允许越浪海堤的环境设计参数确定及越浪流与堤后波况计算
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摘要
风暴潮是影响我国沿海地区的重要灾害种类之一，由于我国经济较发达的城市基本集中于沿海地区，因此，防范风暴潮灾害成为重要的研究课题。海堤是我国沿海地区防范风暴潮的主要海岸建筑物，是沿海地区防御风暴潮体系中最直接、最有效的工程措施。风暴潮作用下海堤的环境条件设计标准确定需要考虑多种因素的综合作用，包括环境条件的不确定性、工程投资、海堤失效的风险等，其中，多种环境条件的联合设计标准引起了国内外研究者的广泛关注。在确定海堤堤顶高程时，传统的做法是按照不允许越浪标准进行设计，然而海洋环境条件的不确定性和工程投资等因素使得越浪不可完全避免，因此需要按照允许越浪标准设计海堤。在设计允许越浪海堤时，需要校核越浪流对堤顶及后坡的稳定性影响及冲刷作用，而不同的越浪流其作用方式不同，仅通过平均越浪量难以确定，因此需要对最大单波越浪量及越浪流速度场等参数进行详细研究才能给出堤顶及后坡的设计参数。
本文对受台风暴潮影响海区允许越浪情况下斜坡式海堤的环境条件设计标准进行了研究，并应用数值模型对越浪引起的越浪流及堤后波况进行了定量研究，以期为允许越浪的海堤堤顶高程和后坡防护提供设计参数。本文的主要工作如下：
针对工程区域实际海洋观测资料有限的现状，采用台风暴潮过程后报模型获得工程需要的同步发生的，分别以风为主、以浪为主、以水位为主的长期多维极值统计序列，并利用邻近海区的观测站资料对模型的后报结果进行了验证。后报模型主要采用RAMS、POM、SWAN三种模式，其中，考虑到SWAN在绕射计算方面可能存在不稳定，在波浪场的近岸推算中采用了一个简化的不考虑风场的考虑绕射的浅水波浪传播模型。
由于最大熵分布有4个待定参数，可以更加细致地拟合数据和更广泛地适用于各种情况下的非线性海浪，且对数据拟合时不带先验性，因此采用最大熵分布对海洋环境要素进行边缘分布拟合。现有的多维分布模型的边缘分布多是相同的，而统计序列进行抽样时，与主要因素序列伴随发生的其他两个次要因素序列一般都不符合极值分布，采用相同边缘分布的模型与客观情况不符。本文建立的以最大熵分布为边缘分布的三维嵌套逻辑分布模型，在边缘分布拟合上更加灵活，能够更好地反映各个要素的不确定性。
多维联合分布模型对应于某一联合重现期的解有无数组，求解时需要使用一定的约束条件。本文以越浪量为约束条件，采用四种计算方法推求允许越浪海堤的海洋环境要素重现值设计标准和堤顶高程，并比较了三种主因素序列对堤顶高程设计的影响。同时，考虑到某些海堤的危险状况是由峰值越浪体积引起的，对海堤的最大单波越浪量进行了验算，并尝试了以最大单波越浪量为约束条件确定海堤的重现值设计标准和堤顶高程。
对于允许越浪的海堤，需要堤顶和后坡防护设计的水文参数。因此，建立了用于越浪流模拟的二维数值波浪水槽。该数值水槽采用CIP方法求解对流方程和THINC方法追踪自由面，可以处理自由面的大变形和多重自由面的问题。采用前人的实验结果对数值波浪水槽进行了验证，包括溃坝实验、规则波和孤立波在潜堤上的传播变形实验以及越浪流在堤顶的厚度和堤后次生波的变化。应用建立的数值波浪水槽对堤顶和后坡上的越浪流进行了数值研究，给出高堤顶窄堤宽和低堤顶宽堤宽两种断面尺寸的堤顶及后坡上越浪流的速度场和不同侵蚀指标的侵蚀分析，并对两种断面进行了比较分析。
某些海堤具有掩护堤后水域的作用，需要对发生越浪时海堤堤后方水域的泊稳状况进行验算。本文将越浪在堤后的传递波看成是一种能量的传递，在基于能量守恒的波浪传播数值模型中添加越浪系数。该模型可以综合考虑绕射、反射、折射、越浪对堤后波况的影响，用以估算堤后水域的波高分布，验算海堤的掩护功效。将模型应用于青岛爱华游艇码头的平面布置方案的比选中，计算了不同环境条件设计标准下的港内波高，并采用两个参数评估港内的波况，为决策者提供参考。
Storm surge is one of the most important disasters affecting coastal areas ofChina. For the fact that the cities, whose economy is relatively developed in China,usually concentrate in the coastal region, much focus has been put on the subject ofpreventing storm surge disasters. Sea dikes, as a major part of coastal structures toprevent storm surge, is the most effective and direct engineering measures. It needs totake account into many factors to determine the environmental design parameter. Thatincludes the uncertainty of environmental conditions, engineering investment, failurerisk and so on, among which the joint design standard of a variety of environmentalconditions has attracted researchers’ attention widely. In determining the elevation ofseawalls, the traditional approach donot allow overtopping event, whereas,overtopping cannot be avoided due to the economic reason and the uncertaintiesassociated with the prediction of environmental conditions. Therefore it is necessaryto consider the allowable overtopping rate and to check the stability of the crest andinner slope affected by overtopping flow. Since the overtopping flow with the sameovertopping rate could act on crest and inner slope of seadikes in a different way, it isa necessary to study the maximum overtopping event and overtopping flow for thedesign of the crest and inner slope of seadikes.
