞻记忆任务重要且明确时,可缓解老化效应带来的消极影响。
研究二主要考察进行中任务特性对前瞻记忆影响的发展研究。实验4以大学生为被试,操纵了进行中任务的难度,以此控制注意资源的占有量,观察进行中任务注意资源的改变对前瞻记忆成绩的影响；实验5设计了语义和知觉两种加工类型的任务,前瞻记忆任务和进行中任务相匹配组合成四种任务情境,即知觉一知觉、语义—语义、知觉—语义、语义—知觉,进一步考察不同任务情境对前瞻记忆注意资源的分配及策略选择的影响；实验6以老年人为被试,验证进行中任务特性的老化效应。结果发现：任务情景一致性对前瞻记忆成绩有显著影响。前瞻记忆任务与进行中任务的加工类型一致,即任务情景一致时前瞻记忆的成绩较好。进行中任务的注意资源增加,前瞻记忆注意资源相对减少,前瞻记忆成绩降低。进行中任务特性影响老化效应。当任务情境不一致且进行中任务难度高时老化效应显著；当任务情境一致且进行中任务难度低时,老化效应减弱。
研究三以大学生为被试,选用图形作为刺激材料,使用眼动记录仪记录被试在多刺激呈现条件下对前瞻记忆目标线索搜索的眼动轨迹,从时间进程的角度考察前瞻记忆任务难度对前瞻记忆成绩的影响。结果发现：前瞻记忆目标与进行中任务的目标同时出现,前瞻记忆的成绩容易受到干扰,尤其是在前瞻记忆任务难度增加时。前瞻记忆的失败是由于没有对前瞻记忆目标线索进行准备加工。
本研究结果支持前瞻记忆双重加工理论。
Prospective memory refers to an implementation of planed event during appropriate time in future. During recent years, the basic operation of the laboratory studies is that the event-based prospective memory task embedding into ongoing task. So the impact of "dual-task" characteristics has been concerned by researchers. However, some tasks characteristics affected prospective memory performance was still controversial, and fewer studies referred to how the task characteristic affects allocation of attention resources and strategy selection. This study focused on the influence mechanism of task characteristics, explored the impact of task characteristics on strategy selection and allocation of attention resources in prospective memory processing.
The objects are undergraduates and elderly participated in, and we used classical "dual-task" paradigm. It contained seven experiments.
The first study investigated the development of prospective memory task characteristics explored the effects of prospective memory task characteristics on the processing mechanisms and aging effect, In experiment 1, we informed undergraduates the importance of prospective memory tasks through the guidance and examined the differences of prospective memory performance, as well as selection of strategy under the conditions of given different weights of prospective memory task. In experiment 2, we controlled the clarity of prospective memory task. One group was informed the specific tasks, and another was informed general tasks. With the purpose of the association of targets and behavior which participants formed during the encoding phase influenced strategy when prospective memory was retrieved? In experiment 3, we confirmed importance and clarity of prospective memory task have aging effect. The results showed that the importance and clarity of prospective memory task affected prospective memory performances. Emphasizing the importance of prospective memory task can improve prospective memory performance. The prospective memory performance was better when the prospective memory task was clarity. Participants allocated attentional resources and selected different processing strategies initiatively according to the characteristics of the task. The aging effect was significant when prospective memory tasks were unimportance and ambiguity. But the negative affects of aging effect can be alleviated when prospective memory tasks were importance and clarity.
The second study investigated the development of ongoing task characteristics. In experiment 4, we manipulated the difficulty and observed the effects of the prospective memory performances when attentional resources of ongoing task were varied. In experiment 5, we designed two kinds of processing tasks, semantic and perceptual. Prospective memory tasks and ongoing tasks were composed four kinds of task contexts. They are semantic-semantic task, perceptual-perceptual task, semantic-perceptual task and perceptual-semantic task. In experiment 6, we selected elderly to confirm aging effect of ongoing tasks characteristics. The purpose is examined the allocation of prospective memory attention resources and strategy selection under different task contexts. The results showed that:Both the difficulty of prospective memory task and consistency of tasks situational affected prospective memory performance. When task contexts were consistent, the prospective memory performance was better. When attention resources of the ongoing task increased, the attention resources of the prospective memory task decreased oppositely, and so the prospective memory performance was reduced. The aging effect was significant when tasks situation consistency and ongoing tasks were highly difficulty. But the negative affects were low when prospective memory tasks were importance and clarity or tasks situation were consistent and difficulty of ongoing tasks.
The third study is eye movement research of prospective memory processing mechanisms. We chose figures as stimulus materials, and used Eye-movement recorder to record the participants'eye movements to search for the prospective memory target cues in the conditions of multi-element display. The purpose is to examine the effect of the difficulty tasks of prospective memory from time course. We examined the processing mechanisms of prospective memory using physiological index in this study.The results showed that:When prospective memory targets and ongoing task were presented at the same time, the prospective memory performance was susceptibly interfered, especially when the difficulty of prospective memory task was increased. The unsuccessful of the prospective memory was due to the lack of the preparatory processing for the prospective memory targets.
This study supports the theory of prospective memory in bi-process theory.
