虎(Panthera tigris)微卫星位点多态性及其在圈养种群管理中的应用
|
摘要
本文应用基于荧光标记的全自动DNA序列分析技术和微卫星多态性分析技术，
从30个家猫（Felis Catus）微卫星位点中筛选了15个多态性良好、扩增结果稳定可
靠的位点用于分析虎的3个亚种，即东北虎（Panthera tigris altaica）、孟加拉虎（P.t．
tigris）和华南虎（P.t.amoyensis）的圈养种群的遗传多样性水平。这15位点包括
Fca043、Fca074、Fca077、Fca066、Fca090、Foa107、Fca304、F53、F141、F42、Fca391、
Fca453、F146、Fca441、Fca41，其中Fca043、Fca074、Fca077、Fca304、Fca453、Fca441、
F42等7个位点通过测序分析获得了重复单位的碱基组成和重复次数。对36只虎15
个位点的分析发现，这些位点有4-13个等位基因，等位基因频率和基因型频率分布
不均衡，10个位点不符和H-W平衡（α=0.01）。对20只东北虎、11只孟加拉虎和
5只华南虎的分析表明，群体条合度在物种水平上为0.4937～0.8412之间；在东北虎
为0.3691～0.8003之间；在孟加拉虎为0.3872～0.8917之间；在华南虎为0.5341～0.8565
之间。杂合子频率与杂合度之间基本吻合，只有少数位点杂合子频率显著低于杂合
度。各个亚种都有自己独特的等位基因，通过15个微卫星位点的数据计算亚种间的
遗传距离为：东北虎-孟加拉虎之间0.2449、东北虎-华南虎之间0.0687、华南虎-孟
加拉虎之间0.1031。两个无关个体15个微卫星位点完全偶合的概率在10~(-11)～10~(-18)之
间。用15个位点计算的父-子-母三联体的PI值为159824.94～8831296.70，RCP值在
0.99999374～0.99999989之间；缺少母本样品时PI为498.23～1448029.34，RCP值为
0.99799693～0.99999931之间。不同种属的扩增显示，这些微卫星位点的引物在狍、
梅花鹿、家犬、绵羊、人等均不能成功扩增，可以用于野外样品或混合样品的分析。
对雄森熊虎山庄的圈养种群的分析表明，圈养种群的管理和遗传多样性保护应从以
下4个方面入手：1）严格保持亚种的独立性；2）避免近交繁殖；3）适当延长世代
间隔时间；4）促进种群间的基因交流。本文也可为豹等其他大型猫科动物的微卫星
遗传标记的研究与应用提供良好的技术路线和基础。
By using fluorescent-labeling-based automated DNA sequencing and microsatellite polymorphism
analyzing techniques, of 30 microsatellite loci derived from domestic cat (Felts catus), 15 were proved
polymorphic, reproducible and reliable in amplifying tiger genomic DNA. They were applied to study the
genetic diversity in tiger captive population involving 3 subspecies, Siberian tiger (Pant he ra tigris altaica),
Bengal tiger (P t. tigris) and South China tiger (P t. amoyensis). These 15 microsatellites include namely
Fca043, Fca074, Fca077, Fca066, FcaO9O, FcalO7, Fca304, F53, F141, F42, Fca391, Fca453, F146,
Fca441 and Fca4l, of which 7 loci, Fca043, Fca074, Fca077, Fca304, Fca453, Fca441 and F42 were
sequenced to discover the repeating motif and repeating times. In the population analysis of 36 tigers by
using 15 microsatellites, 4-13 alleles were found in each locus. The allelic frequency and genotypic
frequency of 10 loci showed significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg Balance (a=0.01) indicating the
disequilibrium of allelic frequency and genotypic frequency distribution. Heterozygosity was found
between 0.4937-4)8412 at species level (im36), 0.3691-41.8003 in Siberian tiger (n20), 0.3872--0.8917 in
Bengal tiger (n1 1) and 0.5341桹.8565 in South China tiger (n~5). Observed frequencies of lieterozygotes
in each locus basically match the heterozygositv, except for a few loci whose heterozygote frequency is
rather lower. Each subspecies o抶ns a few special alleles. Genetic distance among 3 subspecies calculated
based on the data of 15 loci is: Siberian tiger-Bengal tiger 0.2449, Siberian tiger-South China tiger 0.0687
and South China tiger-Bengal tiger 0.1031. The matching probability between two unrelated individual at
15 loci is l0l1~~10.i8. P1 value in Father-child-mother set is between ]59824.94~883l296.70,
correspondingly, RCP value is between 0.99999374-4)99999989. In the sets without mother抯 sample, P1
is between498.23?448029.34, correspondingly, RCP value is between 0.99799693?.99999931. The
study also showed that no successful amplification was detected when applied primer sets of these 15
microsatellites to other species namely roe deer, sika deer, domestic dog, sheep and human DNA. It is
suggested that the primers can be reliable in analyzing field samples and mixed or contaminated samples.
Taking the example of the captive population of Xiongsen Bear and Tiger Village, this study suggested 4
countermeasures to manage the population and maintain genetic diversity: 1) Keep the independence ot
subspecies strictly; 2) avoid inhrecding~ 3) prolong the generation leneth; 4) promote the genetic exchange
among populations. As a potential significance, this study can also provide a practical technique route and
basis for the microsatellite research in other large felines.
从30个家猫（Felis Catus）微卫星位点中筛选了15个多态性良好、扩增结果稳定可
靠的位点用于分析虎的3个亚种，即东北虎（Panthera tigris altaica）、孟加拉虎（P.t．
tigris）和华南虎（P.t.amoyensis）的圈养种群的遗传多样性水平。这15位点包括
Fca043、Fca074、Fca077、Fca066、Fca090、Foa107、Fca304、F53、F141、F42、Fca391、
Fca453、F146、Fca441、Fca41，其中Fca043、Fca074、Fca077、Fca304、Fca453、Fca441、
F42等7个位点通过测序分析获得了重复单位的碱基组成和重复次数。对36只虎15
个位点的分析发现，这些位点有4-13个等位基因，等位基因频率和基因型频率分布
不均衡，10个位点不符和H-W平衡（α=0.01）。对20只东北虎、11只孟加拉虎和
5只华南虎的分析表明，群体条合度在物种水平上为0.4937～0.8412之间；在东北虎
为0.3691～0.8003之间；在孟加拉虎为0.3872～0.8917之间；在华南虎为0.5341～0.8565
之间。杂合子频率与杂合度之间基本吻合，只有少数位点杂合子频率显著低于杂合
度。各个亚种都有自己独特的等位基因，通过15个微卫星位点的数据计算亚种间的
遗传距离为：东北虎-孟加拉虎之间0.2449、东北虎-华南虎之间0.0687、华南虎-孟
加拉虎之间0.1031。两个无关个体15个微卫星位点完全偶合的概率在10~(-11)～10~(-18)之
间。用15个位点计算的父-子-母三联体的PI值为159824.94～8831296.70，RCP值在
0.99999374～0.99999989之间；缺少母本样品时PI为498.23～1448029.34，RCP值为
0.99799693～0.99999931之间。不同种属的扩增显示，这些微卫星位点的引物在狍、
梅花鹿、家犬、绵羊、人等均不能成功扩增，可以用于野外样品或混合样品的分析。
对雄森熊虎山庄的圈养种群的分析表明，圈养种群的管理和遗传多样性保护应从以
下4个方面入手：1）严格保持亚种的独立性；2）避免近交繁殖；3）适当延长世代
间隔时间；4）促进种群间的基因交流。本文也可为豹等其他大型猫科动物的微卫星
遗传标记的研究与应用提供良好的技术路线和基础。
By using fluorescent-labeling-based automated DNA sequencing and microsatellite polymorphism
analyzing techniques, of 30 microsatellite loci derived from domestic cat (Felts catus), 15 were proved
polymorphic, reproducible and reliable in amplifying tiger genomic DNA. They were applied to study the
genetic diversity in tiger captive population involving 3 subspecies, Siberian tiger (Pant he ra tigris altaica),
Bengal tiger (P t. tigris) and South China tiger (P t. amoyensis). These 15 microsatellites include namely
Fca043, Fca074, Fca077, Fca066, FcaO9O, FcalO7, Fca304, F53, F141, F42, Fca391, Fca453, F146,
Fca441 and Fca4l, of which 7 loci, Fca043, Fca074, Fca077, Fca304, Fca453, Fca441 and F42 were
sequenced to discover the repeating motif and repeating times. In the population analysis of 36 tigers by
using 15 microsatellites, 4-13 alleles were found in each locus. The allelic frequency and genotypic
frequency of 10 loci showed significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg Balance (a=0.01) indicating the
disequilibrium of allelic frequency and genotypic frequency distribution. Heterozygosity was found
between 0.4937-4)8412 at species level (im36), 0.3691-41.8003 in Siberian tiger (n20), 0.3872--0.8917 in
Bengal tiger (n1 1) and 0.5341桹.8565 in South China tiger (n~5). Observed frequencies of lieterozygotes
in each locus basically match the heterozygositv, except for a few loci whose heterozygote frequency is
rather lower. Each subspecies o抶ns a few special alleles. Genetic distance among 3 subspecies calculated
based on the data of 15 loci is: Siberian tiger-Bengal tiger 0.2449, Siberian tiger-South China tiger 0.0687
and South China tiger-Bengal tiger 0.1031. The matching probability between two unrelated individual at
15 loci is l0l1~~10.i8. P1 value in Father-child-mother set is between ]59824.94~883l296.70,
correspondingly, RCP value is between 0.99999374-4)99999989. In the sets without mother抯 sample, P1
is between498.23?448029.34, correspondingly, RCP value is between 0.99799693?.99999931. The
study also showed that no successful amplification was detected when applied primer sets of these 15
microsatellites to other species namely roe deer, sika deer, domestic dog, sheep and human DNA. It is
suggested that the primers can be reliable in analyzing field samples and mixed or contaminated samples.
Taking the example of the captive population of Xiongsen Bear and Tiger Village, this study suggested 4
countermeasures to manage the population and maintain genetic diversity: 1) Keep the independence ot
subspecies strictly; 2) avoid inhrecding~ 3) prolong the generation leneth; 4) promote the genetic exchange
among populations. As a potential significance, this study can also provide a practical technique route and
basis for the microsatellite research in other large felines.
引文
1. Tilson. R. L.. Seal. U. S. Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species. Noyes Publications. 1997.71-74, 134-148.
2. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, American Zoo and Aquarium Association. Piger Genome Resource Banking (GRB) Action. (Unpublished).1995.
3． Webmaster of 5tiger.com．老虎的栖息地．http://www.5tiger.com.2000/11/3．
4． 马逸清、阎文．老虎保护进展．野生动物．1998．19(1)：3-7．
5． 中华人民共和国濒危物种进出口管理办公室．濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约．2000．
6． 汪松主编．中国濒危物种红皮书(兽类)．科学出版社．北京．1998．119-125．
7． 吴宪忠、张明海、高中信、瞿中亮、赵玉峰、刘伟新、于立国、慕保国．黑龙江省境内东北虎数量分布现状．野生动物．1994．15(3)：17-20．
8． 于孝臣、孙宝刚、孙海义、关国生、周宣滨．黑龙江省东北虎的分布和数量调查．野生动物．2000．21(2)：14-16．
9． 刘振河、袁喜才．我国的华南虎资源，野生动物．1983．4(4)：20-22．
10． 徐龙辉．华南虎的生物学特性及数量统计方法初探．野生动物．1985．6(5)：21-24．
11. Tilson, R., Traylor-Holzer, K., Jing, Q. M. The decline and impending extinction of the South China tiger.
12． 袁喜才、陈万成、卢开和、卢杨成、张松．广东省华南虎及栖息地调查．野生动物．1994．15(4)：10-16．
13. Wildlife Protection Society of India. 1989-1995 official tiger census figures India. http://www.5tigers.org. Nov. 1st. 2000.
14. McDougal. C. Long-term tiger monitoring project Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. http://www.5tigers.org Nov. 1st. 2000.
15. Matyllshkin, E.N., Pikunov. O.G,. Dunishenko. Y.M., Miquelle. D.G.. Nikolaev, I.G, Smirnov, E.N., Salkina, G.P., Abramov, V.K., Basylllikov, V.I., Yyudin, V.G., Korkishko, V.G. Numbers distribution and habitate status of the Amur tiger. Glas:mishaj in edp:env. siberia. June 14, 1997. http://www.5tigers.org. Nov. 1st. 2000.
16. Royal Forest Department of India. The first Geographic Information System (GIS) Workshop of Mapping Tiger Populations, Bangkok, Thailand. Jan. 21-31, 1996. http://www. 5tigers.org. Nov. 1st.2000.
17. Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation. Ministry of Forestry of Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia Sumatran tiger conservation strategy. Appendix I. 1994. http://www/5tigers/org. Nov 1st, 2000.
18. Seal, U., Soemarna, K., Tilson, R. Population biology and analyses for Sumatran tigers. In Sumatran Tiger Population and Habitat Viability Analysis Report (eds R. Tilson, K. Soemarna, W. Romono, S. Lusli, K. Traylor-Holzer, U. Seal). Indonesia Forest Protection and Nature Conservation and IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group. 1994: 45-70.
19. Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, Ministry of Forestry of Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia Sumatran tiger conservation strategy. Appendix Ⅲ. 1994. http://www/5tigers/org. Nov 1st, 2000.
20. Marcot, B. G. Tiger habitat corridors in Far East Russia, Northeast China, and Northern North Korea: Need for a conservation strategy. 1995. http://www. 5tigers.org.com. Nov. 1st, 2000.
21. Tilson, R. L., Foose, T. J., Princee, F., Traylor-Holzer, K. Tiger Global Animal Survicval Plan. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group: Apple Valley, MN. 1993.1-114.
22. Willis, K., Wiese, R. J. Effect of new founders on retention of gene diversity in captive populations: A formalization of the nuleus population concept. Zoo Biology. 1993. (12): 535-548.
23. Traylor-Holzer, K. Analysis of the regional and global captive populations of Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae). IUCN CBSG Tiger Global Conservation Strategy. Minnesota Zoo, Apple Valley, MN, USA. 1999. http://www. 5tigers.org. Nov. 1st, 2000.
24． 王维、沈庆永、胡洪光．华南虎的现状及保护．动物学杂志．1999．34(2)：38-41．
25． 刘舰、李映红、沈庆永．中国华南虎的保存．野生动物．1997．18(3)：24-26．
26． 陈冠群、方盛国、王德超．DNA指纹图谱与数据库管理系统的家你及其应用．四川师范大学学报(自然科学版)．1997．20(6)：115-120．
27． 陈冠群、方盛国、王德超．DNA指纹图的计算机图象自动化识别方法．计算机应用．1995．16(10：29-31．
28. Jeffreys, A. J., Wilson, V, Thein, S. L. Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA. Nature.1985. (314): 67-73.
29. Jeffreys, A. J., Wilson, V, Thein, S. L. Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA. Nature. 1985.(316): 76-79.
30. Jeffreys, A. J., Morton, D. B. DNA fingerprints of dogs and cats. Animal Genetics. 1987. 18: 1-15.
31. Longmire, J. L., Lewis A. K., Brown, N. C., Buckingham, J. M., Clark, L. M., Jones, M. D., Meicke, L. J., Meyne, J., Ratliff, R. L., Ray, F. A., Wagner, R. P., Moyzis, R. K. Isolation and molecular characterization of a highly polymorphic centrometric tandem repeat in family Falconidae. Genomics. 1988, (2): 14-24.
32. Wolfes, R., Mathe, J., Seiz, A. Forensic of birds of prey by DNA fingerprinting with ~(32)P-labeled oligonucleotide probes. Electrophoresis. 1991, (12): 175-180.
33. Ruth, J. L., Fain, S. R. The 'individualization' of large North American mammals. In DNA Fingerprinting: State of the Science, ed. by S. D. J. Pena, R. Chakraborty, J. T. Epplen & A. J. Jeffreys. Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Swizerland. 1993, 429-436.
34. Foran, D. R., Minta, S. C., Heinemeyer, K. S. DNA-based analysis of the hair to identify species and individuals for population research and monitoring. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 1997, 25(4): 840-847.
35. Bertorelle, G., Bucchini, L., Pilastro, A., Matessi. C. DNA fingerprinting data and the analysis of population genetic structure by comparing band-sharing patterns. Molecular Ecology. 1999, (8):1851-1866.
36. Lyons, L. A., Laughlin, T. F., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A.. Womack, J. E., O'Brien, S., J. Comparative anchor tagged sequences (CATS)for integrative mapping of mammalian genomes. Nat. Genetics. 1997, 15: 47-56.
37． 郭景元．法医物证学．中国人民公安大学出版社．北京．1997：45-180．
38． 方盛国、丁朝武、冯文和、张安居、李光汉、李绍昌、余建秋、立学兵．大熊猫DNA指纹分析材料的初步研究．兽类学报．1996，16(3)：166-170．
39． 方盛国、陈冠群、冯文和、张安居、李绍昌、何光昕、魏辅文、郭健．大熊猫DNA指纹在野生种群数量调查中的应用．兽类学报．1996，16(4)：246-249．
40． 方盛国、冯文和、张安居、李绍昌、余建秋、何光昕、费立松．大熊猫父权认定的DNA指纹图分析．兽类学报．1997，17(2)：92-99．
41． 方盛国、冯文和、张安居、李绍昌、余建秋、何光昕、费立松．大熊猫家系的DNA指纹图分析．兽类学报．1997，17(2)：92-99．
42． 张小为、孟艳、蔡有余．DNA指纹在近交系动物遗传污染检测中的应用．动物学杂志．1998，33(3)：13-15．
43． 冯书堂、陈幼春．五指山猪生物学特性、易地繁育及遗传多样性研究．生物多样性．1998，6(3)：172-179．
44． 王辉、石玉华、邱文、杨文华．DNA指纹与性状间的相关度量．哲里木畜牧学院学报．1999，9(3)：5-8．
45． 肖璐、李宁、陈永福、吴常信、张建生、孙仕铨．猪雌激素受体(ESR)位点FRLPs的分析．遗传．1997，19(增刊)：32-34．
46． 方盛国、吴萍英．拉萨地区小云雀(Alauda gulagla inopinata)遗传多样性的DNA指纹图分析．四川师范大学学报(自然科学版)．1996，19(2)：77-80．
47． 方盛国、黄敏、陈冠群、丁朝武、蓝翎．鱼类LZF-Ⅰ DNA指纹探针的制备．遗传学报．1997，24(1)：7-14．
48． 方盛国、冯文和、张安居、余亚丽、李绍昌、余健秋、黄祥明、何光昕、宋云芳．大熊猫亲子鉴定——DNA指纹技术的应用．1997．24(1)：7-14．
49． 李修善、徐来祥、王磊、田雨成．伏翼DNA指纹谱探针的筛选．曲阜师范大学学报．1999，25(3)：89-92．
50. Holland, M. M., Parson, T. J. Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis----Validation and use for forensic casework. Forensic Science Review. 1999, 11(1): 22-50.
