基于并行工程模式的船舶建造编码系统的分析与研究
摘要
造船业是典型的多品种、小批量甚至是单个生产的行业，如何提高造船业的生产效率、降低成本、缩短周期、增加效益是造船业长期探索的课题。世界造船业上个世纪50年代后期引进成组技术，并在技术改造、开发新型造船设备、船舶设计、生产管理、变革造船体制等方面，做了一系列工作，最终取得了成功。成组技术的应用无疑是提高造船生产率的主导技术之一。
随着科技的飞速进步，现代造船业的生产方式由劳动力密集型转变为设备密集型和信息密集型，并进而向知识密集型方向发展。造船企业开始尝试应用“先进制造技术”的相关理论和方法，如成组技术(GT)、单项计算机辅助(CAD、CAM、CAPP)、并行工程(CE)等，来指导自己的设计和生产，实现自身的现代化。
船舶建造编码是现代化造船的一项极其重要的基础工作，同时也是一项随着造船模式的发展而不断发展的生产组织形式的要求。船舶建造编码实际上是运用成组技术对船舶建造过程的信息流进行信息分类与标志的一种特定的编码规则。当造船模式正由分段制造模式为主的传统模式，向区域造船模式跨进的过程时，造船模式转变进入到第二个阶段，即造船模式要以中间产品为导向以分道制造模式为主导，必须建立以中间产品为导向、分道制造模式为基础的编码体系结构。
本文首先通过运用并行工程的相关理论对船舶建造中工程分解、船体建造、舾装和涂装等进行分析和研究，指出了在并行工程模式下的现代船舶建造在设计、生产组织和管理各方面的方式和特点。在对造船模式详细分析的基础上，提出了适合并行工程模式下的船舶编码系统。文章在第三章对船舶建造编码在分类、系统结构，系统组成，代码实现上做了详细的介绍。
文章在第四、五章，运用系统工程的相关理论，对船舶建造编码进行了分析与研究。运用层次分析法对船舶建造进行了辅助的工程分解，运用聚类分析法对中间产品进行辅助分类。并且还对船舶建造编码的各个分系统进行了分析与研究。
文章对船舶建造编码系统的研究是建立在对船舶建造模式详细分析的基础上的。把并行工程和系统工程的概念和方法应用到了分析与研究中，对今后对船舶建造编码的研究和发展有一定的参考价值。
The shipbuilding industry is a typical industry in which there are many kinds of products, little batch products, even produce a single product. The problem researched for a long time in shipbuilding industry is how to increase production efficiency, how to decrease production cost, how to shorten production period and how to improve benefits. Group technology was introduced into shipbuilding industry in late 1950 last century. Much work is done about technology alteration, developing new shipbuilding devices, ship design, manufacture management, reform shipbuilding system. And it is proved to be successful.
With the fast development of technology, manufacture ways of shipbuilding industry are changing from dense labor force to dense devices and to dense information, and are developing towards the direction of dense knowledge. Ship-building companies try to apply related theories and methods of advanced manufacture technology, such as group technology(GT),single computer aid (CAD CAM CAPP) , concurrent engineering (CE), the theories and methods are used to direct design and produce, and realize modernization.
Shipbuilding code is a very important basic work for modern shipbuilding, and it is also a produce organization form requirement, which is constantly developing with the development of shipbuilding model. In fact, shipbuilding code is a kind of a specified code regular which apply GT to classify information for shipbuilding procedure. When ship-building model is developing from traditional model based on subsection manufacture model to field manufacture model, the change of ship-building model enter into the second stage, that is to say, ship-building model should be directed by interim production and parted channels produce model, and it must establish the structure of code system directed by interim production and base on produce model.
Some analysis and research on engineering decompose, shipbuilding, outfitting and painting are conducted through applying the related theories of CE in this paper, at the same time, ways and characters on design, production management and organization of modern ship-building under CE model are pointed. Ship code system
that is fit to CE model is put forward, which is based on detail analysis of shipbuilding model. There is a particular introduce about the classification, system structure, system organization of shipbuilding code in chapter three.
In the forth and the fifth chapter, theories about system engineering are applied to analyze and research shipbuilding code. Layer analysis method is used to do aided engineering decompose, and clustering analysis method is applied to aid classification for interim production. Meanwhile, analysis and research are conducted for the systems of shipbuilding code.
In this paper, the research on shipbuilding code is based on particular analysis for shipbuilding model. It is valuable to apply the ideas and methods of CE and system engineering in analysis and research field for the research and development of shipbuilding code.
