轮式移动机器人导航控制与路径规划研究
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摘要
随着计算机、网络、机械电子、信息、自动化以及人工智能等技术的飞速发展,移动机器人的研究进入了一个崭新的阶段。同时,太空资源、海洋资源的开发与利用为移动机器人的发展提供了广阔的空间。
     本文结合“陀螺导引AGV系统”和“多机器人系统协调”两个工程项目,研究单个轮式移动机器人的导航控制与路径规划以及多移动机器人系统的协调问题。本文的主要工作与取得的研究成果如下:
     (1) 概述了轮式移动机器人的国内外研究现状。
     (2) 分别建立了前轮驱动并可转向的移动机器人和两轮差动驱动的移动机器人的运动学和动力学模型。在实际工程中,由于存在车轮直径不相等和测量不精确等因素,通过应用陀螺仪和里程计对移动机器人的运动学模型进行校正。
     (3) 对移动机器人的导航定位进行了研究,应用陀螺仪+里程计的惯性导航与磁感应器修正的组合导航方法,采用卡尔曼滤波算法进行数据处理,并进行试验研究。结果表明该组合导航方法能够解决纯惯性导航误差随时间增长而累积的固有缺点。此方法在实际工程中得到了应用。
     (4) 对移动机器人的路径规划进行了研究。基于模糊逻辑进行路径规划,并在远离障碍物的环境和遇到障碍物的环境两种情况下进行仿真实验,结果表明该路径规划方法能够使得机器人避开障碍物顺利到达目标点。
     (5) 设计了四次曲线路径,该路径是对常规二次曲线路径的改进。由于四次曲线路径更为平滑,使得机器人的前轮偏角变化也平滑,仿真与试验结果验证了该路径设计的有效性。
     (6) 对移动机器人的控制问题进行了研究。基于Lyapunov直接法设计了移动机器人的点镇定控制律和轨迹跟踪控制律,并进行了仿真研究;基于反馈线性化方法分别对前轮驱动并可转向和两轮差动驱动的移动机器人设计了路径跟踪控制律,并进行仿真研究;基于滑模变结构方法设计了移动机器人的轨迹跟踪控制律,并进行仿真研究;基于模糊逻辑方法设计了移动机器人的路径跟踪控制律,并进行试验研究。仿真和试验结果验证了所设计控制律的有效性和可行性。
     (7) 对多移动机器人系统进行了研究。分析了多移动机器人系统的两种典型结构:①多移动机器人之间不直接进行通讯而是通过局域网络进行通讯的结构;②
With the rapid development of computer, network, mechanics, electronics, informatics, automation and artificial intelligent technology etc, robotics has entered a new stage. The exploitation of space&ocean provides a huge market for robotics.
    According to the two projects, "gyroscope guided Automatic Guided Vehicle (AGV) system" and "multiple mobile robots system coordination", in the dissertation, single wheeled mobile robots and multiple mobile robots system coordination are studied. The main contributions of the dissertation are summarized as follows:
    (1) The present state in the world on mobile robots is summarized.
    (2) Kinematic and dynamic model of the two kinds of mobile robots are designed, which are the mobile robots driven and steered by front wheel and the mobile robots driven by two different rear wheels. Since the existence of the inequality of two rear wheels' diameter and the inaccuracy of the measurement in engineering, gyroscope and milemeter are used to modify the kinematic model.
    (3) The navigation and localization for mobile robot is researched. Integrated navigation with inertial navigation of gyroscope and milemetor and magnet sensor modification is analyzed. The data is processed with Kalman filter algorithm, and then the experiment is done. The result shows the integrated navigation can deal with the intrinsic drawback of single inertial navigation that the error is accumulated with time, which is applied in engineering.
    (4) The path planning for mobile robots is studied. The path planning on fuzzy logic for mobile robots is analyzed; the simulation is carried in the environment of the removed obstacles and encountered obstacles, the result shows the method is valid and the mobile robots arrive at destination safely with avoiding obstacles.
    (5) On the basis of revising conventional conic path, quartic curve path is designed. The curvature of quartic curve path can be changed
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