51. Kessler, L. G., Avis, J. G., Systematic relationships among waterfowl (Anatidae) inferred from restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Systematic Zoology. 1984, 33: 370-380.
52． 张亚平、施立明．猕猴属5个种mtDNA多态性研究．遗传学报．1990，17(1)：23-33．
53． 张亚平、陈欣、施立明．两种锦鸡和环颈雉线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的比较研究．动物学研究．1991，12(4)：387-392．
54． 兰宏、陈志平、王应祥、宿兵、王文、施立明．树鼠mtDNA限制性内切酶图谱及其与小家鼠的亲缘关系．动物学研究．1994，15(3)：39-44．
55． 李箐箐、阳建春、谢力、林惠莲、黄韧．三种鸡形目鸟类线粒体DNA的研究．中山大学学报论丛．1997，1：16-20．
56． 李箐箐、温硕洋、戚根贤、谢以权、彭统序．板齿鼠线粒体DNA的研究．兽类学报．1998，18(1)：54-59．
57. Fain, S. R. DNA Laboratory Guide. National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory of USA. Version 11-23-98, 1998 (unpublished).
58． 吴平、周开亚、王亚明、黄恭情、徐麟木．用RFLP和PCR-RFLP技术研究东北虎和华南虎线粒体DNA多态性．生物多样性．1997，5(3)：173-178．
59． 陈青、陈家琦．线粒体DNA的分子遗传学研究进展．天津体育学院学报．1997，12(3)：16-20．
60． 张亚平、Oliver A．Ryder、范志勇、张和明、何廷美、何光昕、张安居、费立松、钟顺隆、陈红、张成林、杨明海、朱飞兵、彭真信、普天春、陈玉村、姚敏达、郭伟，大熊猫DNA序列变异及其遗传多样性研究．中国科学(C辑)．1997，27(2)：139-144．
61． 张亚平．从DNA序列到物种树．动物学研究．1996，17(3)：247-252．
62． 张亚平、Oliver A．Ryder．金丝猴属的DNA序列变异及进化与保护遗传学研究．遗传学报．1997，24(2)：116-121．
63. Zhang, Y. P., Ryder, O. A. Mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of old world monkeys: with special reference on evolution of Asian Colobines. Primates. 1998, 39(1): 39-49.
64． 张亚平、Oliver A．Ryder．熊超科分子系统发生研究．遗传学报．1997，24(1)：15-22．
65. Zhang, Y. P., Ryder, O. A. Phylogenetic relationships of bears (the Ursidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 1994, 3(4): 351-359.
66. Zhang, Y. P., Ryder, O. A. Mitochondrial DNA sequence evolution in the Arctoidea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1993, 90: 9557-9561.
67． 李明、王小明、盛和林、玉手英利、增田隆一、永田纯子、大泰司纪之．马鹿四个亚种的起源和遗传分化研究．动物学研究．1998，19(3)：177-183．
68. Tamate, H. B., Mamuro, R., Izawa, M., Shiroma, T, Doi, T Genetic differentiation among subspecies of the Sika deer (Cervus nippon), with special reference to the phylogeny of C. n. Keramae in the Kerama Island Grouop. Tropics. 2000, 10(1): 73-78.
69. Nagata, J., Masuda, R., Tamate, H. B., Hamasaki, S., Ochiai, K., Asada, M., Tatsuzawa, S., Suda, K., Tado. H., Yoshida, M. C. Two genetically distinct lineages of the Sika deer, Cervus nippon, in Japanese Islands: Comparison of mitochondrial D-loop region sequences. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 1999, 13(3): 511-519.
70. Bickham, J. W., Patton, J. C., Loughlin, T. R. High variability for control-region sequences in a marine mammal: implications for conservation and maternal phylogeny of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of Mammalogy. 1996.77: 95-108.
71. Bickham, J. W., Loughlin, T. R., Wickliffe, J. K.. Burkanov. V. N. Geographic varition in the mitochondrial DNA of Steller sea lions: Haplotype diversity and endemism in the Kuril Islands. Biosphere Conservation. 1998, 1(2): 107-177.
72． 向余劲攻、杨岚、张亚平．白腹锦鸡和红腹锦鸡的遗传分化．遗传．2000．22(4)：225-228．
73. Ohdachi, S. Correction for the misidentilication of a shrew in Sakhalin by Abe et al. (1997), by analysis of the full nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Biosphere Conservation. 1998. 1(2): 161-163.
74. Bogenhagen, D., Clayton. D. A. The number of mitochondrial deoxyribonueleic acid genomes in mouse L and HeLa cells: quantitative isolation of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1980, (249): 7991.
75. Robin. E. D., Wong, R. Mitochondrial DNA molccules and virtual number of mitochondria per cell in mammalian cells. Journal of Cell Physiology. 1988. (136): 507.
76. Michaels, G. S., Hauswirth, W. W., Laipis, P. J. Mitochondrial DNA copy number in bovine oocytes and somatic cells. Developmental Biology. 1982. (94): 286.
77. Promega Corperation. Protocols and applications guide (3~(?) edition). 1996, 195-196.
78． 邹喻苹．RAPD分子标记简介．生物多样性．1995．3(2)：104-108
79． 阎文昭、蔡平钟、宣朴．RAPD技术在生物学研究中的应用．世界科技研究与发展．1999，21(2)：82-85．
80． 韩雅莉．生物遗传多样性和系统学研究中的RAPD技术．内蒙古农牧学院学报．1999．20(2)：1-4．
81． 张丕燕、谢庄、刘红林、陈杰．RAPD技术及其在动物遗传育种中的应用．生物工程进展．2000，20(4)：52-54，51．
82． 刘雄伦、李栒．RAPD技术在植物育种上的应用．生物工程进展． 2000，20(5)：21-24．
83. Tamate, H. B., Shibata, K., Tsuchiya, T.. Ohtaishi, N. Assessment of genetic variations within population of Sika deer in Japan by analysis of Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Zoological Science. 1995. (12): 669-673.
84． 孙易、宋文芹、钟贻诚、张闰生、陈瑞阳．用RAPD和AFLP的方法对中国卤虫(Artemia)种及亲缘关系的研究．遗传学报．2000，27(3)：210-218．
85． 陈自明、陈毅峰．用RAPD技术对特等级裂腹鱼类亲缘关系的探讨．动物学研究．2000，21(4)：262-268．
86． 吴开平、吴丰春、魏泓、王爱德、甘世祥、曾养志．五种品系猪亲缘关系的RAPD分析．遗传．2000，22(4)：217-220．
87． 刘春林、官春云、李栒、阮颖、廖晓兰、熊兴华、周小云、王国槐、陈社员．油菜分子标记图谱构建及抗菌核病性状的QTL定位．遗传学报．2000，27(10)：918-924．
88． 许勇、张海英、康国斌、王永健、陈杭．西瓜抗枯萎病育种分子标记辅助选择的研究．遗传学报．2000，27(2)：151-157．
89． 张新叶、尹佟明、诸葛强、黄敏仁、朱立煌、翟文学、邬荣颂、王明庥．利用RAPD标记构件美洲黑杨×欧美杨分子标记连锁图谱．遗传．2000，22(4)：209-213．
90． RAPD的可重复性
91． 傅俊江、李麓芸、徐湘、王智、唐果、尹长民、卢光琇．一种提高RAPD技术扩增效率的有效方法．遗传．2000，22(4)：251-251．
92． 刘金元、陶文静、刘大钧、陈佩度．与小麦白粉病抗性基因Pm2紧密连锁RAPD标记的筛选研究．遗传学报．2000，27(2)：139-145．
93． 许占友、张爱民、张树榛、贾继增、黎裕．快速克隆RAPD片段方法的研究．生物技术．2000，10(5)：34-38．
94． 姜运良．卫星、小卫星和微卫星DNA——真核生物基因组的串状重复序列．生命的化学．1998，18(3)：29-31．
95. Hamada, H., Petrino, M., Kakunaga, T. A novel repeated element with Z-DNA-forming potential is widely found in evolutionarily diverse eukaryotic genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 1982, (79): 646-649.
96. Tauz, D., Renz, M. Simple sequences are ubiquitous repetitive components of eukaryote genomes. Nucleic Acids Research. 1984, (12): 4127-4138.
97. Tauz, D., Trick, M., Dover, G. Cryptic simplicity in DNA is a major source of genetic variation. Nature. 1986, (322): 652-656.
98． 何平．真核生物中的微卫星及其应用．遗传．1998，20(4)：42-47．
99． 邱芳、伏建民、金德敏、王斌．遗传多样性的分子检测．生物多样性．1998，6(2)：143-150．
100． 王永信、柯杨．微卫星DNA与肿瘤．中华肿瘤杂志．1997，19(6)：472-473．
101． 赵振铭、褚嘉佑、郭仁．微卫星DNA及其在医学遗传学研究中的应用．中华医学遗传学杂志．1997，14(1)：40-43．
102． 吴登俊、马丁·费尔斯特．家畜基因组遗传多态标记——微卫星标记研究进展(上)．国外畜牧科技．1999，26(1)：33-40．
103. Bruford, M. W., Wayne, R. K. Microsatellites and their application to population genetic studies. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development. 1993, (3): 939-943.
104. Tauz, D. Hypervariability of simple sequences as a general source for polymorphic DNA markers. Nucleic Acid Research. 1989, 17: 6463-6471.
105. Edwards, A. L., Andrew, C., Holly, A. H. DNA typing and genetic mapping with trimeric and
tetrameric landem repeats. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1991, 49(4) : 746-750．
106． 张尚宏、屈良鹄．基因组的进化与内含子中基因的进化．中山大学学报(自然科学版)．1999， 38(1) ：49-53．
107． Weber. J. L., Wong, C. Mutation of humans short tandem repeats. Human Molecular Genetics. 1993, 2: 1123-1128．
108． 朱新产、张涌、廖祥儒. PCR技术战略.生物技术通报.1998． (3) ：29-33．
109． Roy. R.. Steffens. D. L., Gartside. B., Jang. G. Y.. Brumbaugh. J. A. Producing STR locus patterns from bloodstains and other forensic samples using infrared tluorescent automated DNA sequencer. Journal of Forensic Science. JFSCA. 1996． 41(3) : 418-424．
110． Zhang, D. X., Hewitt, G. Field collection: Animals. In Molecular Tools for Screening Biodiversity. Edited by A. Karp. P. G. Isaac and D. S. Ingram. Chapman & Hall. London. 1998． 46-48．
111． Miscicka-Sliwka. D.. Wozniak, M.. Grzybowski. T. A multiplex PCR svstem useful for both manual and automated analysis of microsatellite polymorphisms. Proeeedings from the Ist European Symposium on Human Identification. 1996． Promega Corporation. 1997, 63-69．
112． Lins. A. M., Sprecher. C.. J., Micka, K. A.. Rabbach. D.. Bacher. J. W.. Schumm, J. W. High throughput multiplex STR svstem without instrumentation. Proceedings from the 7th International Symposium on Human Identification. 1996． Promega Corporation. 1997, 53-66．
113． Schumm. J. W., Lins. A. M., Micka. K. A.. Sprecher. C.. J.. Rabbach. D.. R.. Bacher, J. W. Automated fluorescent detection of STR multiplexes-development of the GenePrintTM PowerPlexTM and FFFL Multiplexes for forensic and paternity applications. Proceedings from the 7th International Svmposium on Human Identifieation. 1996． Promega Corporation. 1997, 70-88．
114． Post. S., Lee, S., Moretti, T.. Robertson, J.. Budoule. B. Comparison of fluorescent detection of the GenePrint?PowerPlex?STR svstem by optical scanners and DNA sequencers. Proceedings from the 7th International Symposium on Human Identification. 1996． Promega Corporation. 1997, 107-115．
115． Ketchum, M. S., Morton, T. A. Use of fluorescently labeled dinueleotide repeats in a 10-multiplex, single lane analysis for post-mortem identification and parentage verification in the Equine species. Proceedings from the 7th International Svmposium on Human Identification, 1996． Promega Corporation. 1997． 168．
116． Hammond. R. L.. Saccheri. 1． J., Ciofi. C.. Coote. T. Funk. S. M.. McMillan. W. O., Bayes, M. K., Talor, E., Bruford. M. Isolation of microsatellite markers in Animals. In Molecular Tools for Screening Biodiversity. Edited by A. Karp. P. G. Isaac and D. S. Ingram. Chapman & Hall, London. 1998． 279-285．
117． Olsaker. L. Solina_Toldo. S., Fries. R. A highly polymorphic bovine dinucleotide repeat D19S4 (IOBT34) at chromosome 19q21． Animal Genetics. 1996． 27: 58．
118． Olsaker, L. Chowdhary B. R, Guerin. G. A highly polymorphic bovine dinucleotide repeat D3S40
(IOBT 250) derived from a chimeric cosmid clone. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27: 59．
119． Kuhn, Ch., Weikard, R., Goldammer, T., Olsaker, I. FBN3 (D6S24) : a bovine microsatellite derived from cosmid cIOBT475 at chromosome 6q12-14． Animal Genetics. 1996, 27: 61．
120． Kossarek, L: M., Finlay, O., Grosse, W. M., Su, X., McGraw, R. A. Seven bovine dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms: RM042, RM128, RM134, RM154, RM162, RM181, RM509． Animal Genetics. 1996, 27: 61-63．
121． McCracken, J. Y., Molenaar, A. J., Snell, R. J., Davey, H. W., Wilkins, R. J. A polymorphic TC repeat resent within the bovine STAT5A gene. Animal Genetics. 1997, 28: 459．
122． Hirano, T., Nakane, S., Mizoshita, K., Yamakuchi, H., Inoue-Murayama, M., Watanabe, T., Barendse, W., Sugimoto, Y. Characterization of 42 highly polymorphic bovine microsatellite markers. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 365-368．
123． Ma, R. Z., Russ, L, Park, C., Heyen, D. W., Beever, J. E., Green, C. A., Lewin, H., Isolation and Characterization of 45 polymorphic microsatellites from the bovine genome. Animal genetics. 1996． 27: 43-27．
124． Schmidt, R, Luhn, Ch., Pitra, Ch. Mononucleotide repeat polumorphism within intron l of the bovine interferon-γ gene. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 211-212．
125． Buitkamp, J., Obexer-Ruff, G., Kessler, M., Epplen, J. T. A microsatellite (BOBT24) located between the bovine IL4 and IL13 loci is polymorphic in cattle and goat. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 212-213．
126． Stone, R. T., Kappes, S, M. , Beattie, C. W., Five polymorphic trinucleotide (CCA) bovine microsatellites. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 216．
127． Sun, H. S., Doud, L., Eggen, A., Bishop, M. D., Barense, W. UW52 and UW53: polymorphic bovine microsatellites. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 219．
128． Jorgensen, C. B., Konfortov, B. A., Miller, J.R. A polymorphic microsatellite locus (AFZI) derived from a bovine brain cortex cDNA library. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 220．
129． Konfortv, B. A., Jorgensen, C. B., Barense, W., Miller, J.R. Five bovine polymorphic microsatellite markers (AF1-AF5) . Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 220-221．
130． Nijman, I. J., Lensetra, J. A., Schwerin, M., Olsaker, I. Polymorphisms and physical locations of three bovine microsatellite loci: IOBT395, IOBT528, IOBT1401． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 221-222．
131． Byrne, K., Barendse, W., Moore, S. S. Dinucleotide polymorphism at the bovine potassium voltage gated channel locus (KCNA14) . Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 437．
132． Wilson, G. A., Strobeck, C. The isolation and Characterization of microsatellite loci in bison, and their usefulness in other artiodactyls. Animal genetics. 1999, 30: 226-227．
133． Burns, A. M., Taylor, J. F., Herring, K. L., Herring A. D., Holder, W. T., Collins, J. S., Guerra, T. M., Sanders, J. O., Davis, S. K. Bovine microsatellite dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at the
TEXAN11． TEXAN12, TEXAN13． TEXAN14 aud TEXAN15 loci. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 201-202．
134． Shalom, A.. M., O.. Mosig, Barense, W.. Soller. M. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at the bovine HUJ673, HUJ121, HUJ174． HUJ225． HUJ113 and HUJ129 loci. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 202-203．
135． Gao. Q.. Barendse. W., Womack, .J. E. TXQG1: a polymorphic microsatellite on bovine chromosome 10． Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 203．
136． Burns. B. M., Taylor. J. F.. Herring, K. L.. Herring. A. D. Bovine microsatellite dinucleotide repeat polvmorphisms at the TEXAN16． TEXAN17, TEXAN18． TEXAN19 and TEXAN20 loci. Animal genetics. 1995． 26:208-209．
137． Vel mala. R.. Vaiman. D.. Virta. A.. Mereier. D., Leveziel. II. Polymorphic bovine microsatellites INRAMtt178． INRAMTT178 and INRAMTT178． Animal genetics. 1995． 26: 209-210．
138． Jorgensen. C. B.. Olsaker. I., Thomson. P. D. A polymorphic bovine dinucleotide repeat D12S25 (IOBT323) at chromosome 12q24． Animal genetics. 1995． 26: 447．
139． Inoue. M.. Hirano. T.. Nakane, S.. Watanabe. T.. Takeda. H.. Yamakuchi, H., Morita, M., Barendse, W., Sugimoto. Y. Five bovine polvmorphic dinucleotide microsaiellite loci (DIK008, DIK010, DIK015, DIK016, and DIK020) . Animal genetics. 1995． 26: 447-448．
140． Watanabe. T, Hirano. T., Nakane. S., Inoue. M.. Takeda. H.. Mizoshita, K.. Xinmin, L.. Barendse, W.. Sugimoto. Y. Five bovine polvmorphic dinucleotide microsaiellite loci (DIK021, DIK023, DIK024, DIK026, and DIK028) . Animal genetics. 1995． 26: 448-449．
141． Senese. C.. Motavalian. M.. Urciuoli. M. Gregorio. P. Di. Two bovine polymorphic microsatellite loci (PZ251 and PZB2F). Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 318．
142． Hanotte. O., Okaomo. M.. Verjee. Y.. Rcge. E... Teale. A. A polymorphic Y chromosome microsatellite locus in cattle. Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 318-319．
143． Vage. D. 1． . Olsaker. 1． . Lien. S.. Arnet. E F.. Lie. O. Three bovine dinucleotide repeat polvmorphisms (D5S46． D15S25． D26S19) . Animal genelics. 1995． 26: 279．
144． Redaelli. L... Zhang. Y.. Castiglioni. B.. Mezzelani. A.. Comincini. S.. Guerin, G., Ferretti, L. Characterization and mapping of three bovine polvmorphic microsatellite loci. Animal genetics. 1996． 27: 122-123．
145． Weikard, R., Henke, M., Kuhn, Ch.. Barendse. W., Seyfert. H-M. A polymorphic mirosatellite within the immunorelevatn bovine lysozyme-encoding gene. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 125．
146． Anastassiadis. C., Leyhe, B.. Olsaker. I., Friedl. R.. Roumann. O.. Hiendleder, S., Erhardt, G. Three polvmorphic microsatellite for bovine chromosome 7． 12 and 19． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 125-126．
147． Williams. J. I.. Morgan. A. L. G.. Guerin. G.. Urquhart. B. G. D. Ten new cosmid-derived bovine microsatellite markers. Animal genetics. 1996． 27: 380．
148． Williams, J. L, Urquhart, B. G. D., Barendse, W., Ferretti, L. Genetic mapping of 26 cosmid-derived bovine microsatellite markers. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 380-381．
149． Martin-Burriel, L, Chowdhary, B. R, Prakash, B., Zaragoza, R, Olsaker, I. A polymorphic bovine dinucleotide repeat DXYS4 (IOZARA 1489) at the pseudo-autosomal region of the sex chromosomes. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 287．
150． Martin-Burriel, L, Chowdhary, B. P., Prakash, B., Zaragoza, P., Olsaker, I. A polymorphic bovine dinucleotide repeat D17S29 (IOZARA 975) at the chromosome 17q26． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 287．
151． Zhang, Y., Redaelli, L., Castiglion, B., Mezzelani, A., Ferretti, L. Five polymorphic bovine microsatellite loci: IDVGA-62A, IDVGA-71, IDVGA-82, IDVGA-88, IDVGA-90． Animal genetics. 1996, 26: 365-366．
152． Band, M., Ron, M. Creation of a SINE enriched library for the isoaltion of polymorphic (AGC)n microsatellite markers in the bovine genome. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 243-248．
153． Motavalian, M., Senese, C., Uriuoli, M., Gregorio, P. Di., Rando, A., Masina, P. PZ271: a ,icorsatellite showing polymorphism in catlle. Animal genetics. 1998, 29: 241-242．
154． Larsen, N. J., Eggen, A., Byla, B., Doud, L., Bishop, M. D., Kirkpatrick, B. W. UW68, a polymorphic bovine microsatellite on chromosome 17． Animal genetics. 1998, 29: 243．
155． Konfortov, B. A., Miller, J. R. Three new microsatellite markers on bovine chromosome 17． Animal genetics. 1998, 29: 463-464．
156． Zhang, Y., Cao, H., Ferretti, L. IDVGA75 (D15S24) a polymorphic microasatellite locus physically mapped to bovine chromosome BTA 15q25． Animal genetics. 1998, 29: 472．
157． Byrne, K., Johnson, S., Barendse, W., Moore, S. S. Five bovine microsatellite markers derived from a bovine cosmid library: CSKB067, CSKB068, CSKB071, CSKB072 and CSKB074． Animal genetics. 1997,28: 157-158．
158． Kappes, S. M., Hawkins, G. A., Bishop, . D., Beattie, C. W. Characterization of eleven bovine microsatellites from cosmid clones. Animal genetics. 1997, 28: 238-239．
159． Band, M., Vaiman, D. V., Cribiu, E. P, Ron, M. Four bovine microsatellites dereived from a sorted chromosome 25 library. Animal genetics. 1997, 28: 239．
160． Olsaker, I., Prakash, B., Guttersrud, O. A., Chowdhary, B. P. A genetic and physical marker for bovine chromosome 27: IOBT 313 (D27S14) . Animal genetics. 1997,28: 240．
161． Olsaker, I., Guttersrud, O. A., Chowdhary, B. P. A highly polymorphic bovien dinucleotide repeat at chrmosomoe 26q22: IOBT 730． Animal genetics. 1997, 28: 242-243．
162． Olsaker, I., Williams, J. L, Chowdhary, B. P., karlsson, L. Physical and genetic mapping of a bovine dinucleotide repeat marker D23S38 (IOBT 1479) to chrmosome 23q24-q25． Animal genetics. 1997, 28: 60-61．
163． Stone, R. T., Kappes, S., Keele, J. W., Beattie, C. W. Characterization of 109 bovine microsatellites.
Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 62-66．
164． McGravv, R. A., Grosse, W. M., Kappes. S. M.. Beattie. C. W.. Stone, R. T. Thirty-four bovine microsatellite markers. Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 66-68．
165． Marquess, F. L. S.. Brenneman. R. A.. Sehmutz. S. M.. Taylor. J. R, Davis, S. K. A highly polymorphic bovine dinucleotide repeat SODIMICRO2． Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 70．
166． Zanotti. M.. Del Bo. L.. Longri. M.. Polli. M.. Ceriotti. G.. Kemp, S. .J. Two polymorphic microsatellite markers in sheep. Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 68-69．
167． Drinkwater. R.. Harrison, B.. Davies. K.. P.. Maddox. J. F. Ovine anonymous dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the CSRD264． CSRD269． CSRD270． CSRD287． CSRD2108． CSRD2138 and CSRD2164 loci. Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 70-71．
168． Hulme. D. J., Smith. A. J.. Silk. J. P.. Redwin. .J. M.. Beh. K. .J. Polymorphic sheep microsatellites at the McM2． McM131． McM135, McM136． McM140． McM200, McM214, McM373, McM505, McM507 and McM512 loci. Animal genetics. 1995． 26: 369-370．
169． Davies K.. P.. Maddox. .J. F.. Matthews, J. F.. Huhue. D. .J. Ovine dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the McM15． McM152． McM159, McM164 and McM210 loci. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 371．
170． Davies K. P.. Maddox. J. F.. Harrison. B.. Drinkwater. R. Ovine dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the CSRD226, and CSRD232 loci. Animal genelics. 1995． 26: 372．
171． Davies K. P.. Maddox J. F.. Harrison. B.. Drinkwater. R. Ovine dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at seven anonymous loci. Animal genelics. 1996． 27: 287-288．
172． Smith. A. J.. Hulme. D. .J.. Silk. J. P. Reduin. J. M.. Beh. K. J. Thirteen polymorphic ovine microsatellites. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 277-278．
173． Groth. D. M., Wetherall. J. D. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism adjacent to sheep complement factor B. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 282-283．
174． Hawken. R. J.. Maddo.v J. F. An ovine dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the RJHI locus. Animal genetics. 1996． 27: 219-220．
175． Lumsden. J. M.. Lord. E. A.. Momgomen. G. W.. Characterization and linkage mapping of ten sheep microsatellite markers derived from a sheep × hamster cell hybrid. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 203-206．
176． Davies. K. P., Maddox. J. F. Genetic linkage mapping of three anonymous ovine EST microsatellites: KD101． KD103 and KD721． Animal genelics. 1997． 28: 455-456．
177． Phua. S. H.. Stijn. T. Van. Broom. M. F. OarSHP1 and OarSHP2: two ovine microsatellite markers and thcir chromosomal assigmnenis. Animal genelics. 1997． 28: 456-457．
178． Pitel. E., Lantier, I.. Gellin, J.. Elsen. J-M.. Lantier. F. Two polymorphic microsatellite markers close to the ovine NRAMP gene. Animal genetics. 1996． 27: 60-61．
179． Jimenez-Gamero, 1． , Vega-Pla, J. L.. Angulo-Heras, C.. Alonso-Moraga, A.. Dorado, G. Four new polymorphic caprine microsatellites: ChirUCO2, ChirUCO3, ChirUCO4 and ChirUCO5． Animal
genetics. 1998, 29: 238-239．
180． Koji, J., Yeh, C. C., Bhebhe, E., Burns, B. M., Ruvuna, F, Davis, S. K., Taylor, J. F., Caprine microsatellite dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at the SR-CRSP-11, SR-CRSP-12． SR-CRSP-13, SR-CRSP-14 and SR-CRSP-15 loci. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 449．
181． Alexander, L. J., Rohrer, G. A., Beattie, C. W. Clonning and characterization of 414 polymorphic porcine microsatellites. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 137-148．
182． Petiot, A., Anderson Dear, D. V. Two new polymorphic porcine microsatellites, S0533 and S0534． Animal genetics. 1997, 28: 458．
183． Peelman, L. J., Weghe, A. Van de, Coppieters, W., Zeveren, A. Van, Bouquet, Y. Two microsatellites on pig chromosome 7． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 439．
184． Jorgensen, C. B., Hoyheim, B., Thomsen, P. D. A polymorphic porcine dinucleotide repeat S0532 (BHT487) at chromosome 13q48． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 439．
185． Jorgensen, C. B., Hoyheim, B., Thomsen, P. D. A polymorphic porcine dinucleotide repeat S0531 (BHT10) at chromosome Iq22． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 439-440．
186． Brown, I. F, Archibald, A. L. Two porcine polymorphic microsatellite loci (S0033 and S0035) . Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 277．
187． Rettenberger, G. R., Bruch, J., Beattie, C. W., Moran, C., Fries, R., Hameister, H. Chromosomal assignment of seventeen porcine microsatellites and genes by use of a sometic cell hybrid mapping panei. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 269-273．
188． Zhang, W., Brown, S. C., Moran, C. Alanyl aminopeptidase N (ANPEP) microsatellite: now a framework marker on porcine chromosome 7 map. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 378-379．
189． Microsatellite mapping of the brain natriuretic peptide (BNP1) locus to porcine chromosome 6． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 289．
190． Looft, C., Nagel, M., Chardon, P., Nunes, M., Vaiman, M. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the porcine TNFA locus. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 366-367．
191． Pfeiffer, L, Brenig, B. A highly polymorphic microsatellite within intron 5 of porcine 54/56 kDa vacuolar H(+) ATPase subunit gene (V-ATPase). Animal genetics. 1998, 29: 464-465．
192． Duscher, S., Pfeiffer, L, Kleeb, T., Brenig, B. Characterization and mapping of a highly polymorphic microsatellite within the porcineskeletal muscle triadin gene. Animal genetics. 1998, 29: 76．
193． DeWoody, J. A., Honeycutt, R. L., Skow, L. C. Microsatellite karkers in white-tailed deer. The Journal of Heredity. 1995, 86(4) : 317-319．
194． Engel, S. R., Linn, R. A., Taylor, J. E., Davis, S. K. Conservation of microsatellite loci across species of Artiodactyls: implications for population studies. Journal of Mammalogy. 1996, 77(2) : 504-518．
195． Slate, J., Coltman, D. W., Goodman, S. J., MacLean, L, Pemberton, J. M., Williams, J. L. Bovine microsatellite loci are highly conserved in red deer (Cervus elaphus), sika deer (Cervus nippon) and
soay sheep (Ovis aries). Animal Gerieties. 1998． 29: 307-315．
196． Kuhn, R., Anastassiadis, C., Pirchner. F. Transfer of bovine microsatellites to the cervine (Cervus elaphus). Animal Genetics. 1996,27: 199-201．
197． Talbol. J., Haigh, J.. Plante. Y. A parentage evaluation tost in North American elk (wapiti) using microsatellites of ovine and bovine origin. Animal Geneties. 1996． 27: 117-119．
198． Roed. K. H. Microsatellite variation in Seandiaavian eervidae using primers derived from bovidae. Hereditas. 1998． 129: 19-25．
199． Okada. A. Tamate. H. B. Pedigree analysis of the sika deer (eervus noppon) using microsatellite karkers. Zoological Science. 2000． 17: 335-340．
200． Monnens. G.. Van Zeveren, A,. Peelman. L. .J. Effectiveness of bovine microsatellites in resolving paternity cases in American bison. Bison bison L. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 12-18．
201． Holmes. N. G.. Diekens. H. E.. Parker. H. L.. Binns. M. M.m Mellersh. C. S., Sampson, J. Eighteen eanine microsatellites. Animal Genetics. 1995． 26: 132-133．
202． Dolf. G.. Schlapfer, .J.. Schelling, C.. Jorg. H.. Ladon. D.. Swionski. M. Assignment of the eanine microsatellite CanBern6 to the eanine chromosome group 22 to 38． Animal Genetics. 1997, 28: 453-454．
203． Shibuya. H.. Collins. B.K.. Collier. L. L... Huang. T. H-M.. Nonneman, D., Johnson, G. S. A polymorphie (GAAA)n mierosateilite in a eanine Wilms tumer 1 (WT1) gene intron. Animal Genetics. 1996． 27: 59-60．
204． Liu. P-C., Chen. Y-W.. Shibuva. H.. Latz. M. L.. Lubahn. D. B.. Johnson. G. S. A polymorphic (GA)n microsatellite in an intron of the eanine endothelin-B reeeptor gene. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 236．
205． Chen. Y-W.. Liu. P-C.. Shibuva. H.. O'Bnen. D. P.. Lubahn. D. B.. Johnson. G. S. Length polymorphism in a CAG-rieh coding region of the eanine dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) gene. Animal Genelies. 1998． 29: 241．
206． Thomas. R.. Holmes. N. G.. Fischer. P.E.. Diehens. H.E.. Breen. M.. Sampson, J., Binns, M. M. Eight eanine microsatellites. Animal Genelies. 1997． 28: 155-156．
207． Dolf. G., Schlapfer. J.. Parfitt. C., Schelling. C.. Zajac. M.. Switonski. M., Ladon, D. Assignment of the eanine microsatellite CanBernl to eanine chromosome 13q21． Animal Genetics. 1997, 28: 156-157．
208． Ladon. D., Schelling, C., Dolf, G.. Switonski. M.. Schlapfer, J. The highly polymorphic eanine microsatellite ZuBeCa6 is localized on eanine chromosome 5q12-q13． Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 466-467．
209． Kuhn. S., Shibuya. H., Nonneman. D.. Liu. P-C.. Iluang. T. H-M.. Johnson, G. S. A polymorphic (TG)n microsatellite in an intron of the eanine tyrosine transaminase gene. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29:322．
210． Liu, P-C, Chen, Y-W., Shibuya, H., Lubahn, D. B., Johnson, G. S. A length polymorphism in an intron of the canine polycystic kidney disease l gene. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 322-323．
211． Switonski, M., Schelling, C., Dolf, G., Stranzinger, G. Assignment of the canine microsateilite ZuBeCa3 to canine chromosome 9q21-q22． Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 326-327．
212． Liu, P-C., Chen, Y-W., Shibuya, H., Katz, M. L., Lubahn, D. B., Johnson. G. S. Length polymorphism in a CT-rich microsateilite in an intron of the canine tyrosinase-related protein-2 gene. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 327．
213． Guo, Q., Shibuya, H., Nonneman, D., Liu, P-C., Huang, T. H-M, Johnson. G. S. A polymorphic (CA)n microsateilite in the canine lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase gene. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 328-329．
214． Schlapfer, J., Switonski, M., Schelling, C.. Stranzinger, G.. Gailard, C., Dolf, G. The highly polymorphic canine microsateilite ZuBeCa2 is localized on canine chromosome 1q210-q211． Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 329-330．
215． Shibuya, H., Cassells, M. W., Huang, T. H-M., Johnson. G. S. A polymorphic (TG)n microsateilite in an intron of the canine angiotension I converting enzyme gene. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 66-67．
216． Menotti-Raymond, M., David, V. A., Lyons. L. A.. Schaffer, A. A., Tomlin. J. F., Hutton. M. K., O'Brien, S. J. A genetic linage map of microsatellites in the domestic cat (Felis catus). Genomics. 1999,57:9-23．
217． Brusgaard, K., Malchenko, S. N., Christensen. K.. Lohi. O., Kruse. T. A polymorphic mink (Mustela vison) dinucleotide repeat. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 467．
218． Brusgaard, K., Holm, L-E., Lohi, O. Two polymorphic mink (Mustela vison) dinucleotide repeat loci. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 468-469．
219． Zhang, Y., Ryder, O. A., Zhao, Q., Fan, Z.. He, G.. Zhang, A., Zhang, H.. He. T., Chen, Y. Non-invasive giant panda paternity exclusion. Zoo Biology. 1994, 13: 569-573．
220． Duffy, A. J., Landa, A., O'ConnelI, M., Stratton, C.. Wright, J. M. Four polymorphic microsatellites in wolverine, Gulo gulo. Animal Genetics. 1998． 29: 63．
221． Menotti-Raymond, M., O'Brien, S.J. Evolutionary conservation of ten microsateilite loci in four species of felidae. The Journal of Heredity. 1995, 86(4) : 319-322．
222． Ruyter-Spira, C. P., Crooijmmans, R. P. M. A., Dijikhof, R. J. M., Oers, P. A. M. Van, Strijk, J. A., Poel, J. J. van der., Groenen, M. A. M. Development and mapping of polymorphic microsateilite markers derived from a chicken brain cDNA library. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27: 229-234．
223． Gibbes, M., Dawson, D., McCamley, C., Burke. T. Ten novel chicken dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms. Animal Genetics. 1995, 26: 443-444．
224． Crooijmmans, R. P. M. A., Dijikhof, R. J. M., Poel, J. J. van der., Groenen, M. A. M. New microsateilite markers in chicken optimized for automated fluorescent genotyping. Animal Genetics. 1997,28:427-437．
225． Gibbes, M.. Dawson. D., McCamley. C. Wardle. A. F.. Armour. J. A. L., Burke, T. Chicken microsatellite markers isolated from libraries enriched for simple tandem repeats. Animal Genetics. 1997． 28:401-417．
226． Anotte. O., Pugh. A..Maucher. C.. Dawson. D.. Burke. T. Nine novel chicken microsatellite loci and their utility in other Galliformes. Animal Geneties. 1997． 28: 311-313．
227． Toye. A. A. Bumstead. N., Moran. C. Chicken solute carrier family 4 anion exhchenger member 1 (SLC4A1) : microsatellite polymorphism and mapping. Animal Genetics. 1997． 28: 316-317．
228． Dufour, E., Morisson, M., Berge, R.. Vignal. A. Seven mapped polymorphic chicken microsatellite markers. Animal Genetics. 1997, 28: 59-60．
229． Liu. Z.. Crooijmans. R. P. M. A.. Pocl. .J. .J. van der. Groenen, M. A. M. Use of chicken microsatellite markers in turkey: a pessimistie view. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27: 191-193．
230． Levin. I., Cheng. H. H.. Baxter-Jones. C., lliilel. J. Turkey microsatellite DNA loci amplified by chicken-speeific primers. Animal Genetics.1995． 26: 107-110．
231． Cathey, J. C.. Smith, L. M., Backer. R. J.. DeWoody .J A. Trinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the alpha-enolase/tau-erystallin locus in ducks. Animal Geneties. 1996． 27: 130-131．
232． Buchholz. W. G.. Pearee. J. M. . Pierson. B. .J.. Sehribner. K.. T. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms in waterfowl (family Anaiidae): charaeterization ola sex-linked (Z-specitic) and 14 autosomal loci. Animal Genetics. 1998． 29: 323-325．
233． Dallimer, M. Cross-species amplillcation success of avian mierosatellites in the redbilled quelea (Ouelea quelea). Molecular Ecology. 1999． (8) : 695-698．
234． 施立明、贾旭、胡志昂．遗传多样性[A].见：陈灵芝主编.中国的生物多样性--现状于保护 对策[C].北京．科学出版社.1993． 117．
235． Nei. M. Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. USA. 1973． 70: 3321-3323．
236． Kremer. A.. Petit R. J.. Pons. O. Measures of polymorphism within and among populations. In: Molecular Tools for Screening Biodiversity. Edited by Anela Karp, Peter G. Isaac and David S. Ingram. Chapman & Hall. 1998, 301-311．
237． Eldridge, M. D. B. King. .J. M.. Loupis. A. K.. Speueer, P.B. S. Yalor. A. C., Pope. L. C., Hall, G. P. Unprecedented low levels of genetic variation and inbreeding depression in an island population of the black-footed rock-wallaby. Conservation Biology. 1999． 13(3) : 531-541．
238． Madsen, T., Stille. B.. Shine, R. Inbreeding depression in an isolated population of adders Vipera berus. Biological Conservation. 1996． 75: 113-118．
239． Newman, D., Pilson. D. Increased probability of extinetion due to decreased genetic effective population size: experimental populations of (larkia pulchella. Evolution. 1997． 51: 354-362．
240． Pope. I. C.. Sharp. A.. Moritz. C. Population structure of the yellow-footed roek-wallaby Petrogale xanthopus (Gray, 1854) inferred from mtDNA sequences and microsatellite loci. Molecular Ecology.