随着科技的飞速进步，现代造船业的生产方式由劳动力密集型转变为设备密集型和信息密集型，并进而向知识密集型方向发展。造船企业开始尝试应用“先进制造技术”的相关理论和方法，如成组技术(GT)、单项计算机辅助(CAD、CAM、CAPP)、并行工程(CE)等，来指导自己的设计和生产，实现自身的现代化。
船舶建造编码是现代化造船的一项极其重要的基础工作，同时也是一项随着造船模式的发展而不断发展的生产组织形式的要求。船舶建造编码实际上是运用成组技术对船舶建造过程的信息流进行信息分类与标志的一种特定的编码规则。当造船模式正由分段制造模式为主的传统模式，向区域造船模式跨进的过程时，造船模式转变进入到第二个阶段，即造船模式要以中间产品为导向以分道制造模式为主导，必须建立以中间产品为导向、分道制造模式为基础的编码体系结构。
本文首先通过运用并行工程的相关理论对船舶建造中工程分解、船体建造、舾装和涂装等进行分析和研究，指出了在并行工程模式下的现代船舶建造在设计、生产组织和管理各方面的方式和特点。在对造船模式详细分析的基础上，提出了适合并行工程模式下的船舶编码系统。文章在第三章对船舶建造编码在分类、系统结构，系统组成，代码实现上做了详细的介绍。
文章在第四、五章，运用系统工程的相关理论，对船舶建造编码进行了分析与研究。运用层次分析法对船舶建造进行了辅助的工程分解，运用聚类分析法对中间产品进行辅助分类。并且还对船舶建造编码的各个分系统进行了分析与研究。
文章对船舶建造编码系统的研究是建立在对船舶建造模式详细分析的基础上的。把并行工程和系统工程的概念和方法应用到了分析与研究中，对今后对船舶建造编码的研究和发展有一定的参考价值。
The shipbuilding industry is a typical industry in which there are many kinds of products, little batch products, even produce a single product. The problem researched for a long time in shipbuilding industry is how to increase production efficiency, how to decrease production cost, how to shorten production period and how to improve benefits. Group technology was introduced into shipbuilding industry in late 1950 last century. Much work is done about technology alteration, developing new shipbuilding devices, ship design, manufacture management, reform shipbuilding system. And it is proved to be successful.
With the fast development of technology, manufacture ways of shipbuilding industry are changing from dense labor force to dense devices and to dense information, and are developing towards the direction of dense knowledge. Ship-building companies try to apply related theories and methods of advanced manufacture technology, such as group technology(GT),single computer aid (CAD CAM CAPP) , concurrent engineering (CE), the theories and methods are used to direct design and produce, and realize modernization.
Shipbuilding code is a very important basic work for modern shipbuilding, and it is also a produce organization form requirement, which is constantly developing with the development of shipbuilding model. In fact, shipbuilding code is a kind of a specified code regular which apply GT to classify information for shipbuilding procedure. When ship-building model is developing from traditional model based on subsection manufacture model to field manufacture model, the change of ship-building model enter into the second stage, that is to say, ship-building model should be directed by interim production and parted channels produce model, and it must establish the structure of code system directed by interim production and base on produce model.
Some analysis and research on engineering decompose, shipbuilding, outfitting and painting are conducted through applying the related theories of CE in this paper, at the same time, ways and characters on design, production management and organization of modern ship-building under CE model are pointed. Ship code system
that is fit to CE model is put forward, which is based on detail analysis of shipbuilding model. There is a particular introduce about the classification, system structure, system organization of shipbuilding code in chapter three.
In the forth and the fifth chapter, theories about system engineering are applied to analyze and research shipbuilding code. Layer analysis method is used to do aided engineering decompose, and clustering analysis method is applied to aid classification for interim production. Meanwhile, analysis and research are conducted for the systems of shipbuilding code.
In this paper, the research on shipbuilding code is based on particular analysis for shipbuilding model. It is valuable to apply the ideas and methods of CE and system engineering in analysis and research field for the research and development of shipbuilding code.