This paper studies the design standard of environmental conditions for slopedseadikes with a tolerable overtopping rate, and investigates the overtopping flow andthe wave conditions of the water area behind the seadikes by numerical models. Theaim of this paper is to provide references for the design of crest elevation and innerslope of seadikes. The main wok of this paper is as following:
Considering the observational material is limited in some engineering projectarea, numerical models are used to hindcast the multi-dimensional long-term extremestatistical series dominated by wind, wave and water level, respectively. Thehindcasted results are verified by the data from observation stations adjacent theproject site. The models uses in this paper are RAMS for wind, POM, and SWAN, among which, noticing the possible stability issues in diffraction of SWAN, a steadywave model, which is robust in wave diffraction and do not include wind effect, isused in the wave field calculation in offshore.
By introducing the location parameter, the maximum entropy distribution withfour parameters can fit the data more flexibly and describe the nonlinear waves withno apriority. The maximum entropy distribution model is used to estimate oceanenvironmental conditions, such as wind, wave and water level. Then a threedimensional nested logic distribution model is established, with maximum entropydistribution as the marginal distribution. This model can take account into the fact thatthe dominant factor and secondary factors may obey different marginal distributionsto some extent.
For a multidimensional joint distribution model, there are numerouscombinations corresponding to some joint return period, hence a constraint conditionis needed. This paper uses overtopping rate as the constraint condition to calculate thejoint return value of environmental conditions and crest elevation with four methods.The results are analyzed to compare the effect of the three kinds of series and fourmethods on the crest elevation determination. Besides, the maximum singleovertopping volume is calculate to check the dangerous situation caused by peakwave overtopping volume, and an attempt is tried to determine the joint return valueof environmental conditions and crest elevation with maximum single overtoppingvolume as the constraint condition.
For the hydrologic design parameter of crest and inner slope, a numerical wavetank is established to analyze overtopping flow on crest and inner slope. The modelutilizes CIP method for advection equation and THINC method for free surfacecapture, which are efficient in dealing with problems with large deformation of freesurface and multi free surfaces. Some published experiments are employed to verifythe numerical wave tank, including dam break problems, regular wave and solitarywave passing through submerged obstacles, and the overtopping flow on the crest andsecondary wave behind seadikes. This numerical wave tank is utilized to analyze theovertopping flow velocity field on the crest and inner slope. Two types of profiles areinvestigated from the aspect of velocity field and erosion analysis based on differenterosion index, and the comparisons of two profiles are given in the end.