1996，5：629-640．
241．吴仲贤．群体遗传学．见：遗传学．李汝祺主编．北京．中国大百科全书出版社．1984．138-142．
242．大羽 滋．群体遗传．赵敏等译．北京．科学出版社．1983，1-68．
243．吕宝忠．遗传分化与遗传距离．见：江三多、吕宝忠等主编．医学遗传数理统计方法．北京．科学出版社．1998，315-328．
244. Oyler-McCance, S. J., Kahn, N. W., Burnham, K. P., Braun, C. E., Quinn, T. W. A population genetic comparison of large- and small- bodied sage grouse in Colorado using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers. Molecular Ecology. 1999, 8: 1457-1465.
245. Rossiter, S. J. Jones, G., Ransome, R. D., Barratt, E. M. Genetic variation and population structure in the endangered greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Molecular Ecology. 2000, 9:1131-1135.
246．郭平仲编著．群体遗传学导论．北京．农业出版社．1993，333-373．
247. Broders, H. G., Mahoney, S.P, Montevecchi, W. A., Davidson, W. S. Population genetic structure and the effect of founder events on the genetic variability of moose, Alces alces, in Canada. Molecular Ecology. 1999, 8: 1309-1315.
248. Gerber, S., Mariette, S., Streiff, R., Bodenes, C., Kremer, A. Comparison of microsatellites and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers for parentage analysis. Molecular Ecology. 2000, 9: 1037-1048.
249．杨庆恩主编．DNA在法庭科学中的应用．北京．中国人民公安大学出版社．1994．165-227．
250. Zhang, Y, Ryder, O. A., Zhao, Q., Fan, Z., He, G., Zhang, A., Zhang, H., He, T., Chen, Y. Non-invasive giant panda paternity exclusion. Zoo Biology. 1994, 13: 569-573.
251. McCrachen, G. F., Burghardt, G. M., Houts, S. E. Microsatellite markers and multiple paternity in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis. Molecular Ecology. 1999, 8: 1475-1479.
252. Valenzuela, N. Multiple paternity in side-neck turtles Podocnemis expansa evidence from microsatellite DNA data. Molecular Ecology. 2000, 9: 99-105.
253. Glowatzki, M-L., Gaillard, C., Wigger, C., Fries, R. Microsatellite-based parentage control in cattle. Animal Genetics. 1995, 26: 7-12.
254. Usha, A. P., Simpson, S. P., Williams, J. L. Probability of random sire exclusion using microsatellite markers for parentage verification. Animal Genetics. 1995, 26: 155-161.
255. Heyen, D. W., Beever, J. E., Da, Y., Green, C., Bates, S. R. E., Ziegle, J. S., Lewin, H. A. Exclusion probabilities of 22 bovine microsatellite markers in fluorescent mutiplexes for semiautomated parentage testing. Animal Genetics. 1997, 28: 21-27.
256. Mommens, G., Van Zeveren, A., Peelman, L. J. Effectiveness of bovine microsatellites in resolving paternity cases in American bison, Bison bison L.. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 12-18.
257. Bowling, A. T., Eggleston, M. L., Byrns, G., Clark, R. S., Dileanis, S. D., Wictum, E. Validation of microsallite markers for routine horse parentage testing. Animal Genetics. 1997, 28: 247-252.
258. Mukoyama, M,, Tozaki, T., Mashima, S.. Hirota, K.. Mukoyama, H. Equine parentage testing by microsatellite locus at chromosome 1q2. 1. Animal Genetics. 1995, 26: 123-124.
259. Fredholm, M., Wintero, A. K. Efficient resolution of parentage in dogs by amplification of micorsatellites. Animal Genetics. 1996.27:19-23.
260. Taylor, A. C., Coean, P. E., Fricke, B. L., Cooper, D. W. Genetic analysis of the mating system of the common brushtail possum(Trichosurus vulpecula)in New Zealand farmland. Molecular Ecology. 2000. 9: 869-879.
261. Worthington Wilmer J., Overall, A. J.. Pomeroy. P. P., Twiss. S. D.. Amos, W. Pattern of paternal relatedness in British grey seal colonies. Molecular Ecology. 2000, 9: 283-292.
262. Worthington Wilmer, J., Allen. P. J.. Pomeroy. P. P. Twiss. S. D., Amos. W. Where have all fathers gone? An extensive microsatel;lite analysis of paternity in the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Molecular Ecology. 1999, 8: 1417-1429.
263. Talbot, J., Haigh, J., Plante, Y. A parentage evaluation test in North American elk (wapiti) using microsatellite of ovine and bovine origin. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27:117-119.
264. Okada. A., Tamate, H. B., Pedigree analysis of the sika deer (Cervus nippon) using microsatellite markers. Zoological Science. 2000, 17: 335-340.
265. O'Teilly, P. T., Herbinger. C.. Wright. J. M. Analysis of parentage determination in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using microsatellites. Animal Genetics 1998.29: 363-370.
266．王丽娟、梁秀龄、刘焯平、沈福民、孟炜、徐评议、潘锡榜、陈彪．应用微卫星DNA单体性检测Wilson病症状前患者及杂合子．中华医学遗传杂志．1998．15(4)：242-245．
267．王柠、吴志英、慕容慎行、余龙．Chinese．Journal of Neurol．1997，30(1)：22．
268．赵振铭、褚嘉佑、郭仁．微卫星DNA及其在医学遗传学研究中的应用．中华医学遗传学杂志．1997．14(1)：40-43．
269．杜玲珍、于立志、王鸿利、储海燕、诸江、王振义．多重聚合酶链反应检测vWF基因内微卫星DNA与vWD患者家系分析．中华血液学杂志．1998．19(3)：118-121．
270．白千帆、朱世乐、陈秀强、廖启洪、王海燕．应用多个微卫星遗传标记对柳州地区10个APKD家系的基因诊断．中华医学遗传学杂志．1998，15(4)：218-220．
271．汪承亚、丁小健、倪黎、盛瑞兰、王兰华、Markowitz．S．外源性微卫星序列转染RER~+细胞株观察肿瘤细胞遗传不稳定性的研究．中华医学遗传学杂志．1998，15(4)：246-249．
272．王永信、柯杨．胃粘膜细胞系GES-1和MC微卫星DNA不稳定性及杂和性缺失研究．解剖学报．1998，29(3)：329-331．
273．朱平、王黎明、符粤文、刘迎、薛海鹏、虞积仁．用微卫星寻找和定位血液系统肿瘤患者丢失的基因．北京医科大学学报．1998，30(4)：298—301．
274．王永信、柯杨．微卫星DNA和肿瘤．中华肿瘤杂志．1997，19(6)：472-473．
275．符粤文、朱平、王文生、刘迎、薛海鹏．白血病染色体易位断裂点区域微卫星的不稳定性和和性丢失．中华医学遗传学杂志．1998，15(5)：271-273．
276．陈国安、孙燕、李申德、刘天菊、杨德昌．肺癌组织中微卫星DNA的改变．中华结核和呼吸杂志．1999，22(3)：166-168．
277．任舒月、杨滨、陈春生、隋承光、陈红、任常山．大肠癌和卵巢癌病人微卫星序列变化研究．中山医科大学学报．1999，28(2)：88-89．
278．张建军、范振斌、高燕宁、程书钧．微卫星分析在中国人膀胱癌诊断中的应用．癌变&畸变&突变．1999，11(6)：308．
279．刘旭．遗传标记和遗传图谱的构建．作物品种资源．1997，(3)：29-32．
280．细胞培养
281．吴登俊、马丁·费尔斯特．家畜基因组遗传多态标记——微卫星标记研究进展(下)．国外畜牧科技．1999，26(2)：37-40．
282. Barendse, W., Vaiman, D., Kemp, S., Sugimoto, Y., Armitage, S., Williams, J. L., Sun, H. S., Eggen, A., Agaba, M., Aleyasin, A., Band, M., Bishop, M. D., Buitkamp, J., Byrne, K., Collins, F., Cooper, L., Coppetiers, W., Denis, B., Drinkwater, R., Eastersay, K., Ennis, S., Erhardt, G.,, Ferretti, L., Gao, Q., Georges, M., Gurung, R., Harlizius, B., Hawlins, G. A., Hetzel, D. J. S., Hirano. T., Hulme, D. J., Jorgensen, C., Kessler, M., Kirkpatrick, B. W., Konfortov, B. A., Kuhn, C. H., Lenstra, J. A., Leveziel, H., Lewin, H. A., Leyhe, B., Li, L., Martin Burriel, I., McGraw, R. A., Miller, R., Moody, D., Moore, S. S., Nakane, S., Nijman, I. J., Olsaker, I., Pomp, D., Rogers, M., Rando, A., Ron, M., Soller, M., Teale, A. J., Thieven, U., Urquhart, B., Vage, D., Van De Weghe, A., Varvio, S., Velmalla, R., Vilkki, J., Weikard, R., Woodside, C., Womack, J. E., Zanotti, M., Zaragoza, P. A genetic linkage map of the bovine genome Ⅱ. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 57-58.
283. Groenen, M. A. M., Veenendaal, A., Crooijmans, R. P. M. A., Strijk, J. A., Dijkhof, R. J. M., Vanhala, T., Van der Poel, J. J. A microsatellite linkage map of the chicken (Gallus domesticus). Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 66.
284. Mariani, P., Crittenden, L. B., Cheng, H. H., Wain, H. M., Vignal, A., Bumstead, N. Current state of the genetic map of the chicken. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 67.
285．顾志良、王志跃．微卫星DNA标记及其在鸡的基因图谱构建中的应用．中国家禽．1997，(6)：27-29．
286. Holmes, N. G., Fischer, P. E., Dickens, H. F., Ryder, E. J., Mee, J. M., Binns, M. M. Canine microsatellites assigned to chromosomes by fluorescence in-situ hybridization. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 70.
287. Bowling, A. T., Millon, L. V., Eggleston-Stott, M. L. Linkage mapping using equine half-sib families. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 73.
288. Graves, K. T., Raney, N., Ennis, R., Coogle, L., Reid, R., Bailey, E., Van De Goor, L., Cothran, E. G., Guerin, G., Skow, L., Breen, M., Bell, K. Equine gene mapping: synteny mapping DNA markers. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 73.
289. Guerin, G., Bertaud. M.. Nocart, M.. Meriaux. J. C. Linkage analysis between genetic markers in the horse. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 73.
290. Schook, L. B., Wilkie. P. J., Flickinger, G. H.. Yonker. S.. Uhde. J., Murtaugh, J., Paszek, A. A. Linkage maps of eight porcine chromosomes composed of microsatellite markers. Animal Genetics. 1996. 27(Suppl. 2): 82.
291. Thieven, U., Solina-Toldo, S., Friedl. R., Masabanda. J.. Fries, R., Barendse, W., Simon, D., Harlizus, B. Isolation of polymorphic microsatellites for the intergration of the bovine genetic and physical map. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 65.
292．石绍业、刘虹、白秀娟主编．野生动物育种学．哈尔滨．黑龙江教育出版社．1994，1-286．
293．段子渊．DNA标记与动物分子育种．黄牛杂志．1999，25(5)：7-11．
294. Corner. A. S., Miller. J. R. Porcine microsatellites isolated from gene dense regions for quantitative trait loci analysis. Animal Genetics. 27(Suppl.): 76-77.
295. Ron, M., Lewin, H., Da, Y., Band. M.. Yanai. A., Blank. Y., Feldmesser, E., Weller, J. I. Prediction of informativeness for microsatellite markers among progeny of sires used for detection of economic trait loci in dairy cattle. Animal Genetics. 1995.26: 439-441.
296．孙少华、师守坤．牛微卫星DNA的特性研究及其在遗传育种中的应用．黄牛杂志．1999，25(3)：1-3．
297．龚炎长、彭中镇、师守坤．中国畜牧杂志．1998．34(6)：51-52．
298. Coulson, T. N., Albon. S. D.. Pemberton, J. M., Slate, J.. Guinness. F. E., Clutton-Brock, T. H. Genotype by environment interactions in winter survival in red deer. Journal of Animal Ecology. 1998, 67: 434-445.
299．成廷水、刘定发．利用遗传标记预测畜禽杂种优势的研究．生物学杂志．1999，3(6)：5-6．
300．李春丽．应用分子标记差异性预测作物杂种优势的研究研究进展．遗传．1997．19(1)：46-48．
301. Moazami-Goudarzi. K.. Laloe, D.. Furet. J. P.. Grosclaude. F. Analysis of genetic relationship between 10 cattle breeds with 17 microsatellites. Animal Geneties. 1997, 28: 338-345.
302. Arranz, J. J., Bayon. Y., San Primitivo. F. Genetic relationship among Spanish sheep using microsatellites. Animal Genetics. 1998.29: 435-440.
303. Loftus, R. T., Ertugrul. O,, Harba, A. H., El-barody, A. A,, MacHugh, D. E., Park, S. D. E., Bradley, D. G. A microsatellite survey of eattle from a centre of origin: the near east. Molecular Ecology. 1999, 8: 2015-2022.
304. Arranz. J. J.. Bayon. Y.. San Primitivo. E. Comparison of protein markers and microsatellites in differentiation of cattle population. Animal Genetics. 1996. 27: 415-419.
305. MacHugh, D. E., Logtus. R. T., Cunningham, P. Bradley, D. G. Genetic structure of seven European cattle breeds assessed using 20 microsatellite markers. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 333-340.
306. Polli, M., Del Bo, L.. Ceriotti, G., Longeri. M, Zanotti, M Genetic distances of seven cattle breeds of Italian Alpine area by microsatellites. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 9.
307. Monnens, G., Van Zeveren, A., Peelman, L. J., Dteteren, G., Wissoco, N. Genetic distances between Bos taurus breeds and a possible phylogenetic tree with a Bison outgroup. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 10.
308. Li, K., Chen, Y., Moran, C., Peng, Z., Fan, B., Gong, Y., Zhao, S., Li, X. Analysis of diversity and genetic relationship between eight indigenous pig breeds in Southern China with 27 microsate41lites recommended by ISAG-FAO. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 13.
309. Bjornstad, G., Roed, K. H., Gunby, E. On genetic variation in Norwegian horse breeds: Phylogenetic analysis support eastern influence of native Norwegian breeds. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 15.
310. Bellone, R. R., Cothran, E. G, Ketchum, M. S., Genetic variation in the rare donkey breed, Baudet du Poitou. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 17.
311．樊斌、李奎、彭中镇、Chen，Y，Moran，C．，龚炎长、赵书红．湖北省三品种猪27个微卫星座位的遗传变异．生物多样性．1999，7(2)：91-96．
312．张细权、吕雪梅、杨玉华、刘敬顺、杨关福、吴显华．用微卫星多态性和RAPD分析广东地方 鸡种的群体遗传变异．遗传学报．1998，25(2)：112-119．
313. Vila, C., Halverson, J. L., Ziegle, J. N. Discrimination between dogs, wolves and hybrids using microsatellites. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 19.
314. Savas, T., Looft, C., Roehe, R., Goetz, K. U. Assignment of individuals to commercial egg layer populations using microsatellite markers. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 20.
315. Moazami-Goudarzi, K., Pity, S., Laloe, D., Solignag, M., Cornuet, J-M. Breed assignment in cattle using microsatellites. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 8.