引文
[1] 叶家玮．现代造船技术概论．广州：华南理工大学出版社，2001，1～20
[2] 应长春，徐学光．论现代造船体制的特征和实践．中国造船，1995年第2期
[3] 刘传茂．船体分道建造技术应用与发展．造船技术2003年第1期
[4] 徐学光．壳舾涂一体化内涵的探析．造船技术，1998 No．2，10～20
[5] 刘建峰，秦士元，应长春．面向集成船舶制造系统分析．船舶，2000年第2期
[6] 林福永著，一般系统结构理论．暨南大学出版社，1998
[7] 马士华，林勇，陈志祥著．供应链管理．机械工业出版社．2000．5，P200～250
[8] 翁德伟主编，徐学光，陆伟东副主编．造船成组技术．上海：上海交通大学出版，1990年
[9] 陈强．船舶制造系统的复杂性及其控制．中国造船，2002年第1期
[10] 徐学光，探索船舶工业的持续发展．上海造船，1999，1
[11] 孔祥鼎．推行船体建造、舾装、涂装一体化．武汉造船，1995年第1期
[12] 罗展贤．探索成组技术在船体分段设计与建造中的应用．广船科技，1994
[13] 罗广基．实施壳舾涂一体化区域造船法探讨．造船技术，1994年第11期
[14] 中国船舶工业总公司．现代造船模式研究报告，国家软科学研究项目研究报告 1996年6月
[15] 刘建峰著．基于PWBS船体建造运作策略研究．上海交通大学博士学位论文，2000，9
[16] 陈强．以信息化提升船舶工业现代化．第三届上海国际工业博览会科技论坛，上海船舶工业与信息化研讨会论文集．2001
[17] 现代造船工程．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社 1998．65～93．
[18] 张根保．先进制造技术．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1996．7
[19] 陈强．中心制造船模式的研究与应用：[博士学位论文]．哈尔滨工程大学，2001
[20] 应长春．知识经济时代的制造业．华东船舶工业学院学报，1998，9，31～42
[21] 中国船舶工业总公司缩短造船周期对策研究课题组．缩短造船周期对策研究报告，中国船舶科技报告，1993年3月
[22] 秦士元编著，系统分析．上海：上海交通大学出版，1987年
[23] Philip C.Koenig and Walter L.Christensen, Development and Implementation of Model Work Breakdown Structure in Naval Construction: A Case Study, Journal of Ship Production, Vol. 15, No. 3. August 1999, pp 136-145.
[24] George Bruce, Bill Hills, and Richard Storch, Design for Production, 1998 Elsevier B.V., pp331-339
[25] 来可伟，殷国富编著．并行设计．北京：机械工业出版社，2003，5
[26] 高介枯．转模：要理论．更要实践．中国船舶报，2001年第36期，第四版 J
[27] Aoyama, K., et al. System of Parts design and Manufacturing in Shipbuilding. JSNAJ,178, 551～561.
[28] Amemiya, T. Production Planning System for Oppama Shipyard. ICCAS'94, 2: 12, 3～14.
[29] Nakayama, J. Expert Process Planning System of CIM for Shipbuilding. ICCAS'94,2: 12, 55-66.
[30] Park.K, Lee.K, Park.S.Kim.S. Modeling and Solving then Spatial Block Scheduling Problem in Shipbuilding Company. Computers Ind. Engng. V61. 30. 357-364. 1996
[31] 王勇毅主编．船体建造工艺学(第二版)．人民交通出版社．1989．6
[32] Louls Edward Alfeld and Colleen S. Pillod. The Virtual Shipyard: A Simulation Model of the Shipbuilding Process. Journal of Ship Production, vol.14. No 1, Feb} 1998, 30-40
[33] B. George, H.Bill, and S. Richard. Design for Production. 1998 Elsevier Science BN. 331-339
[34] 钟宏才．刘建峰，谭家华．造船系统中间产品聚类分析法．2003，第37卷
[35] 朱骏．最佳分段储备量的研究：[硕士学位论文]．武汉交通科技大学，1995
[36] 王勇毅主编．船体建造工艺学．人民交通出版社，1989
[37] 潘家招等编著．现代生产管理学．清华大学出版社，1994
[38] 周美立著．相似工程学．机械工业出版社．1998，6，P100～115
[39] 高介枯．现代造船模式的设计方式．上海造船，1997年第2期
[40] Franz A. P. Frisch, Design/Production Integration and Industrial Structure, Journal of Ship Production, Vol. 1 ON0.2, May 1994, 8289
[41] 程庆和，王衡元，施谓滨．中国造船企业现代化集成制造系统适用研究．中国造船，2002，41卷
[42] Alfeld L. E., Pilliod C.S., Wilkins JR A Simulation Model of the Shipbuilding Process.Journal of Ship Production, Vol. 14, No.1, Feb. 1988, 33-40.
