硬脆材料砂带磨削研究
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摘要
硬脆材料(如瓷质砖、花岗石、大理石、工程陶瓷等)具有高强度、高硬脆等特点,广泛应用于精密加工、建筑、建材等行业,但在机械加工过程中,由于其低塑性、易硬脆破坏和产生微裂纹等特点,加工工艺性差、加工成本较高。
     本论文在国家自然科学基金支持下,开展了硬脆材料砂带磨削工艺和磨削加工形貌仿真的研究,旨在为实现花岗岩、瓷质砖和大理石等硬脆材料的高质高效加工提供一种新的加工方法。通过压磨板式砂带磨削几种典型硬脆材料,研究了压磨板磨削方式、砂带磨料种类及粒度、工件材料、运动形式和磨削液等工艺因素对材料切除率和表面粗糙度等主要加工指标的影响;针对硬脆材料的脆性断裂特点,建立了适用于硬脆材料砂带磨削表面形貌仿真的模型。
     研究结果表明,在压磨板式砂带磨削中,针对不同的工件材料,选用合理的工艺参数和加工条件,可以获得较高的材料切除率和较低的表面粗糙度,并可同时完成粗加工和半精加工工序,从而实现硬脆材料的高效高质磨削。
     提高砂带磨削材料切除率的方法有:采用合理的工作台运动方式;采用较大法向压力并进行恒压力磨削;针对工件材料合理选用砂带磨料材料和粒度;合理选用磨削液以及尽可能地提高砂带速度等。
     降低砂带磨表面粗糙度值的途径有:选择合理的工作台运动方式;针对工件材料合理选用砂带磨料材料;采用高粒度号砂带;尽可能提高砂带速度以及合理选用磨削液等。
     压磨板式砂带磨削硬脆材料时的磨粒磨损形式为磨粒脱落、磨粒破碎和磨粒磨平磨钝三种,其中磨平磨钝为磨损的主要形式,磨粒磨平磨钝数目受到磨削压力、工件材料硬度、磨料硬度、磨料粒度、磨削液、砂带速度和工作台运动形式等因素的影响。
     黑碳化硅硬而脆,与磨削硬度较高的花岗石和玻化砖相比,在磨削硬度较低的大理石时有较高的材料切除率,且磨粒磨损数目较少,因此黑碳化硅砂带适合于磨削硬度较低的大理石;锆刚玉韧性较好,在磨削硬脆材料时,与黑碳化硅相比有较高的材料切除率、较低的表面粗糙度和较少的磨粒磨损数目,但由于其价
    
     广东工业大学工学硕士学位论文
    一
    格与黑碳化硅相比较昂贵,因此只适合于磨削硬度较高的花岗石和玻化砖,而不
    适用于磨削大理石。
     砂带磨削仿真模型考虑了磨粒形状、硬脆材料的脆性断裂特点和工作台运动
    形式等因素。将砂带磨粒形状设为椭圆锥体的仿真结果与挪结果相符;考虑了
    硬脆材料的脆性断裂特点的仿真模型与实验结果一致性较好;计算机仿真程序可
    以在不需要实际系统参与的情形下得到与实验结果基本一致的理论,而且不受实
    际条件的限制,能迅速地揭示磨削规律、预报磨削结果和优化参数,对生产实践
    有一定指导意义。
Hard-brittle materials are widely used due to their high hardness and brittleness. However, they are very difficult to machine with a result of poor machinability and high productive cost.
    Supported by National Natural Science Fund, in this thesis, studies were carried out into grinding technology and morphology simulation studies of belt grinding of hard-brittle materials, aiming at providing a new, economic and efficient machining method for grinding hard-brittle materials. Through belt grinding experiments of several typical hard-brittle materials, some important technological parameters were investigated, which affect the material removal rate and surface roughness, involving grinding method, materials and abrasive grits of belt, workpieces materials, moving patterns and coolants, etc. Considering the brittle-crack characteristics of hard-brittle materials, simulation model of surface appearance of grinding hard-brittle materials was setup.
    The experimental results indicate that higher material removal rate and lower surface roughness can be obtained in belt grinding through proper selection of machining techniques according to different workpiece materials. Roughing and semi-finishing can be completed at the same time, which leads to hard-brittle materials machining with high quality and efficiency.
    The grit shape, brittle-crack characteristics of hard-brittle materials and table moving patterns, etc. were considered in simulation models. Simulation results, which adopt grit of elliptical cone and consider the crack characteristics of brittle materials, accord well with the experimental results. The simulation program can rapidly forecast grinding results optimize technical parameters without actual system, and will be instructive to the actual production.
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