316．平原、顾丽华、陈连康．STR系统HUMCSF1PO-HUMTPOX-HUMTH01三位点复合扩增在上海地区的频率分布．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(1)：37-38．
317．霍振义、刘雅诚、唐晖、贾淑琴．三个STR位点复合扩增多态性及法医学应用．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(1)：39-41．
318．赵芳芳、王向伟、梁景青．太原地区汉族人HUMTH01位点基因频率分布调查．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(2)：89．
319．顾丽华、平原、唐建平．STR系统HUMCSF1PO-HUMTPOX-HUMTH0l三位点复合扩增在法医学上的应用．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(2)：92-95．
320．刘超、王穗保、欧桂生．DNA扩增技术用于强奸案检材的检验．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(2)：95-96．
321．黄代新、杨庆恩．STR位点D19S253和D8S1179的法医学意义及应用研究．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(3)：147-150．
322．侯一平、李英碧、吴谨、陈国弟、孟海英、刘雅诚、李剑波．法医DNA分型的可重复性．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(3)：163-165．
323．陈国弟、侯一平、李英碧、吴谨、孟海英、辛军平．D19S400基因座在中国3个汉族群体与日本人中的遗传多态性研究．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(4)：202-204，209．
324．刘雅诚、霍振义、唐晖、杨剑、贾淑琴、马万山、焦章平．北京汉族群体9个STR位点的频率分布及法医学应用．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(4)：210-212．
325．郑秀芬、吴薇薇、丁宏、应宗敏、徐林苗．混合精斑染色涂片的STR-PCR检验．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(4)：235-236．
326．阙庭志、李莉、林源、吴福根、叶元康．用多重PCR及荧光检测技术分析CTT位点的多态性．法医学杂志．1999，15(3)：144-146．
327. Fujita, H., Naito, E., Dewa, K., Yamanouchi, H. Three short tandem repeat loci in Japanese population. The Japanese Journal of Legal Medicine. 1995, 49(3): 213-221.
328. Menotti-Raymond, M., David, V. A., Stephens, J. C., Lyons, L. A., O'Brien, S. J. Genetic individualization of domestic cats using feline STR loci for forensic applications. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1997, 42(6): 1039-1051.
329. Menotti-Raymond, M., David, V. A., O'Brien, S. J. Pet cat hair implicates murder suspect. Nature.1998, 386: 774.
330．李庆生、肖仰哲、李春梅、张核子、卢岩、王保捷．人体角化组织DNA的提取及ACTBP2型检出的研究．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(1)：36-37．
331．叶健．甲醛固定的组织的DNA提取．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(1)：41-44．
332．叶健、张纯斌、胡兰、郑秀芬、杨建华．陈旧骨骼及牙齿的性别鉴定．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(2)：68-70．
333．李莉、阙庭志、林源，陈旧骨骼的核DNA检验．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(2)：167-169．
334．朱爱民、杜庆新、王剑、李晓平、宋立新、李明哲．妊娠40天胎儿绒毛组织亲子鉴定一例．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(1)：50-52．
335．李莉、林源、阙庭志．DNA检验法用于牙齿个人识别一例．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(1)：55-56．
336. Kasai, K., Yoshida, K., Fujiki, K., Senju, H., Sekiguchi, K., Sato, H., Sera, S., Sensabaugh, G. F. Technical evaluation on STR analysis from evidence samples. Proceedings from the 7th International Symopsium on Human Identification, 1996. Promega Corporation. 1997, 178.
337. Cattaneo, C. et al. A simple method for extracting DNA from old skeletal material. Forensic Science International. 1995, 74: 167.
338. Paetkau, D., Strobeck, C. The molecular basis and evolutionary history of a microsatellite null allele in bears. Molecular Ecology. 1995, 4: 347-354.
339. Pemberton, J. M., Slate, J., Bancroft, D. R., Barrett, J. A. Non amplification alleles at microsatellite loci----a caution for parentage and population studies. Molecular Ecology. 1995, 4: 249-252.
340. Callen, D. F., Thompson, A. D., Shen, Y., Phillips, H. A., Richards, R. I., Mulley, J. C., Sutherland, G. R. Incidence and origin of 'null' alleles in the (AC)n microsatellite markers. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1993, 52: 922-927.
341. Brookfield, J. F. Y. A simple new method for estimating null allele frequency from heterozygote
deficiency. Molecular Ecology. 1996, 5: 453-455．
342． Ginot, F., Bordelais, L, Nguyen, S., Gyapay, G. Correction of some genotyping errors in automated fluorescent microsatellite analysis by enzymatic removal of one base overhangs. Nucleic Acid Research. 1996,24:540-541．
343． Haberl, M., Tautz, D. Comparative allele sizing can produce inaccurate allele size differences for microsatellites. Molecular Ecology. 1999,8: 1347-1350．
344． Dupuy, B., Olaisen, B. Sequenced alleles as internai standard in STR fragment analysis. Proceedings from the 1st European Symposium on Human Identification, 1996． Promega Corporation. 1997, 71-80．
345． Hemmer, H. The phylogeny if the tiger (Panthera tigris). In Tiger of the World (Ed. Tilson, R. L. Etal). Nyes Publications. New York. 1987, 28-35．
346． Gillespie, J. H. Population Genetics, a concise guide. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and London. 1998, 85-102．
2. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, American Zoo and Aquarium Association. Piger Genome Resource Banking (GRB) Action. (Unpublished).1995.
3． Webmaster of 5tiger.com．老虎的栖息地．http://www.5tiger.com.2000/11/3．
4． 马逸清、阎文．老虎保护进展．野生动物．1998．19(1)：3-7．
5． 中华人民共和国濒危物种进出口管理办公室．濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约．2000．
6． 汪松主编．中国濒危物种红皮书(兽类)．科学出版社．北京．1998．119-125．
7． 吴宪忠、张明海、高中信、瞿中亮、赵玉峰、刘伟新、于立国、慕保国．黑龙江省境内东北虎数量分布现状．野生动物．1994．15(3)：17-20．
8． 于孝臣、孙宝刚、孙海义、关国生、周宣滨．黑龙江省东北虎的分布和数量调查．野生动物．2000．21(2)：14-16．
9． 刘振河、袁喜才．我国的华南虎资源，野生动物．1983．4(4)：20-22．
10． 徐龙辉．华南虎的生物学特性及数量统计方法初探．野生动物．1985．6(5)：21-24．
11. Tilson, R., Traylor-Holzer, K., Jing, Q. M. The decline and impending extinction of the South China tiger.
12． 袁喜才、陈万成、卢开和、卢杨成、张松．广东省华南虎及栖息地调查．野生动物．1994．15(4)：10-16．
13. Wildlife Protection Society of India. 1989-1995 official tiger census figures India. http://www.5tigers.org. Nov. 1st. 2000.
14. McDougal. C. Long-term tiger monitoring project Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. http://www.5tigers.org Nov. 1st. 2000.
15. Matyllshkin, E.N., Pikunov. O.G,. Dunishenko. Y.M., Miquelle. D.G.. Nikolaev, I.G, Smirnov, E.N., Salkina, G.P., Abramov, V.K., Basylllikov, V.I., Yyudin, V.G., Korkishko, V.G. Numbers distribution and habitate status of the Amur tiger. Glas:mishaj in edp:env. siberia. June 14, 1997. http://www.5tigers.org. Nov. 1st. 2000.
16. Royal Forest Department of India. The first Geographic Information System (GIS) Workshop of Mapping Tiger Populations, Bangkok, Thailand. Jan. 21-31, 1996. http://www. 5tigers.org. Nov. 1st.2000.
17. Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation. Ministry of Forestry of Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia Sumatran tiger conservation strategy. Appendix I. 1994. http://www/5tigers/org. Nov 1st, 2000.
18. Seal, U., Soemarna, K., Tilson, R. Population biology and analyses for Sumatran tigers. In Sumatran Tiger Population and Habitat Viability Analysis Report (eds R. Tilson, K. Soemarna, W. Romono, S. Lusli, K. Traylor-Holzer, U. Seal). Indonesia Forest Protection and Nature Conservation and IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group. 1994: 45-70.
19. Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, Ministry of Forestry of Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia Sumatran tiger conservation strategy. Appendix Ⅲ. 1994. http://www/5tigers/org. Nov 1st, 2000.
20. Marcot, B. G. Tiger habitat corridors in Far East Russia, Northeast China, and Northern North Korea: Need for a conservation strategy. 1995. http://www. 5tigers.org.com. Nov. 1st, 2000.
21. Tilson, R. L., Foose, T. J., Princee, F., Traylor-Holzer, K. Tiger Global Animal Survicval Plan. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group: Apple Valley, MN. 1993.1-114.
22. Willis, K., Wiese, R. J. Effect of new founders on retention of gene diversity in captive populations: A formalization of the nuleus population concept. Zoo Biology. 1993. (12): 535-548.
23. Traylor-Holzer, K. Analysis of the regional and global captive populations of Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae). IUCN CBSG Tiger Global Conservation Strategy. Minnesota Zoo, Apple Valley, MN, USA. 1999. http://www. 5tigers.org. Nov. 1st, 2000.
24． 王维、沈庆永、胡洪光．华南虎的现状及保护．动物学杂志．1999．34(2)：38-41．
25． 刘舰、李映红、沈庆永．中国华南虎的保存．野生动物．1997．18(3)：24-26．
26． 陈冠群、方盛国、王德超．DNA指纹图谱与数据库管理系统的家你及其应用．四川师范大学学报(自然科学版)．1997．20(6)：115-120．
27． 陈冠群、方盛国、王德超．DNA指纹图的计算机图象自动化识别方法．计算机应用．1995．16(10：29-31．
28. Jeffreys, A. J., Wilson, V, Thein, S. L. Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA. Nature.1985. (314): 67-73.
29. Jeffreys, A. J., Wilson, V, Thein, S. L. Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA. Nature. 1985.(316): 76-79.
30. Jeffreys, A. J., Morton, D. B. DNA fingerprints of dogs and cats. Animal Genetics. 1987. 18: 1-15.
31. Longmire, J. L., Lewis A. K., Brown, N. C., Buckingham, J. M., Clark, L. M., Jones, M. D., Meicke, L. J., Meyne, J., Ratliff, R. L., Ray, F. A., Wagner, R. P., Moyzis, R. K. Isolation and molecular characterization of a highly polymorphic centrometric tandem repeat in family Falconidae. Genomics. 1988, (2): 14-24.
32. Wolfes, R., Mathe, J., Seiz, A. Forensic of birds of prey by DNA fingerprinting with ~(32)P-labeled oligonucleotide probes. Electrophoresis. 1991, (12): 175-180.
33. Ruth, J. L., Fain, S. R. The 'individualization' of large North American mammals. In DNA Fingerprinting: State of the Science, ed. by S. D. J. Pena, R. Chakraborty, J. T. Epplen & A. J. Jeffreys. Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Swizerland. 1993, 429-436.
34. Foran, D. R., Minta, S. C., Heinemeyer, K. S. DNA-based analysis of the hair to identify species and individuals for population research and monitoring. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 1997, 25(4): 840-847.
35. Bertorelle, G., Bucchini, L., Pilastro, A., Matessi. C. DNA fingerprinting data and the analysis of population genetic structure by comparing band-sharing patterns. Molecular Ecology. 1999, (8):1851-1866.
36. Lyons, L. A., Laughlin, T. F., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A.. Womack, J. E., O'Brien, S., J. Comparative anchor tagged sequences (CATS)for integrative mapping of mammalian genomes. Nat. Genetics. 1997, 15: 47-56.
37． 郭景元．法医物证学．中国人民公安大学出版社．北京．1997：45-180．
38． 方盛国、丁朝武、冯文和、张安居、李光汉、李绍昌、余建秋、立学兵．大熊猫DNA指纹分析材料的初步研究．兽类学报．1996，16(3)：166-170．
39． 方盛国、陈冠群、冯文和、张安居、李绍昌、何光昕、魏辅文、郭健．大熊猫DNA指纹在野生种群数量调查中的应用．兽类学报．1996，16(4)：246-249．
40． 方盛国、冯文和、张安居、李绍昌、余建秋、何光昕、费立松．大熊猫父权认定的DNA指纹图分析．兽类学报．1997，17(2)：92-99．
41． 方盛国、冯文和、张安居、李绍昌、余建秋、何光昕、费立松．大熊猫家系的DNA指纹图分析．兽类学报．1997，17(2)：92-99．
42． 张小为、孟艳、蔡有余．DNA指纹在近交系动物遗传污染检测中的应用．动物学杂志．1998，33(3)：13-15．
43． 冯书堂、陈幼春．五指山猪生物学特性、易地繁育及遗传多样性研究．生物多样性．1998，6(3)：172-179．
44． 王辉、石玉华、邱文、杨文华．DNA指纹与性状间的相关度量．哲里木畜牧学院学报．1999，9(3)：5-8．
45． 肖璐、李宁、陈永福、吴常信、张建生、孙仕铨．猪雌激素受体(ESR)位点FRLPs的分析．遗传．1997，19(增刊)：32-34．
46． 方盛国、吴萍英．拉萨地区小云雀(Alauda gulagla inopinata)遗传多样性的DNA指纹图分析．四川师范大学学报(自然科学版)．1996，19(2)：77-80．
47． 方盛国、黄敏、陈冠群、丁朝武、蓝翎．鱼类LZF-Ⅰ DNA指纹探针的制备．遗传学报．1997，24(1)：7-14．
48． 方盛国、冯文和、张安居、余亚丽、李绍昌、余健秋、黄祥明、何光昕、宋云芳．大熊猫亲子鉴定——DNA指纹技术的应用．1997．24(1)：7-14．
49． 李修善、徐来祥、王磊、田雨成．伏翼DNA指纹谱探针的筛选．曲阜师范大学学报．1999，25(3)：89-92．
50. Holland, M. M., Parson, T. J. Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis----Validation and use for forensic casework. Forensic Science Review. 1999, 11(1): 22-50.
51. Kessler, L. G., Avis, J. G., Systematic relationships among waterfowl (Anatidae) inferred from restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Systematic Zoology. 1984, 33: 370-380.
52． 张亚平、施立明．猕猴属5个种mtDNA多态性研究．遗传学报．1990，17(1)：23-33．
53． 张亚平、陈欣、施立明．两种锦鸡和环颈雉线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的比较研究．动物学研究．1991，12(4)：387-392．
54． 兰宏、陈志平、王应祥、宿兵、王文、施立明．树鼠mtDNA限制性内切酶图谱及其与小家鼠的亲缘关系．动物学研究．1994，15(3)：39-44．
55． 李箐箐、阳建春、谢力、林惠莲、黄韧．三种鸡形目鸟类线粒体DNA的研究．中山大学学报论丛．1997，1：16-20．
56． 李箐箐、温硕洋、戚根贤、谢以权、彭统序．板齿鼠线粒体DNA的研究．兽类学报．1998，18(1)：54-59．
57. Fain, S. R. DNA Laboratory Guide. National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory of USA. Version 11-23-98, 1998 (unpublished).
58． 吴平、周开亚、王亚明、黄恭情、徐麟木．用RFLP和PCR-RFLP技术研究东北虎和华南虎线粒体DNA多态性．生物多样性．1997，5(3)：173-178．
59． 陈青、陈家琦．线粒体DNA的分子遗传学研究进展．天津体育学院学报．1997，12(3)：16-20．
60． 张亚平、Oliver A．Ryder、范志勇、张和明、何廷美、何光昕、张安居、费立松、钟顺隆、陈红、张成林、杨明海、朱飞兵、彭真信、普天春、陈玉村、姚敏达、郭伟，大熊猫DNA序列变异及其遗传多样性研究．中国科学(C辑)．1997，27(2)：139-144．
61． 张亚平．从DNA序列到物种树．动物学研究．1996，17(3)：247-252．
62． 张亚平、Oliver A．Ryder．金丝猴属的DNA序列变异及进化与保护遗传学研究．遗传学报．1997，24(2)：116-121．
63. Zhang, Y. P., Ryder, O. A. Mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of old world monkeys: with special reference on evolution of Asian Colobines. Primates. 1998, 39(1): 39-49.
64． 张亚平、Oliver A．Ryder．熊超科分子系统发生研究．遗传学报．1997，24(1)：15-22．
65. Zhang, Y. P., Ryder, O. A. Phylogenetic relationships of bears (the Ursidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 1994, 3(4): 351-359.
66. Zhang, Y. P., Ryder, O. A. Mitochondrial DNA sequence evolution in the Arctoidea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1993, 90: 9557-9561.
67． 李明、王小明、盛和林、玉手英利、增田隆一、永田纯子、大泰司纪之．马鹿四个亚种的起源和遗传分化研究．动物学研究．1998，19(3)：177-183．
68. Tamate, H. B., Mamuro, R., Izawa, M., Shiroma, T, Doi, T Genetic differentiation among subspecies of the Sika deer (Cervus nippon), with special reference to the phylogeny of C. n. Keramae in the Kerama Island Grouop. Tropics. 2000, 10(1): 73-78.
69. Nagata, J., Masuda, R., Tamate, H. B., Hamasaki, S., Ochiai, K., Asada, M., Tatsuzawa, S., Suda, K., Tado. H., Yoshida, M. C. Two genetically distinct lineages of the Sika deer, Cervus nippon, in Japanese Islands: Comparison of mitochondrial D-loop region sequences. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 1999, 13(3): 511-519.
70. Bickham, J. W., Patton, J. C., Loughlin, T. R. High variability for control-region sequences in a marine mammal: implications for conservation and maternal phylogeny of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of Mammalogy. 1996.77: 95-108.
71. Bickham, J. W., Loughlin, T. R., Wickliffe, J. K.. Burkanov. V. N. Geographic varition in the mitochondrial DNA of Steller sea lions: Haplotype diversity and endemism in the Kuril Islands. Biosphere Conservation. 1998, 1(2): 107-177.
72． 向余劲攻、杨岚、张亚平．白腹锦鸡和红腹锦鸡的遗传分化．遗传．2000．22(4)：225-228．
73. Ohdachi, S. Correction for the misidentilication of a shrew in Sakhalin by Abe et al. (1997), by analysis of the full nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Biosphere Conservation. 1998. 1(2): 161-163.
74. Bogenhagen, D., Clayton. D. A. The number of mitochondrial deoxyribonueleic acid genomes in mouse L and HeLa cells: quantitative isolation of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1980, (249): 7991.
75. Robin. E. D., Wong, R. Mitochondrial DNA molccules and virtual number of mitochondria per cell in mammalian cells. Journal of Cell Physiology. 1988. (136): 507.