以大学生和老年人为研究对象,采用经典“双任务”实验范式。从任务特性方面对前瞻记忆注意资源分配及策略进行研究。共由7个实验组成。
研究一主要考察前瞻记忆任务特性对前瞻记忆加工机制的影响,以及前瞻记忆任务特性是否出现老化效应。实验1以大学生为被试,通过指导语告知他们前瞻记忆任务重要性,考察在赋予不同权重的前瞻任务条件下,前瞻记忆成绩的差异以及所使用的策略；实验2,控制前瞻记忆任务的明确性,一组被试告知具体的任务,另一组告知笼统的任务,探究被试在编码阶段形成的目标和行为反应联结是否影响前瞻记忆提取时的策略；实验3以老年人为被试,验证前瞻记忆任务重要性与明确性是否出现老化效应。结果发现：强调前瞻记忆任务重要性能提高前瞻记忆的成绩；当前瞻记忆任务明确时,前瞻记忆的成绩较好。被试根据任务特性主动的分配注意资源,选择不同的加工策略。前瞻记忆任务特性影响老化效应。当前瞻记忆任务不重要且不明确时老化效应显著；但在前瞻记忆任务重要且明确时,可缓解老化效应带来的消极影响。
研究二主要考察进行中任务特性对前瞻记忆影响的发展研究。实验4以大学生为被试,操纵了进行中任务的难度,以此控制注意资源的占有量,观察进行中任务注意资源的改变对前瞻记忆成绩的影响；实验5设计了语义和知觉两种加工类型的任务,前瞻记忆任务和进行中任务相匹配组合成四种任务情境,即知觉一知觉、语义—语义、知觉—语义、语义—知觉,进一步考察不同任务情境对前瞻记忆注意资源的分配及策略选择的影响；实验6以老年人为被试,验证进行中任务特性的老化效应。结果发现：任务情景一致性对前瞻记忆成绩有显著影响。前瞻记忆任务与进行中任务的加工类型一致,即任务情景一致时前瞻记忆的成绩较好。进行中任务的注意资源增加,前瞻记忆注意资源相对减少,前瞻记忆成绩降低。进行中任务特性影响老化效应。当任务情境不一致且进行中任务难度高时老化效应显著；当任务情境一致且进行中任务难度低时,老化效应减弱。
研究三以大学生为被试,选用图形作为刺激材料,使用眼动记录仪记录被试在多刺激呈现条件下对前瞻记忆目标线索搜索的眼动轨迹,从时间进程的角度考察前瞻记忆任务难度对前瞻记忆成绩的影响。结果发现：前瞻记忆目标与进行中任务的目标同时出现,前瞻记忆的成绩容易受到干扰,尤其是在前瞻记忆任务难度增加时。前瞻记忆的失败是由于没有对前瞻记忆目标线索进行准备加工。
本研究结果支持前瞻记忆双重加工理论。
Prospective memory refers to an implementation of planed event during appropriate time in future. During recent years, the basic operation of the laboratory studies is that the event-based prospective memory task embedding into ongoing task. So the impact of "dual-task" characteristics has been concerned by researchers. However, some tasks characteristics affected prospective memory performance was still controversial, and fewer studies referred to how the task characteristic affects allocation of attention resources and strategy selection. This study focused on the influence mechanism of task characteristics, explored the impact of task characteristics on strategy selection and allocation of attention resources in prospective memory processing.
The objects are undergraduates and elderly participated in, and we used classical "dual-task" paradigm. It contained seven experiments.
The first study investigated the development of prospective memory task characteristics explored the effects of prospective memory task characteristics on the processing mechanisms and aging effect, In experiment 1, we informed undergraduates the importance of prospective memory tasks through the guidance and examined the differences of prospective memory performance, as well as selection of strategy under the conditions of given different weights of prospective memory task. In experiment 2, we controlled the clarity of prospective memory task. One group was informed the specific tasks, and another was informed general tasks. With the purpose of the association of targets and behavior which participants formed during the encoding phase influenced strategy when prospective memory was retrieved? In experiment 3, we confirmed importance and clarity of prospective memory task have aging effect. The results showed that the importance and clarity of prospective memory task affected prospective memory performances. Emphasizing the importance of prospective memory task can improve prospective memory performance. The prospective memory performance was better when the prospective memory task was clarity. Participants allocated attentional resources and selected different processing strategies initiatively according to the characteristics of the task. The aging effect was significant when prospective memory tasks were unimportance and ambiguity. But the negative affects of aging effect can be alleviated when prospective memory tasks were importance and clarity.
The second study investigated the development of ongoing task characteristics. In experiment 4, we manipulated the difficulty and observed the effects of the prospective memory performances when attentional resources of ongoing task were varied. In experiment 5, we designed two kinds of processing tasks, semantic and perceptual. Prospective memory tasks and ongoing tasks were composed four kinds of task contexts. They are semantic-semantic task, perceptual-perceptual task, semantic-perceptual task and perceptual-semantic task. In experiment 6, we selected elderly to confirm aging effect of ongoing tasks characteristics. The purpose is examined the allocation of prospective memory attention resources and strategy selection under different task contexts. The results showed that:Both the difficulty of prospective memory task and consistency of tasks situational affected prospective memory performance. When task contexts were consistent, the prospective memory performance was better. When attention resources of the ongoing task increased, the attention resources of the prospective memory task decreased oppositely, and so the prospective memory performance was reduced. The aging effect was significant when tasks situation consistency and ongoing tasks were highly difficulty. But the negative affects were low when prospective memory tasks were importance and clarity or tasks situation were consistent and difficulty of ongoing tasks.
The third study is eye movement research of prospective memory processing mechanisms. We chose figures as stimulus materials, and used Eye-movement recorder to record the participants'eye movements to search for the prospective memory target cues in the conditions of multi-element display. The purpose is to examine the effect of the difficulty tasks of prospective memory from time course. We examined the processing mechanisms of prospective memory using physiological index in this study.The results showed that:When prospective memory targets and ongoing task were presented at the same time, the prospective memory performance was susceptibly interfered, especially when the difficulty of prospective memory task was increased. The unsuccessful of the prospective memory was due to the lack of the preparatory processing for the prospective memory targets.
This study supports the theory of prospective memory in bi-process theory.
引文
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