For the seadikes with the function of protecting water areas behind it, there is ademand to estimate wave conditions disturbed by wave overtopping. In this paper, the transmitted wave by overtopping is considered as a kind of transmitted energy, as atransmission factor added in the numerical wave propagation model based on energybalance. This model can take all factors into consideration including diffraction,reflection, refraction and overtopping transmission to estimate the wave height behindthe seadikes. Calculations are carried out to study the feasibility of constructing AiHua port in Qingdao with a comparison between two port layouts in design. Waveheights inside the port for different environmental design conditions are simulated,and two kinds of parameters are calculated to evaluate the wave conditions for the twolayouts to provide references for decision makers.
本文对受台风暴潮影响海区允许越浪情况下斜坡式海堤的环境条件设计标准进行了研究，并应用数值模型对越浪引起的越浪流及堤后波况进行了定量研究，以期为允许越浪的海堤堤顶高程和后坡防护提供设计参数。本文的主要工作如下：
针对工程区域实际海洋观测资料有限的现状，采用台风暴潮过程后报模型获得工程需要的同步发生的，分别以风为主、以浪为主、以水位为主的长期多维极值统计序列，并利用邻近海区的观测站资料对模型的后报结果进行了验证。后报模型主要采用RAMS、POM、SWAN三种模式，其中，考虑到SWAN在绕射计算方面可能存在不稳定，在波浪场的近岸推算中采用了一个简化的不考虑风场的考虑绕射的浅水波浪传播模型。
由于最大熵分布有4个待定参数，可以更加细致地拟合数据和更广泛地适用于各种情况下的非线性海浪，且对数据拟合时不带先验性，因此采用最大熵分布对海洋环境要素进行边缘分布拟合。现有的多维分布模型的边缘分布多是相同的，而统计序列进行抽样时，与主要因素序列伴随发生的其他两个次要因素序列一般都不符合极值分布，采用相同边缘分布的模型与客观情况不符。本文建立的以最大熵分布为边缘分布的三维嵌套逻辑分布模型，在边缘分布拟合上更加灵活，能够更好地反映各个要素的不确定性。
多维联合分布模型对应于某一联合重现期的解有无数组，求解时需要使用一定的约束条件。本文以越浪量为约束条件，采用四种计算方法推求允许越浪海堤的海洋环境要素重现值设计标准和堤顶高程，并比较了三种主因素序列对堤顶高程设计的影响。同时，考虑到某些海堤的危险状况是由峰值越浪体积引起的，对海堤的最大单波越浪量进行了验算，并尝试了以最大单波越浪量为约束条件确定海堤的重现值设计标准和堤顶高程。
对于允许越浪的海堤，需要堤顶和后坡防护设计的水文参数。因此，建立了用于越浪流模拟的二维数值波浪水槽。该数值水槽采用CIP方法求解对流方程和THINC方法追踪自由面，可以处理自由面的大变形和多重自由面的问题。采用前人的实验结果对数值波浪水槽进行了验证，包括溃坝实验、规则波和孤立波在潜堤上的传播变形实验以及越浪流在堤顶的厚度和堤后次生波的变化。应用建立的数值波浪水槽对堤顶和后坡上的越浪流进行了数值研究，给出高堤顶窄堤宽和低堤顶宽堤宽两种断面尺寸的堤顶及后坡上越浪流的速度场和不同侵蚀指标的侵蚀分析，并对两种断面进行了比较分析。
某些海堤具有掩护堤后水域的作用，需要对发生越浪时海堤堤后方水域的泊稳状况进行验算。本文将越浪在堤后的传递波看成是一种能量的传递，在基于能量守恒的波浪传播数值模型中添加越浪系数。该模型可以综合考虑绕射、反射、折射、越浪对堤后波况的影响，用以估算堤后水域的波高分布，验算海堤的掩护功效。将模型应用于青岛爱华游艇码头的平面布置方案的比选中，计算了不同环境条件设计标准下的港内波高，并采用两个参数评估港内的波况，为决策者提供参考。
Storm surge is one of the most important disasters affecting coastal areas ofChina. For the fact that the cities, whose economy is relatively developed in China,usually concentrate in the coastal region, much focus has been put on the subject ofpreventing storm surge disasters. Sea dikes, as a major part of coastal structures toprevent storm surge, is the most effective and direct engineering measures. It needs totake account into many factors to determine the environmental design parameter. Thatincludes the uncertainty of environmental conditions, engineering investment, failurerisk and so on, among which the joint design standard of a variety of environmentalconditions has attracted researchers’ attention widely. In determining the elevation ofseawalls, the traditional approach donot allow overtopping event, whereas,overtopping cannot be avoided due to the economic reason and the uncertaintiesassociated with the prediction of environmental conditions. Therefore it is necessaryto consider the allowable overtopping rate and to check the stability of the crest andinner slope affected by overtopping flow. Since the overtopping flow with the sameovertopping rate could act on crest and inner slope of seadikes in a different way, it isa necessary to study the maximum overtopping event and overtopping flow for thedesign of the crest and inner slope of seadikes.