76. Michaels, G. S., Hauswirth, W. W., Laipis, P. J. Mitochondrial DNA copy number in bovine oocytes and somatic cells. Developmental Biology. 1982. (94): 286.
77. Promega Corperation. Protocols and applications guide (3~(?) edition). 1996, 195-196.
78． 邹喻苹．RAPD分子标记简介．生物多样性．1995．3(2)：104-108
79． 阎文昭、蔡平钟、宣朴．RAPD技术在生物学研究中的应用．世界科技研究与发展．1999，21(2)：82-85．
80． 韩雅莉．生物遗传多样性和系统学研究中的RAPD技术．内蒙古农牧学院学报．1999．20(2)：1-4．
81． 张丕燕、谢庄、刘红林、陈杰．RAPD技术及其在动物遗传育种中的应用．生物工程进展．2000，20(4)：52-54，51．
82． 刘雄伦、李栒．RAPD技术在植物育种上的应用．生物工程进展． 2000，20(5)：21-24．
83. Tamate, H. B., Shibata, K., Tsuchiya, T.. Ohtaishi, N. Assessment of genetic variations within population of Sika deer in Japan by analysis of Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Zoological Science. 1995. (12): 669-673.
84． 孙易、宋文芹、钟贻诚、张闰生、陈瑞阳．用RAPD和AFLP的方法对中国卤虫(Artemia)种及亲缘关系的研究．遗传学报．2000，27(3)：210-218．
85． 陈自明、陈毅峰．用RAPD技术对特等级裂腹鱼类亲缘关系的探讨．动物学研究．2000，21(4)：262-268．
86． 吴开平、吴丰春、魏泓、王爱德、甘世祥、曾养志．五种品系猪亲缘关系的RAPD分析．遗传．2000，22(4)：217-220．
87． 刘春林、官春云、李栒、阮颖、廖晓兰、熊兴华、周小云、王国槐、陈社员．油菜分子标记图谱构建及抗菌核病性状的QTL定位．遗传学报．2000，27(10)：918-924．
88． 许勇、张海英、康国斌、王永健、陈杭．西瓜抗枯萎病育种分子标记辅助选择的研究．遗传学报．2000，27(2)：151-157．
89． 张新叶、尹佟明、诸葛强、黄敏仁、朱立煌、翟文学、邬荣颂、王明庥．利用RAPD标记构件美洲黑杨×欧美杨分子标记连锁图谱．遗传．2000，22(4)：209-213．
90． RAPD的可重复性
91． 傅俊江、李麓芸、徐湘、王智、唐果、尹长民、卢光琇．一种提高RAPD技术扩增效率的有效方法．遗传．2000，22(4)：251-251．
92． 刘金元、陶文静、刘大钧、陈佩度．与小麦白粉病抗性基因Pm2紧密连锁RAPD标记的筛选研究．遗传学报．2000，27(2)：139-145．
93． 许占友、张爱民、张树榛、贾继增、黎裕．快速克隆RAPD片段方法的研究．生物技术．2000，10(5)：34-38．
94． 姜运良．卫星、小卫星和微卫星DNA——真核生物基因组的串状重复序列．生命的化学．1998，18(3)：29-31．
95. Hamada, H., Petrino, M., Kakunaga, T. A novel repeated element with Z-DNA-forming potential is widely found in evolutionarily diverse eukaryotic genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 1982, (79): 646-649.
96. Tauz, D., Renz, M. Simple sequences are ubiquitous repetitive components of eukaryote genomes. Nucleic Acids Research. 1984, (12): 4127-4138.
97. Tauz, D., Trick, M., Dover, G. Cryptic simplicity in DNA is a major source of genetic variation. Nature. 1986, (322): 652-656.
98． 何平．真核生物中的微卫星及其应用．遗传．1998，20(4)：42-47．
99． 邱芳、伏建民、金德敏、王斌．遗传多样性的分子检测．生物多样性．1998，6(2)：143-150．
100． 王永信、柯杨．微卫星DNA与肿瘤．中华肿瘤杂志．1997，19(6)：472-473．
101． 赵振铭、褚嘉佑、郭仁．微卫星DNA及其在医学遗传学研究中的应用．中华医学遗传学杂志．1997，14(1)：40-43．
102． 吴登俊、马丁·费尔斯特．家畜基因组遗传多态标记——微卫星标记研究进展(上)．国外畜牧科技．1999，26(1)：33-40．
103. Bruford, M. W., Wayne, R. K. Microsatellites and their application to population genetic studies. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development. 1993, (3): 939-943.
104. Tauz, D. Hypervariability of simple sequences as a general source for polymorphic DNA markers. Nucleic Acid Research. 1989, 17: 6463-6471.
105. Edwards, A. L., Andrew, C., Holly, A. H. DNA typing and genetic mapping with trimeric and
tetrameric landem repeats. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1991, 49(4) : 746-750．
106． 张尚宏、屈良鹄．基因组的进化与内含子中基因的进化．中山大学学报(自然科学版)．1999， 38(1) ：49-53．
107． Weber. J. L., Wong, C. Mutation of humans short tandem repeats. Human Molecular Genetics. 1993, 2: 1123-1128．
108． 朱新产、张涌、廖祥儒. PCR技术战略.生物技术通报.1998． (3) ：29-33．
109． Roy. R.. Steffens. D. L., Gartside. B., Jang. G. Y.. Brumbaugh. J. A. Producing STR locus patterns from bloodstains and other forensic samples using infrared tluorescent automated DNA sequencer. Journal of Forensic Science. JFSCA. 1996． 41(3) : 418-424．
110． Zhang, D. X., Hewitt, G. Field collection: Animals. In Molecular Tools for Screening Biodiversity. Edited by A. Karp. P. G. Isaac and D. S. Ingram. Chapman & Hall. London. 1998． 46-48．
111． Miscicka-Sliwka. D.. Wozniak, M.. Grzybowski. T. A multiplex PCR svstem useful for both manual and automated analysis of microsatellite polymorphisms. Proeeedings from the Ist European Symposium on Human Identification. 1996． Promega Corporation. 1997, 63-69．
112． Lins. A. M., Sprecher. C.. J., Micka, K. A.. Rabbach. D.. Bacher. J. W.. Schumm, J. W. High throughput multiplex STR svstem without instrumentation. Proceedings from the 7th International Symposium on Human Identification. 1996． Promega Corporation. 1997, 53-66．
113． Schumm. J. W., Lins. A. M., Micka. K. A.. Sprecher. C.. J.. Rabbach. D.. R.. Bacher, J. W. Automated fluorescent detection of STR multiplexes-development of the GenePrintTM PowerPlexTM and FFFL Multiplexes for forensic and paternity applications. Proceedings from the 7th International Svmposium on Human Identifieation. 1996． Promega Corporation. 1997, 70-88．
114． Post. S., Lee, S., Moretti, T.. Robertson, J.. Budoule. B. Comparison of fluorescent detection of the GenePrint?PowerPlex?STR svstem by optical scanners and DNA sequencers. Proceedings from the 7th International Symposium on Human Identification. 1996． Promega Corporation. 1997, 107-115．
115． Ketchum, M. S., Morton, T. A. Use of fluorescently labeled dinueleotide repeats in a 10-multiplex, single lane analysis for post-mortem identification and parentage verification in the Equine species. Proceedings from the 7th International Svmposium on Human Identification, 1996． Promega Corporation. 1997． 168．
116． Hammond. R. L.. Saccheri. 1． J., Ciofi. C.. Coote. T. Funk. S. M.. McMillan. W. O., Bayes, M. K., Talor, E., Bruford. M. Isolation of microsatellite markers in Animals. In Molecular Tools for Screening Biodiversity. Edited by A. Karp. P. G. Isaac and D. S. Ingram. Chapman & Hall, London. 1998． 279-285．
117． Olsaker. L. Solina_Toldo. S., Fries. R. A highly polymorphic bovine dinucleotide repeat D19S4 (IOBT34) at chromosome 19q21． Animal Genetics. 1996． 27: 58．
118． Olsaker, L. Chowdhary B. R, Guerin. G. A highly polymorphic bovine dinucleotide repeat D3S40
(IOBT 250) derived from a chimeric cosmid clone. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27: 59．
119． Kuhn, Ch., Weikard, R., Goldammer, T., Olsaker, I. FBN3 (D6S24) : a bovine microsatellite derived from cosmid cIOBT475 at chromosome 6q12-14． Animal Genetics. 1996, 27: 61．
120． Kossarek, L: M., Finlay, O., Grosse, W. M., Su, X., McGraw, R. A. Seven bovine dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms: RM042, RM128, RM134, RM154, RM162, RM181, RM509． Animal Genetics. 1996, 27: 61-63．
121． McCracken, J. Y., Molenaar, A. J., Snell, R. J., Davey, H. W., Wilkins, R. J. A polymorphic TC repeat resent within the bovine STAT5A gene. Animal Genetics. 1997, 28: 459．
122． Hirano, T., Nakane, S., Mizoshita, K., Yamakuchi, H., Inoue-Murayama, M., Watanabe, T., Barendse, W., Sugimoto, Y. Characterization of 42 highly polymorphic bovine microsatellite markers. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 365-368．
123． Ma, R. Z., Russ, L, Park, C., Heyen, D. W., Beever, J. E., Green, C. A., Lewin, H., Isolation and Characterization of 45 polymorphic microsatellites from the bovine genome. Animal genetics. 1996． 27: 43-27．
124． Schmidt, R, Luhn, Ch., Pitra, Ch. Mononucleotide repeat polumorphism within intron l of the bovine interferon-γ gene. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 211-212．
125． Buitkamp, J., Obexer-Ruff, G., Kessler, M., Epplen, J. T. A microsatellite (BOBT24) located between the bovine IL4 and IL13 loci is polymorphic in cattle and goat. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 212-213．
126． Stone, R. T., Kappes, S, M. , Beattie, C. W., Five polymorphic trinucleotide (CCA) bovine microsatellites. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 216．
127． Sun, H. S., Doud, L., Eggen, A., Bishop, M. D., Barense, W. UW52 and UW53: polymorphic bovine microsatellites. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 219．
128． Jorgensen, C. B., Konfortov, B. A., Miller, J.R. A polymorphic microsatellite locus (AFZI) derived from a bovine brain cortex cDNA library. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 220．
129． Konfortv, B. A., Jorgensen, C. B., Barense, W., Miller, J.R. Five bovine polymorphic microsatellite markers (AF1-AF5) . Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 220-221．
130． Nijman, I. J., Lensetra, J. A., Schwerin, M., Olsaker, I. Polymorphisms and physical locations of three bovine microsatellite loci: IOBT395, IOBT528, IOBT1401． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 221-222．
131． Byrne, K., Barendse, W., Moore, S. S. Dinucleotide polymorphism at the bovine potassium voltage gated channel locus (KCNA14) . Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 437．
132． Wilson, G. A., Strobeck, C. The isolation and Characterization of microsatellite loci in bison, and their usefulness in other artiodactyls. Animal genetics. 1999, 30: 226-227．
133． Burns, A. M., Taylor, J. F., Herring, K. L., Herring A. D., Holder, W. T., Collins, J. S., Guerra, T. M., Sanders, J. O., Davis, S. K. Bovine microsatellite dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at the
TEXAN11． TEXAN12, TEXAN13． TEXAN14 aud TEXAN15 loci. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 201-202．
134． Shalom, A.. M., O.. Mosig, Barense, W.. Soller. M. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at the bovine HUJ673, HUJ121, HUJ174． HUJ225． HUJ113 and HUJ129 loci. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 202-203．
135． Gao. Q.. Barendse. W., Womack, .J. E. TXQG1: a polymorphic microsatellite on bovine chromosome 10． Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 203．
136． Burns. B. M., Taylor. J. F.. Herring, K. L.. Herring. A. D. Bovine microsatellite dinucleotide repeat polvmorphisms at the TEXAN16． TEXAN17, TEXAN18． TEXAN19 and TEXAN20 loci. Animal genetics. 1995． 26:208-209．
137． Vel mala. R.. Vaiman. D.. Virta. A.. Mereier. D., Leveziel. II. Polymorphic bovine microsatellites INRAMtt178． INRAMTT178 and INRAMTT178． Animal genetics. 1995． 26: 209-210．
138． Jorgensen. C. B.. Olsaker. I., Thomson. P. D. A polymorphic bovine dinucleotide repeat D12S25 (IOBT323) at chromosome 12q24． Animal genetics. 1995． 26: 447．
139． Inoue. M.. Hirano. T.. Nakane, S.. Watanabe. T.. Takeda. H.. Yamakuchi, H., Morita, M., Barendse, W., Sugimoto. Y. Five bovine polvmorphic dinucleotide microsaiellite loci (DIK008, DIK010, DIK015, DIK016, and DIK020) . Animal genetics. 1995． 26: 447-448．
140． Watanabe. T, Hirano. T., Nakane. S., Inoue. M.. Takeda. H.. Mizoshita, K.. Xinmin, L.. Barendse, W.. Sugimoto. Y. Five bovine polvmorphic dinucleotide microsaiellite loci (DIK021, DIK023, DIK024, DIK026, and DIK028) . Animal genetics. 1995． 26: 448-449．
141． Senese. C.. Motavalian. M.. Urciuoli. M. Gregorio. P. Di. Two bovine polymorphic microsatellite loci (PZ251 and PZB2F). Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 318．
142． Hanotte. O., Okaomo. M.. Verjee. Y.. Rcge. E... Teale. A. A polymorphic Y chromosome microsatellite locus in cattle. Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 318-319．
143． Vage. D. 1． . Olsaker. 1． . Lien. S.. Arnet. E F.. Lie. O. Three bovine dinucleotide repeat polvmorphisms (D5S46． D15S25． D26S19) . Animal genelics. 1995． 26: 279．
144． Redaelli. L... Zhang. Y.. Castiglioni. B.. Mezzelani. A.. Comincini. S.. Guerin, G., Ferretti, L. Characterization and mapping of three bovine polvmorphic microsatellite loci. Animal genetics. 1996． 27: 122-123．
145． Weikard, R., Henke, M., Kuhn, Ch.. Barendse. W., Seyfert. H-M. A polymorphic mirosatellite within the immunorelevatn bovine lysozyme-encoding gene. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 125．
146． Anastassiadis. C., Leyhe, B.. Olsaker. I., Friedl. R.. Roumann. O.. Hiendleder, S., Erhardt, G. Three polvmorphic microsatellite for bovine chromosome 7． 12 and 19． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 125-126．
147． Williams. J. I.. Morgan. A. L. G.. Guerin. G.. Urquhart. B. G. D. Ten new cosmid-derived bovine microsatellite markers. Animal genetics. 1996． 27: 380．
148． Williams, J. L, Urquhart, B. G. D., Barendse, W., Ferretti, L. Genetic mapping of 26 cosmid-derived bovine microsatellite markers. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 380-381．
149． Martin-Burriel, L, Chowdhary, B. R, Prakash, B., Zaragoza, R, Olsaker, I. A polymorphic bovine dinucleotide repeat DXYS4 (IOZARA 1489) at the pseudo-autosomal region of the sex chromosomes. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 287．
150． Martin-Burriel, L, Chowdhary, B. P., Prakash, B., Zaragoza, P., Olsaker, I. A polymorphic bovine dinucleotide repeat D17S29 (IOZARA 975) at the chromosome 17q26． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 287．
151． Zhang, Y., Redaelli, L., Castiglion, B., Mezzelani, A., Ferretti, L. Five polymorphic bovine microsatellite loci: IDVGA-62A, IDVGA-71, IDVGA-82, IDVGA-88, IDVGA-90． Animal genetics. 1996, 26: 365-366．
152． Band, M., Ron, M. Creation of a SINE enriched library for the isoaltion of polymorphic (AGC)n microsatellite markers in the bovine genome. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 243-248．
153． Motavalian, M., Senese, C., Uriuoli, M., Gregorio, P. Di., Rando, A., Masina, P. PZ271: a ,icorsatellite showing polymorphism in catlle. Animal genetics. 1998, 29: 241-242．
154． Larsen, N. J., Eggen, A., Byla, B., Doud, L., Bishop, M. D., Kirkpatrick, B. W. UW68, a polymorphic bovine microsatellite on chromosome 17． Animal genetics. 1998, 29: 243．
155． Konfortov, B. A., Miller, J. R. Three new microsatellite markers on bovine chromosome 17． Animal genetics. 1998, 29: 463-464．
156． Zhang, Y., Cao, H., Ferretti, L. IDVGA75 (D15S24) a polymorphic microasatellite locus physically mapped to bovine chromosome BTA 15q25． Animal genetics. 1998, 29: 472．
157． Byrne, K., Johnson, S., Barendse, W., Moore, S. S. Five bovine microsatellite markers derived from a bovine cosmid library: CSKB067, CSKB068, CSKB071, CSKB072 and CSKB074． Animal genetics. 1997,28: 157-158．
158． Kappes, S. M., Hawkins, G. A., Bishop, . D., Beattie, C. W. Characterization of eleven bovine microsatellites from cosmid clones. Animal genetics. 1997, 28: 238-239．
159． Band, M., Vaiman, D. V., Cribiu, E. P, Ron, M. Four bovine microsatellites dereived from a sorted chromosome 25 library. Animal genetics. 1997, 28: 239．
160． Olsaker, I., Prakash, B., Guttersrud, O. A., Chowdhary, B. P. A genetic and physical marker for bovine chromosome 27: IOBT 313 (D27S14) . Animal genetics. 1997,28: 240．
161． Olsaker, I., Guttersrud, O. A., Chowdhary, B. P. A highly polymorphic bovien dinucleotide repeat at chrmosomoe 26q22: IOBT 730． Animal genetics. 1997, 28: 242-243．
162． Olsaker, I., Williams, J. L, Chowdhary, B. P., karlsson, L. Physical and genetic mapping of a bovine dinucleotide repeat marker D23S38 (IOBT 1479) to chrmosome 23q24-q25． Animal genetics. 1997, 28: 60-61．
163． Stone, R. T., Kappes, S., Keele, J. W., Beattie, C. W. Characterization of 109 bovine microsatellites.
Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 62-66．
164． McGravv, R. A., Grosse, W. M., Kappes. S. M.. Beattie. C. W.. Stone, R. T. Thirty-four bovine microsatellite markers. Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 66-68．
165． Marquess, F. L. S.. Brenneman. R. A.. Sehmutz. S. M.. Taylor. J. R, Davis, S. K. A highly polymorphic bovine dinucleotide repeat SODIMICRO2． Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 70．
166． Zanotti. M.. Del Bo. L.. Longri. M.. Polli. M.. Ceriotti. G.. Kemp, S. .J. Two polymorphic microsatellite markers in sheep. Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 68-69．
167． Drinkwater. R.. Harrison, B.. Davies. K.. P.. Maddox. J. F. Ovine anonymous dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the CSRD264． CSRD269． CSRD270． CSRD287． CSRD2108． CSRD2138 and CSRD2164 loci. Animal genetics. 1997． 28: 70-71．
168． Hulme. D. J., Smith. A. J.. Silk. J. P.. Redwin. .J. M.. Beh. K. .J. Polymorphic sheep microsatellites at the McM2． McM131． McM135, McM136． McM140． McM200, McM214, McM373, McM505, McM507 and McM512 loci. Animal genetics. 1995． 26: 369-370．
169． Davies K.. P.. Maddox. .J. F.. Matthews, J. F.. Huhue. D. .J. Ovine dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the McM15． McM152． McM159, McM164 and McM210 loci. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 371．
170． Davies K. P.. Maddox. J. F.. Harrison. B.. Drinkwater. R. Ovine dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the CSRD226, and CSRD232 loci. Animal genelics. 1995． 26: 372．
171． Davies K. P.. Maddox J. F.. Harrison. B.. Drinkwater. R. Ovine dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at seven anonymous loci. Animal genelics. 1996． 27: 287-288．
172． Smith. A. J.. Hulme. D. .J.. Silk. J. P. Reduin. J. M.. Beh. K. J. Thirteen polymorphic ovine microsatellites. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 277-278．
173． Groth. D. M., Wetherall. J. D. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism adjacent to sheep complement factor B. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 282-283．
174． Hawken. R. J.. Maddo.v J. F. An ovine dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the RJHI locus. Animal genetics. 1996． 27: 219-220．
175． Lumsden. J. M.. Lord. E. A.. Momgomen. G. W.. Characterization and linkage mapping of ten sheep microsatellite markers derived from a sheep × hamster cell hybrid. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 203-206．
176． Davies. K. P., Maddox. J. F. Genetic linkage mapping of three anonymous ovine EST microsatellites: KD101． KD103 and KD721． Animal genelics. 1997． 28: 455-456．
177． Phua. S. H.. Stijn. T. Van. Broom. M. F. OarSHP1 and OarSHP2: two ovine microsatellite markers and thcir chromosomal assigmnenis. Animal genelics. 1997． 28: 456-457．
178． Pitel. E., Lantier, I.. Gellin, J.. Elsen. J-M.. Lantier. F. Two polymorphic microsatellite markers close to the ovine NRAMP gene. Animal genetics. 1996． 27: 60-61．
179． Jimenez-Gamero, 1． , Vega-Pla, J. L.. Angulo-Heras, C.. Alonso-Moraga, A.. Dorado, G. Four new polymorphic caprine microsatellites: ChirUCO2, ChirUCO3, ChirUCO4 and ChirUCO5． Animal
genetics. 1998, 29: 238-239．
180． Koji, J., Yeh, C. C., Bhebhe, E., Burns, B. M., Ruvuna, F, Davis, S. K., Taylor, J. F., Caprine microsatellite dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at the SR-CRSP-11, SR-CRSP-12． SR-CRSP-13, SR-CRSP-14 and SR-CRSP-15 loci. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 449．
181． Alexander, L. J., Rohrer, G. A., Beattie, C. W. Clonning and characterization of 414 polymorphic porcine microsatellites. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 137-148．
182． Petiot, A., Anderson Dear, D. V. Two new polymorphic porcine microsatellites, S0533 and S0534． Animal genetics. 1997, 28: 458．
183． Peelman, L. J., Weghe, A. Van de, Coppieters, W., Zeveren, A. Van, Bouquet, Y. Two microsatellites on pig chromosome 7． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 439．
184． Jorgensen, C. B., Hoyheim, B., Thomsen, P. D. A polymorphic porcine dinucleotide repeat S0532 (BHT487) at chromosome 13q48． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 439．
185． Jorgensen, C. B., Hoyheim, B., Thomsen, P. D. A polymorphic porcine dinucleotide repeat S0531 (BHT10) at chromosome Iq22． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 439-440．
186． Brown, I. F, Archibald, A. L. Two porcine polymorphic microsatellite loci (S0033 and S0035) . Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 277．
187． Rettenberger, G. R., Bruch, J., Beattie, C. W., Moran, C., Fries, R., Hameister, H. Chromosomal assignment of seventeen porcine microsatellites and genes by use of a sometic cell hybrid mapping panei. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 269-273．
188． Zhang, W., Brown, S. C., Moran, C. Alanyl aminopeptidase N (ANPEP) microsatellite: now a framework marker on porcine chromosome 7 map. Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 378-379．
189． Microsatellite mapping of the brain natriuretic peptide (BNP1) locus to porcine chromosome 6． Animal genetics. 1996, 27: 289．
190． Looft, C., Nagel, M., Chardon, P., Nunes, M., Vaiman, M. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the porcine TNFA locus. Animal genetics. 1995, 26: 366-367．
191． Pfeiffer, L, Brenig, B. A highly polymorphic microsatellite within intron 5 of porcine 54/56 kDa vacuolar H(+) ATPase subunit gene (V-ATPase). Animal genetics. 1998, 29: 464-465．
192． Duscher, S., Pfeiffer, L, Kleeb, T., Brenig, B. Characterization and mapping of a highly polymorphic microsatellite within the porcineskeletal muscle triadin gene. Animal genetics. 1998, 29: 76．
193． DeWoody, J. A., Honeycutt, R. L., Skow, L. C. Microsatellite karkers in white-tailed deer. The Journal of Heredity. 1995, 86(4) : 317-319．
194． Engel, S. R., Linn, R. A., Taylor, J. E., Davis, S. K. Conservation of microsatellite loci across species of Artiodactyls: implications for population studies. Journal of Mammalogy. 1996, 77(2) : 504-518．
195． Slate, J., Coltman, D. W., Goodman, S. J., MacLean, L, Pemberton, J. M., Williams, J. L. Bovine microsatellite loci are highly conserved in red deer (Cervus elaphus), sika deer (Cervus nippon) and
soay sheep (Ovis aries). Animal Gerieties. 1998． 29: 307-315．
196． Kuhn, R., Anastassiadis, C., Pirchner. F. Transfer of bovine microsatellites to the cervine (Cervus elaphus). Animal Genetics. 1996,27: 199-201．
197． Talbol. J., Haigh, J.. Plante. Y. A parentage evaluation tost in North American elk (wapiti) using microsatellites of ovine and bovine origin. Animal Geneties. 1996． 27: 117-119．
198． Roed. K. H. Microsatellite variation in Seandiaavian eervidae using primers derived from bovidae. Hereditas. 1998． 129: 19-25．
199． Okada. A. Tamate. H. B. Pedigree analysis of the sika deer (eervus noppon) using microsatellite karkers. Zoological Science. 2000． 17: 335-340．
200． Monnens. G.. Van Zeveren, A,. Peelman. L. .J. Effectiveness of bovine microsatellites in resolving paternity cases in American bison. Bison bison L. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 12-18．
201． Holmes. N. G.. Diekens. H. E.. Parker. H. L.. Binns. M. M.m Mellersh. C. S., Sampson, J. Eighteen eanine microsatellites. Animal Genetics. 1995． 26: 132-133．
202． Dolf. G.. Schlapfer, .J.. Schelling, C.. Jorg. H.. Ladon. D.. Swionski. M. Assignment of the eanine microsatellite CanBern6 to the eanine chromosome group 22 to 38． Animal Genetics. 1997, 28: 453-454．
203． Shibuya. H.. Collins. B.K.. Collier. L. L... Huang. T. H-M.. Nonneman, D., Johnson, G. S. A polymorphie (GAAA)n mierosateilite in a eanine Wilms tumer 1 (WT1) gene intron. Animal Genetics. 1996． 27: 59-60．
204． Liu. P-C., Chen. Y-W.. Shibuva. H.. Latz. M. L.. Lubahn. D. B.. Johnson. G. S. A polymorphic (GA)n microsatellite in an intron of the eanine endothelin-B reeeptor gene. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 236．
205． Chen. Y-W.. Liu. P-C.. Shibuva. H.. O'Bnen. D. P.. Lubahn. D. B.. Johnson. G. S. Length polymorphism in a CAG-rieh coding region of the eanine dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) gene. Animal Genelies. 1998． 29: 241．
206． Thomas. R.. Holmes. N. G.. Fischer. P.E.. Diehens. H.E.. Breen. M.. Sampson, J., Binns, M. M. Eight eanine microsatellites. Animal Genelies. 1997． 28: 155-156．
207． Dolf. G., Schlapfer. J.. Parfitt. C., Schelling. C.. Zajac. M.. Switonski. M., Ladon, D. Assignment of the eanine microsatellite CanBernl to eanine chromosome 13q21． Animal Genetics. 1997, 28: 156-157．
208． Ladon. D., Schelling, C., Dolf, G.. Switonski. M.. Schlapfer, J. The highly polymorphic eanine microsatellite ZuBeCa6 is localized on eanine chromosome 5q12-q13． Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 466-467．
209． Kuhn. S., Shibuya. H., Nonneman. D.. Liu. P-C.. Iluang. T. H-M.. Johnson, G. S. A polymorphic (TG)n microsatellite in an intron of the eanine tyrosine transaminase gene. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29:322．
210． Liu, P-C, Chen, Y-W., Shibuya, H., Lubahn, D. B., Johnson, G. S. A length polymorphism in an intron of the canine polycystic kidney disease l gene. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 322-323．
211． Switonski, M., Schelling, C., Dolf, G., Stranzinger, G. Assignment of the canine microsateilite ZuBeCa3 to canine chromosome 9q21-q22． Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 326-327．
212． Liu, P-C., Chen, Y-W., Shibuya, H., Katz, M. L., Lubahn, D. B., Johnson. G. S. Length polymorphism in a CT-rich microsateilite in an intron of the canine tyrosinase-related protein-2 gene. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 327．
213． Guo, Q., Shibuya, H., Nonneman, D., Liu, P-C., Huang, T. H-M, Johnson. G. S. A polymorphic (CA)n microsateilite in the canine lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase gene. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 328-329．
214． Schlapfer, J., Switonski, M., Schelling, C.. Stranzinger, G.. Gailard, C., Dolf, G. The highly polymorphic canine microsateilite ZuBeCa2 is localized on canine chromosome 1q210-q211． Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 329-330．
215． Shibuya, H., Cassells, M. W., Huang, T. H-M., Johnson. G. S. A polymorphic (TG)n microsateilite in an intron of the canine angiotension I converting enzyme gene. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 66-67．
216． Menotti-Raymond, M., David, V. A., Lyons. L. A.. Schaffer, A. A., Tomlin. J. F., Hutton. M. K., O'Brien, S. J. A genetic linage map of microsatellites in the domestic cat (Felis catus). Genomics. 1999,57:9-23．
217． Brusgaard, K., Malchenko, S. N., Christensen. K.. Lohi. O., Kruse. T. A polymorphic mink (Mustela vison) dinucleotide repeat. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 467．
218． Brusgaard, K., Holm, L-E., Lohi, O. Two polymorphic mink (Mustela vison) dinucleotide repeat loci. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 468-469．
219． Zhang, Y., Ryder, O. A., Zhao, Q., Fan, Z.. He, G.. Zhang, A., Zhang, H.. He. T., Chen, Y. Non-invasive giant panda paternity exclusion. Zoo Biology. 1994, 13: 569-573．
220． Duffy, A. J., Landa, A., O'ConnelI, M., Stratton, C.. Wright, J. M. Four polymorphic microsatellites in wolverine, Gulo gulo. Animal Genetics. 1998． 29: 63．
221． Menotti-Raymond, M., O'Brien, S.J. Evolutionary conservation of ten microsateilite loci in four species of felidae. The Journal of Heredity. 1995, 86(4) : 319-322．
222． Ruyter-Spira, C. P., Crooijmmans, R. P. M. A., Dijikhof, R. J. M., Oers, P. A. M. Van, Strijk, J. A., Poel, J. J. van der., Groenen, M. A. M. Development and mapping of polymorphic microsateilite markers derived from a chicken brain cDNA library. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27: 229-234．
223． Gibbes, M., Dawson, D., McCamley, C., Burke. T. Ten novel chicken dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms. Animal Genetics. 1995, 26: 443-444．
224． Crooijmmans, R. P. M. A., Dijikhof, R. J. M., Poel, J. J. van der., Groenen, M. A. M. New microsateilite markers in chicken optimized for automated fluorescent genotyping. Animal Genetics. 1997,28:427-437．
225． Gibbes, M.. Dawson. D., McCamley. C. Wardle. A. F.. Armour. J. A. L., Burke, T. Chicken microsatellite markers isolated from libraries enriched for simple tandem repeats. Animal Genetics. 1997． 28:401-417．
226． Anotte. O., Pugh. A..Maucher. C.. Dawson. D.. Burke. T. Nine novel chicken microsatellite loci and their utility in other Galliformes. Animal Geneties. 1997． 28: 311-313．
227． Toye. A. A. Bumstead. N., Moran. C. Chicken solute carrier family 4 anion exhchenger member 1 (SLC4A1) : microsatellite polymorphism and mapping. Animal Genetics. 1997． 28: 316-317．
228． Dufour, E., Morisson, M., Berge, R.. Vignal. A. Seven mapped polymorphic chicken microsatellite markers. Animal Genetics. 1997, 28: 59-60．
229． Liu. Z.. Crooijmans. R. P. M. A.. Pocl. .J. .J. van der. Groenen, M. A. M. Use of chicken microsatellite markers in turkey: a pessimistie view. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27: 191-193．
230． Levin. I., Cheng. H. H.. Baxter-Jones. C., lliilel. J. Turkey microsatellite DNA loci amplified by chicken-speeific primers. Animal Genetics.1995． 26: 107-110．
231． Cathey, J. C.. Smith, L. M., Backer. R. J.. DeWoody .J A. Trinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the alpha-enolase/tau-erystallin locus in ducks. Animal Geneties. 1996． 27: 130-131．
232． Buchholz. W. G.. Pearee. J. M. . Pierson. B. .J.. Sehribner. K.. T. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms in waterfowl (family Anaiidae): charaeterization ola sex-linked (Z-specitic) and 14 autosomal loci. Animal Genetics. 1998． 29: 323-325．
233． Dallimer, M. Cross-species amplillcation success of avian mierosatellites in the redbilled quelea (Ouelea quelea). Molecular Ecology. 1999． (8) : 695-698．
234． 施立明、贾旭、胡志昂．遗传多样性[A].见：陈灵芝主编.中国的生物多样性--现状于保护 对策[C].北京．科学出版社.1993． 117．
235． Nei. M. Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. USA. 1973． 70: 3321-3323．
236． Kremer. A.. Petit R. J.. Pons. O. Measures of polymorphism within and among populations. In: Molecular Tools for Screening Biodiversity. Edited by Anela Karp, Peter G. Isaac and David S. Ingram. Chapman & Hall. 1998, 301-311．
237． Eldridge, M. D. B. King. .J. M.. Loupis. A. K.. Speueer, P.B. S. Yalor. A. C., Pope. L. C., Hall, G. P. Unprecedented low levels of genetic variation and inbreeding depression in an island population of the black-footed rock-wallaby. Conservation Biology. 1999． 13(3) : 531-541．
238． Madsen, T., Stille. B.. Shine, R. Inbreeding depression in an isolated population of adders Vipera berus. Biological Conservation. 1996． 75: 113-118．
239． Newman, D., Pilson. D. Increased probability of extinetion due to decreased genetic effective population size: experimental populations of (larkia pulchella. Evolution. 1997． 51: 354-362．
240． Pope. I. C.. Sharp. A.. Moritz. C. Population structure of the yellow-footed roek-wallaby Petrogale xanthopus (Gray, 1854) inferred from mtDNA sequences and microsatellite loci. Molecular Ecology.
1996，5：629-640．
241．吴仲贤．群体遗传学．见：遗传学．李汝祺主编．北京．中国大百科全书出版社．1984．138-142．
242．大羽 滋．群体遗传．赵敏等译．北京．科学出版社．1983，1-68．
243．吕宝忠．遗传分化与遗传距离．见：江三多、吕宝忠等主编．医学遗传数理统计方法．北京．科学出版社．1998，315-328．
244. Oyler-McCance, S. J., Kahn, N. W., Burnham, K. P., Braun, C. E., Quinn, T. W. A population genetic comparison of large- and small- bodied sage grouse in Colorado using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers. Molecular Ecology. 1999, 8: 1457-1465.
245. Rossiter, S. J. Jones, G., Ransome, R. D., Barratt, E. M. Genetic variation and population structure in the endangered greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Molecular Ecology. 2000, 9:1131-1135.
246．郭平仲编著．群体遗传学导论．北京．农业出版社．1993，333-373．
247. Broders, H. G., Mahoney, S.P, Montevecchi, W. A., Davidson, W. S. Population genetic structure and the effect of founder events on the genetic variability of moose, Alces alces, in Canada. Molecular Ecology. 1999, 8: 1309-1315.
248. Gerber, S., Mariette, S., Streiff, R., Bodenes, C., Kremer, A. Comparison of microsatellites and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers for parentage analysis. Molecular Ecology. 2000, 9: 1037-1048.
249．杨庆恩主编．DNA在法庭科学中的应用．北京．中国人民公安大学出版社．1994．165-227．
250. Zhang, Y, Ryder, O. A., Zhao, Q., Fan, Z., He, G., Zhang, A., Zhang, H., He, T., Chen, Y. Non-invasive giant panda paternity exclusion. Zoo Biology. 1994, 13: 569-573.
251. McCrachen, G. F., Burghardt, G. M., Houts, S. E. Microsatellite markers and multiple paternity in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis. Molecular Ecology. 1999, 8: 1475-1479.
252. Valenzuela, N. Multiple paternity in side-neck turtles Podocnemis expansa evidence from microsatellite DNA data. Molecular Ecology. 2000, 9: 99-105.