[43] A. Scott, D.S. Todd and P.Sen, An Evolution Approach to the Scheduling of Ship Design and Production Process, 1998 Elsevier B. V., pp351-357
[2] 应长春，徐学光．论现代造船体制的特征和实践．中国造船，1995年第2期
[3] 刘传茂．船体分道建造技术应用与发展．造船技术2003年第1期
[4] 徐学光．壳舾涂一体化内涵的探析．造船技术，1998 No．2，10～20
[5] 刘建峰，秦士元，应长春．面向集成船舶制造系统分析．船舶，2000年第2期
[6] 林福永著，一般系统结构理论．暨南大学出版社，1998
[7] 马士华，林勇，陈志祥著．供应链管理．机械工业出版社．2000．5，P200～250
[8] 翁德伟主编，徐学光，陆伟东副主编．造船成组技术．上海：上海交通大学出版，1990年
[9] 陈强．船舶制造系统的复杂性及其控制．中国造船，2002年第1期
[10] 徐学光，探索船舶工业的持续发展．上海造船，1999，1
[11] 孔祥鼎．推行船体建造、舾装、涂装一体化．武汉造船，1995年第1期
[12] 罗展贤．探索成组技术在船体分段设计与建造中的应用．广船科技，1994
[13] 罗广基．实施壳舾涂一体化区域造船法探讨．造船技术，1994年第11期
[14] 中国船舶工业总公司．现代造船模式研究报告，国家软科学研究项目研究报告 1996年6月
[15] 刘建峰著．基于PWBS船体建造运作策略研究．上海交通大学博士学位论文，2000，9
[16] 陈强．以信息化提升船舶工业现代化．第三届上海国际工业博览会科技论坛，上海船舶工业与信息化研讨会论文集．2001
[17] 现代造船工程．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社 1998．65～93．
[18] 张根保．先进制造技术．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1996．7
[19] 陈强．中心制造船模式的研究与应用：[博士学位论文]．哈尔滨工程大学，2001
[20] 应长春．知识经济时代的制造业．华东船舶工业学院学报，1998，9，31～42
[21] 中国船舶工业总公司缩短造船周期对策研究课题组．缩短造船周期对策研究报告，中国船舶科技报告，1993年3月
[22] 秦士元编著，系统分析．上海：上海交通大学出版，1987年
[23] Philip C.Koenig and Walter L.Christensen, Development and Implementation of Model Work Breakdown Structure in Naval Construction: A Case Study, Journal of Ship Production, Vol. 15, No. 3. August 1999, pp 136-145.
[24] George Bruce, Bill Hills, and Richard Storch, Design for Production, 1998 Elsevier B.V., pp331-339
[25] 来可伟，殷国富编著．并行设计．北京：机械工业出版社，2003，5
[26] 高介枯．转模：要理论．更要实践．中国船舶报，2001年第36期，第四版 J
[27] Aoyama, K., et al. System of Parts design and Manufacturing in Shipbuilding. JSNAJ,178, 551～561.
[28] Amemiya, T. Production Planning System for Oppama Shipyard. ICCAS'94, 2: 12, 3～14.
[29] Nakayama, J. Expert Process Planning System of CIM for Shipbuilding. ICCAS'94,2: 12, 55-66.
[30] Park.K, Lee.K, Park.S.Kim.S. Modeling and Solving then Spatial Block Scheduling Problem in Shipbuilding Company. Computers Ind. Engng. V61. 30. 357-364. 1996
[31] 王勇毅主编．船体建造工艺学(第二版)．人民交通出版社．1989．6
[32] Louls Edward Alfeld and Colleen S. Pillod. The Virtual Shipyard: A Simulation Model of the Shipbuilding Process. Journal of Ship Production, vol.14. No 1, Feb} 1998, 30-40
[33] B. George, H.Bill, and S. Richard. Design for Production. 1998 Elsevier Science BN. 331-339
[34] 钟宏才．刘建峰，谭家华．造船系统中间产品聚类分析法．2003，第37卷
[35] 朱骏．最佳分段储备量的研究：[硕士学位论文]．武汉交通科技大学，1995
[36] 王勇毅主编．船体建造工艺学．人民交通出版社，1989
[37] 潘家招等编著．现代生产管理学．清华大学出版社，1994
[38] 周美立著．相似工程学．机械工业出版社．1998，6，P100～115
[39] 高介枯．现代造船模式的设计方式．上海造船，1997年第2期
[40] Franz A. P. Frisch, Design/Production Integration and Industrial Structure, Journal of Ship Production, Vol. 1 ON0.2, May 1994, 8289
[41] 程庆和，王衡元，施谓滨．中国造船企业现代化集成制造系统适用研究．中国造船，2002，41卷
[42] Alfeld L. E., Pilliod C.S., Wilkins JR A Simulation Model of the Shipbuilding Process.Journal of Ship Production, Vol. 14, No.1, Feb. 1988, 33-40.
[43] A. Scott, D.S. Todd and P.Sen, An Evolution Approach to the Scheduling of Ship Design and Production Process, 1998 Elsevier B. V., pp351-357