This paper studies the design standard of environmental conditions for slopedseadikes with a tolerable overtopping rate, and investigates the overtopping flow andthe wave conditions of the water area behind the seadikes by numerical models. Theaim of this paper is to provide references for the design of crest elevation and innerslope of seadikes. The main wok of this paper is as following:
Considering the observational material is limited in some engineering projectarea, numerical models are used to hindcast the multi-dimensional long-term extremestatistical series dominated by wind, wave and water level, respectively. Thehindcasted results are verified by the data from observation stations adjacent theproject site. The models uses in this paper are RAMS for wind, POM, and SWAN, among which, noticing the possible stability issues in diffraction of SWAN, a steadywave model, which is robust in wave diffraction and do not include wind effect, isused in the wave field calculation in offshore.
By introducing the location parameter, the maximum entropy distribution withfour parameters can fit the data more flexibly and describe the nonlinear waves withno apriority. The maximum entropy distribution model is used to estimate oceanenvironmental conditions, such as wind, wave and water level. Then a threedimensional nested logic distribution model is established, with maximum entropydistribution as the marginal distribution. This model can take account into the fact thatthe dominant factor and secondary factors may obey different marginal distributionsto some extent.
For a multidimensional joint distribution model, there are numerouscombinations corresponding to some joint return period, hence a constraint conditionis needed. This paper uses overtopping rate as the constraint condition to calculate thejoint return value of environmental conditions and crest elevation with four methods.The results are analyzed to compare the effect of the three kinds of series and fourmethods on the crest elevation determination. Besides, the maximum singleovertopping volume is calculate to check the dangerous situation caused by peakwave overtopping volume, and an attempt is tried to determine the joint return valueof environmental conditions and crest elevation with maximum single overtoppingvolume as the constraint condition.
For the hydrologic design parameter of crest and inner slope, a numerical wavetank is established to analyze overtopping flow on crest and inner slope. The modelutilizes CIP method for advection equation and THINC method for free surfacecapture, which are efficient in dealing with problems with large deformation of freesurface and multi free surfaces. Some published experiments are employed to verifythe numerical wave tank, including dam break problems, regular wave and solitarywave passing through submerged obstacles, and the overtopping flow on the crest andsecondary wave behind seadikes. This numerical wave tank is utilized to analyze theovertopping flow velocity field on the crest and inner slope. Two types of profiles areinvestigated from the aspect of velocity field and erosion analysis based on differenterosion index, and the comparisons of two profiles are given in the end.
For the seadikes with the function of protecting water areas behind it, there is ademand to estimate wave conditions disturbed by wave overtopping. In this paper, the transmitted wave by overtopping is considered as a kind of transmitted energy, as atransmission factor added in the numerical wave propagation model based on energybalance. This model can take all factors into consideration including diffraction,reflection, refraction and overtopping transmission to estimate the wave height behindthe seadikes. Calculations are carried out to study the feasibility of constructing AiHua port in Qingdao with a comparison between two port layouts in design. Waveheights inside the port for different environmental design conditions are simulated,and two kinds of parameters are calculated to evaluate the wave conditions for the twolayouts to provide references for decision makers.
引文
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