253. Glowatzki, M-L., Gaillard, C., Wigger, C., Fries, R. Microsatellite-based parentage control in cattle. Animal Genetics. 1995, 26: 7-12.
254. Usha, A. P., Simpson, S. P., Williams, J. L. Probability of random sire exclusion using microsatellite markers for parentage verification. Animal Genetics. 1995, 26: 155-161.
255. Heyen, D. W., Beever, J. E., Da, Y., Green, C., Bates, S. R. E., Ziegle, J. S., Lewin, H. A. Exclusion probabilities of 22 bovine microsatellite markers in fluorescent mutiplexes for semiautomated parentage testing. Animal Genetics. 1997, 28: 21-27.
256. Mommens, G., Van Zeveren, A., Peelman, L. J. Effectiveness of bovine microsatellites in resolving paternity cases in American bison, Bison bison L.. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 12-18.
257. Bowling, A. T., Eggleston, M. L., Byrns, G., Clark, R. S., Dileanis, S. D., Wictum, E. Validation of microsallite markers for routine horse parentage testing. Animal Genetics. 1997, 28: 247-252.
258. Mukoyama, M,, Tozaki, T., Mashima, S.. Hirota, K.. Mukoyama, H. Equine parentage testing by microsatellite locus at chromosome 1q2. 1. Animal Genetics. 1995, 26: 123-124.
259. Fredholm, M., Wintero, A. K. Efficient resolution of parentage in dogs by amplification of micorsatellites. Animal Genetics. 1996.27:19-23.
260. Taylor, A. C., Coean, P. E., Fricke, B. L., Cooper, D. W. Genetic analysis of the mating system of the common brushtail possum(Trichosurus vulpecula)in New Zealand farmland. Molecular Ecology. 2000. 9: 869-879.
261. Worthington Wilmer J., Overall, A. J.. Pomeroy. P. P., Twiss. S. D.. Amos, W. Pattern of paternal relatedness in British grey seal colonies. Molecular Ecology. 2000, 9: 283-292.
262. Worthington Wilmer, J., Allen. P. J.. Pomeroy. P. P. Twiss. S. D., Amos. W. Where have all fathers gone? An extensive microsatel;lite analysis of paternity in the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Molecular Ecology. 1999, 8: 1417-1429.
263. Talbot, J., Haigh, J., Plante, Y. A parentage evaluation test in North American elk (wapiti) using microsatellite of ovine and bovine origin. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27:117-119.
264. Okada. A., Tamate, H. B., Pedigree analysis of the sika deer (Cervus nippon) using microsatellite markers. Zoological Science. 2000, 17: 335-340.
265. O'Teilly, P. T., Herbinger. C.. Wright. J. M. Analysis of parentage determination in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using microsatellites. Animal Genetics 1998.29: 363-370.
266．王丽娟、梁秀龄、刘焯平、沈福民、孟炜、徐评议、潘锡榜、陈彪．应用微卫星DNA单体性检测Wilson病症状前患者及杂合子．中华医学遗传杂志．1998．15(4)：242-245．
267．王柠、吴志英、慕容慎行、余龙．Chinese．Journal of Neurol．1997，30(1)：22．
268．赵振铭、褚嘉佑、郭仁．微卫星DNA及其在医学遗传学研究中的应用．中华医学遗传学杂志．1997．14(1)：40-43．
269．杜玲珍、于立志、王鸿利、储海燕、诸江、王振义．多重聚合酶链反应检测vWF基因内微卫星DNA与vWD患者家系分析．中华血液学杂志．1998．19(3)：118-121．
270．白千帆、朱世乐、陈秀强、廖启洪、王海燕．应用多个微卫星遗传标记对柳州地区10个APKD家系的基因诊断．中华医学遗传学杂志．1998，15(4)：218-220．
271．汪承亚、丁小健、倪黎、盛瑞兰、王兰华、Markowitz．S．外源性微卫星序列转染RER~+细胞株观察肿瘤细胞遗传不稳定性的研究．中华医学遗传学杂志．1998，15(4)：246-249．
272．王永信、柯杨．胃粘膜细胞系GES-1和MC微卫星DNA不稳定性及杂和性缺失研究．解剖学报．1998，29(3)：329-331．
273．朱平、王黎明、符粤文、刘迎、薛海鹏、虞积仁．用微卫星寻找和定位血液系统肿瘤患者丢失的基因．北京医科大学学报．1998，30(4)：298—301．
274．王永信、柯杨．微卫星DNA和肿瘤．中华肿瘤杂志．1997，19(6)：472-473．
275．符粤文、朱平、王文生、刘迎、薛海鹏．白血病染色体易位断裂点区域微卫星的不稳定性和和性丢失．中华医学遗传学杂志．1998，15(5)：271-273．
276．陈国安、孙燕、李申德、刘天菊、杨德昌．肺癌组织中微卫星DNA的改变．中华结核和呼吸杂志．1999，22(3)：166-168．
277．任舒月、杨滨、陈春生、隋承光、陈红、任常山．大肠癌和卵巢癌病人微卫星序列变化研究．中山医科大学学报．1999，28(2)：88-89．
278．张建军、范振斌、高燕宁、程书钧．微卫星分析在中国人膀胱癌诊断中的应用．癌变&畸变&突变．1999，11(6)：308．
279．刘旭．遗传标记和遗传图谱的构建．作物品种资源．1997，(3)：29-32．
280．细胞培养
281．吴登俊、马丁·费尔斯特．家畜基因组遗传多态标记——微卫星标记研究进展(下)．国外畜牧科技．1999，26(2)：37-40．
282. Barendse, W., Vaiman, D., Kemp, S., Sugimoto, Y., Armitage, S., Williams, J. L., Sun, H. S., Eggen, A., Agaba, M., Aleyasin, A., Band, M., Bishop, M. D., Buitkamp, J., Byrne, K., Collins, F., Cooper, L., Coppetiers, W., Denis, B., Drinkwater, R., Eastersay, K., Ennis, S., Erhardt, G.,, Ferretti, L., Gao, Q., Georges, M., Gurung, R., Harlizius, B., Hawlins, G. A., Hetzel, D. J. S., Hirano. T., Hulme, D. J., Jorgensen, C., Kessler, M., Kirkpatrick, B. W., Konfortov, B. A., Kuhn, C. H., Lenstra, J. A., Leveziel, H., Lewin, H. A., Leyhe, B., Li, L., Martin Burriel, I., McGraw, R. A., Miller, R., Moody, D., Moore, S. S., Nakane, S., Nijman, I. J., Olsaker, I., Pomp, D., Rogers, M., Rando, A., Ron, M., Soller, M., Teale, A. J., Thieven, U., Urquhart, B., Vage, D., Van De Weghe, A., Varvio, S., Velmalla, R., Vilkki, J., Weikard, R., Woodside, C., Womack, J. E., Zanotti, M., Zaragoza, P. A genetic linkage map of the bovine genome Ⅱ. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 57-58.
283. Groenen, M. A. M., Veenendaal, A., Crooijmans, R. P. M. A., Strijk, J. A., Dijkhof, R. J. M., Vanhala, T., Van der Poel, J. J. A microsatellite linkage map of the chicken (Gallus domesticus). Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 66.
284. Mariani, P., Crittenden, L. B., Cheng, H. H., Wain, H. M., Vignal, A., Bumstead, N. Current state of the genetic map of the chicken. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 67.
285．顾志良、王志跃．微卫星DNA标记及其在鸡的基因图谱构建中的应用．中国家禽．1997，(6)：27-29．
286. Holmes, N. G., Fischer, P. E., Dickens, H. F., Ryder, E. J., Mee, J. M., Binns, M. M. Canine microsatellites assigned to chromosomes by fluorescence in-situ hybridization. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 70.
287. Bowling, A. T., Millon, L. V., Eggleston-Stott, M. L. Linkage mapping using equine half-sib families. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 73.
288. Graves, K. T., Raney, N., Ennis, R., Coogle, L., Reid, R., Bailey, E., Van De Goor, L., Cothran, E. G., Guerin, G., Skow, L., Breen, M., Bell, K. Equine gene mapping: synteny mapping DNA markers. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 73.
289. Guerin, G., Bertaud. M.. Nocart, M.. Meriaux. J. C. Linkage analysis between genetic markers in the horse. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 73.
290. Schook, L. B., Wilkie. P. J., Flickinger, G. H.. Yonker. S.. Uhde. J., Murtaugh, J., Paszek, A. A. Linkage maps of eight porcine chromosomes composed of microsatellite markers. Animal Genetics. 1996. 27(Suppl. 2): 82.
291. Thieven, U., Solina-Toldo, S., Friedl. R., Masabanda. J.. Fries, R., Barendse, W., Simon, D., Harlizus, B. Isolation of polymorphic microsatellites for the intergration of the bovine genetic and physical map. Animal Genetics. 1996, 27(Suppl. 2): 65.
292．石绍业、刘虹、白秀娟主编．野生动物育种学．哈尔滨．黑龙江教育出版社．1994，1-286．
293．段子渊．DNA标记与动物分子育种．黄牛杂志．1999，25(5)：7-11．
294. Corner. A. S., Miller. J. R. Porcine microsatellites isolated from gene dense regions for quantitative trait loci analysis. Animal Genetics. 27(Suppl.): 76-77.
295. Ron, M., Lewin, H., Da, Y., Band. M.. Yanai. A., Blank. Y., Feldmesser, E., Weller, J. I. Prediction of informativeness for microsatellite markers among progeny of sires used for detection of economic trait loci in dairy cattle. Animal Genetics. 1995.26: 439-441.
296．孙少华、师守坤．牛微卫星DNA的特性研究及其在遗传育种中的应用．黄牛杂志．1999，25(3)：1-3．
297．龚炎长、彭中镇、师守坤．中国畜牧杂志．1998．34(6)：51-52．
298. Coulson, T. N., Albon. S. D.. Pemberton, J. M., Slate, J.. Guinness. F. E., Clutton-Brock, T. H. Genotype by environment interactions in winter survival in red deer. Journal of Animal Ecology. 1998, 67: 434-445.
299．成廷水、刘定发．利用遗传标记预测畜禽杂种优势的研究．生物学杂志．1999，3(6)：5-6．
300．李春丽．应用分子标记差异性预测作物杂种优势的研究研究进展．遗传．1997．19(1)：46-48．
301. Moazami-Goudarzi. K.. Laloe, D.. Furet. J. P.. Grosclaude. F. Analysis of genetic relationship between 10 cattle breeds with 17 microsatellites. Animal Geneties. 1997, 28: 338-345.
302. Arranz, J. J., Bayon. Y., San Primitivo. F. Genetic relationship among Spanish sheep using microsatellites. Animal Genetics. 1998.29: 435-440.
303. Loftus, R. T., Ertugrul. O,, Harba, A. H., El-barody, A. A,, MacHugh, D. E., Park, S. D. E., Bradley, D. G. A microsatellite survey of eattle from a centre of origin: the near east. Molecular Ecology. 1999, 8: 2015-2022.
304. Arranz. J. J.. Bayon. Y.. San Primitivo. E. Comparison of protein markers and microsatellites in differentiation of cattle population. Animal Genetics. 1996. 27: 415-419.
305. MacHugh, D. E., Logtus. R. T., Cunningham, P. Bradley, D. G. Genetic structure of seven European cattle breeds assessed using 20 microsatellite markers. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29: 333-340.
306. Polli, M., Del Bo, L.. Ceriotti, G., Longeri. M, Zanotti, M Genetic distances of seven cattle breeds of Italian Alpine area by microsatellites. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 9.
307. Monnens, G., Van Zeveren, A., Peelman, L. J., Dteteren, G., Wissoco, N. Genetic distances between Bos taurus breeds and a possible phylogenetic tree with a Bison outgroup. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 10.
308. Li, K., Chen, Y., Moran, C., Peng, Z., Fan, B., Gong, Y., Zhao, S., Li, X. Analysis of diversity and genetic relationship between eight indigenous pig breeds in Southern China with 27 microsate41lites recommended by ISAG-FAO. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 13.
309. Bjornstad, G., Roed, K. H., Gunby, E. On genetic variation in Norwegian horse breeds: Phylogenetic analysis support eastern influence of native Norwegian breeds. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 15.
310. Bellone, R. R., Cothran, E. G, Ketchum, M. S., Genetic variation in the rare donkey breed, Baudet du Poitou. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 17.
311．樊斌、李奎、彭中镇、Chen，Y，Moran，C．，龚炎长、赵书红．湖北省三品种猪27个微卫星座位的遗传变异．生物多样性．1999，7(2)：91-96．
312．张细权、吕雪梅、杨玉华、刘敬顺、杨关福、吴显华．用微卫星多态性和RAPD分析广东地方 鸡种的群体遗传变异．遗传学报．1998，25(2)：112-119．
313. Vila, C., Halverson, J. L., Ziegle, J. N. Discrimination between dogs, wolves and hybrids using microsatellites. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 19.
314. Savas, T., Looft, C., Roehe, R., Goetz, K. U. Assignment of individuals to commercial egg layer populations using microsatellite markers. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 20.
315. Moazami-Goudarzi, K., Pity, S., Laloe, D., Solignag, M., Cornuet, J-M. Breed assignment in cattle using microsatellites. Animal Genetics. 1998, 29(Suppl.): 8.
316．平原、顾丽华、陈连康．STR系统HUMCSF1PO-HUMTPOX-HUMTH01三位点复合扩增在上海地区的频率分布．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(1)：37-38．
317．霍振义、刘雅诚、唐晖、贾淑琴．三个STR位点复合扩增多态性及法医学应用．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(1)：39-41．
318．赵芳芳、王向伟、梁景青．太原地区汉族人HUMTH01位点基因频率分布调查．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(2)：89．
319．顾丽华、平原、唐建平．STR系统HUMCSF1PO-HUMTPOX-HUMTH0l三位点复合扩增在法医学上的应用．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(2)：92-95．
320．刘超、王穗保、欧桂生．DNA扩增技术用于强奸案检材的检验．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(2)：95-96．
321．黄代新、杨庆恩．STR位点D19S253和D8S1179的法医学意义及应用研究．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(3)：147-150．
322．侯一平、李英碧、吴谨、陈国弟、孟海英、刘雅诚、李剑波．法医DNA分型的可重复性．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(3)：163-165．
323．陈国弟、侯一平、李英碧、吴谨、孟海英、辛军平．D19S400基因座在中国3个汉族群体与日本人中的遗传多态性研究．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(4)：202-204，209．
324．刘雅诚、霍振义、唐晖、杨剑、贾淑琴、马万山、焦章平．北京汉族群体9个STR位点的频率分布及法医学应用．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(4)：210-212．
325．郑秀芬、吴薇薇、丁宏、应宗敏、徐林苗．混合精斑染色涂片的STR-PCR检验．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(4)：235-236．
326．阙庭志、李莉、林源、吴福根、叶元康．用多重PCR及荧光检测技术分析CTT位点的多态性．法医学杂志．1999，15(3)：144-146．
327. Fujita, H., Naito, E., Dewa, K., Yamanouchi, H. Three short tandem repeat loci in Japanese population. The Japanese Journal of Legal Medicine. 1995, 49(3): 213-221.
328. Menotti-Raymond, M., David, V. A., Stephens, J. C., Lyons, L. A., O'Brien, S. J. Genetic individualization of domestic cats using feline STR loci for forensic applications. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1997, 42(6): 1039-1051.
329. Menotti-Raymond, M., David, V. A., O'Brien, S. J. Pet cat hair implicates murder suspect. Nature.1998, 386: 774.
330．李庆生、肖仰哲、李春梅、张核子、卢岩、王保捷．人体角化组织DNA的提取及ACTBP2型检出的研究．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(1)：36-37．
331．叶健．甲醛固定的组织的DNA提取．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(1)：41-44．
332．叶健、张纯斌、胡兰、郑秀芬、杨建华．陈旧骨骼及牙齿的性别鉴定．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(2)：68-70．
333．李莉、阙庭志、林源，陈旧骨骼的核DNA检验．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(2)：167-169．
334．朱爱民、杜庆新、王剑、李晓平、宋立新、李明哲．妊娠40天胎儿绒毛组织亲子鉴定一例．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(1)：50-52．
335．李莉、林源、阙庭志．DNA检验法用于牙齿个人识别一例．中国法医学杂志．1998，13(1)：55-56．
336. Kasai, K., Yoshida, K., Fujiki, K., Senju, H., Sekiguchi, K., Sato, H., Sera, S., Sensabaugh, G. F. Technical evaluation on STR analysis from evidence samples. Proceedings from the 7th International Symopsium on Human Identification, 1996. Promega Corporation. 1997, 178.
337. Cattaneo, C. et al. A simple method for extracting DNA from old skeletal material. Forensic Science International. 1995, 74: 167.
338. Paetkau, D., Strobeck, C. The molecular basis and evolutionary history of a microsatellite null allele in bears. Molecular Ecology. 1995, 4: 347-354.
339. Pemberton, J. M., Slate, J., Bancroft, D. R., Barrett, J. A. Non amplification alleles at microsatellite loci----a caution for parentage and population studies. Molecular Ecology. 1995, 4: 249-252.
340. Callen, D. F., Thompson, A. D., Shen, Y., Phillips, H. A., Richards, R. I., Mulley, J. C., Sutherland, G. R. Incidence and origin of 'null' alleles in the (AC)n microsatellite markers. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1993, 52: 922-927.
341. Brookfield, J. F. Y. A simple new method for estimating null allele frequency from heterozygote
deficiency. Molecular Ecology. 1996, 5: 453-455．
342． Ginot, F., Bordelais, L, Nguyen, S., Gyapay, G. Correction of some genotyping errors in automated fluorescent microsatellite analysis by enzymatic removal of one base overhangs. Nucleic Acid Research. 1996,24:540-541．
343． Haberl, M., Tautz, D. Comparative allele sizing can produce inaccurate allele size differences for microsatellites. Molecular Ecology. 1999,8: 1347-1350．
344． Dupuy, B., Olaisen, B. Sequenced alleles as internai standard in STR fragment analysis. Proceedings from the 1st European Symposium on Human Identification, 1996． Promega Corporation. 1997, 71-80．
345． Hemmer, H. The phylogeny if the tiger (Panthera tigris). In Tiger of the World (Ed. Tilson, R. L. Etal). Nyes Publications. New York. 1987, 28-35．
346． Gillespie, J. H. Population Genetics, a concise guide. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and London. 1998, 85-102．