序批式膜生物反应器处理城市生活污水研究
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摘要
我国水资源短缺,生活污水作为一种稳定可靠、可再生利用的水资源,对其回收利用是有效节约水资源的重要手段之一,是解决城市缺水问题的有效途径。本研究采用自行设计和加工的序批式膜生物反应器(SMBR),以人工配制的模拟生活污水为处理对象,探求SMBR工艺的最佳运行参数、污染物去除特性及膜污染的形成与控制方法。以实现SMBR稳定高效运行、出水水质达回用标准的同时,减少膜污染的发生。主要的研究结果有：
采用连续培养加周期培养的污泥培养驯化方式,活性污泥经24天驯化完成。活性污泥生长较快,MLSS浓度从2000mg/L增至6200mg/L,污泥产率为0.37kg(MLSS)/kg(CODCr)。硝化细菌生长较慢,污泥培养中后期通过降低进水中的CODCr浓度,使异养菌的增殖减慢,为硝化菌的生长提供更好的环境。
SMBR的最佳运行参数为：每周期6小时,其中缺氧1小时、好氧5小时；出水体积交换比为0.3,即每周期出水9L；MLSS浓度为8000mg/L；曝气量为0.3 m3/h,DO维持在2mg/L左右。在此条件下,既能使系统维持较高的污染物去除率又能节约能耗。
系统在最佳运行条件下运行40天。当进水pH为7～9时,SMBR对污染物有较高的去除率。CODCr平均去除率为98.01%,NH4+-N平均去除率为96.51%,TN平均去除率为73.38%,TP平均去除率为73.21%,浊度平均去除率为99.56%,色度平均去除率为92.2%。SMBR对进水水质的抗负荷冲击能力强,出水水质达到城市杂用水水质标准(GB/T 18920-2002)。当进水pH降至6时,对CODcr的去除率影响不大,平均去除率仍达95.14%,NH4+-N平均去除率下降至76.85%,TN平均去除率降至61.42%,TP平均去除率降至62.87%,浊度和色度去除率基本不受进水pH影响,去浊率仍保持在99%以上,说明低进水pH不利于系统脱氮除磷。
测定了SMBR在五种不同MLSS浓度及三种不同曝气强度下的临界通量。结果表明,在一定MLSS浓度范围内(<10000mg/L),适当增大曝气强度能提高系统临界通量；MLSS浓度较小时(<4000mg/L),曝气强度有一个临界值,大于此值临界通量并不会随曝气量增加进一步增加；MLSS浓度过大时(>10000mg/L),增大曝气强度以延缓膜污染的作用已不明显。
系统在合适的污泥浓度和曝气强度下(MLSS浓度为8000mg/L、曝气量为0.3m3/h),采用间歇进出水、间歇曝气,缺氧-好氧交替的序批方式在次临界通量下运行,膜污染发展平稳,没有出现急剧的TMP跃升,膜污染速率为0.126KPa/d,说明该工艺能有效控制膜污染。投加粉末活性炭(PAC)能改善混合液性质,进一步延缓膜污染,当MLSS浓度为8000mg/L、PAC的投加量为1.5g/L时,膜污染速率降为0.04KPa/d。
There is a shortage of water resources in China. Domestic wastewater as a stable and reliable, renewable water resources, their recycling is an important and effective means of conserving water resources. In this work, a sequencing batch membrane bioreactor (SMBR) which designed and manufactured by the writer had been operated using synthetic domestic wastewater as feed in an anaerobic/aerobic process. There were several contents, including defining the optimal operating parameters, characteristics of pollutants removal, formation and control of membrane fouling, which were investigated to obtain stable and efficient system performance and the effluent can reach the standard of recycling while slowed membrane fouling simultaneously. The main results of study were as follows:
Sludge acclimation were used the method of continuous and intermittent cultivating for 24 days. The activated sludge bred quickly in sludge acclimation. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration was from 2000 mg/L to 6200mg/L. The sludge yield rate was 0.37 kg(MLSS)/kg(COD). Nitrate bacteria's growth was slow. In the later of sludge acclimation, by reducing the CODCr concentration of raw water to slow down the growth of heterotrophic bacteria and provide a better growth environment for nitrate bacteria.
The optimal operating parameters of this SMBR were:period time was 6 hours which contained 1 hour anoxic,5 hours aerobic; volume exchange ratio was 0.3, that means each period yielded effluent 9L; MLSS concentration was 8000mg/L; aeration rate was 0.3 m3/h, DO maintained at 2mg/L or so. In this condition, SMBR both can maintain high pollutants removal rates and save energy.
SMBR ran for 40 days under the optimal operating condition. The experimental results showed that:when raw water pH values were among 7-9, SMBR had a higher pollutants removal rate. The average removal efficiency of CODCr, NH4+-N, TN and TP were 98.01%,96.51%,77.38% and 73.21% respectively. Turbidity and chromaticity average removal rate were 99.56% and 92.2%. SMBR had a stronger resistance of load capability. Effluent quality can reach the standard of urban miscellaneous water quality (GB/T 18920-2002).When raw water pH value declined to 6, CODCr average removal rate could still reach 95%. NH4+-N, TN and TP average removal rates declined to 75.34%,61.42% and 62.87% respectively. Turbidity and chromaticity average removal rate was almost not affected. The results indicated that low-water pH is not conducive to biological nutrient removal.
Critical fluxes were measured at five different MLSS concentrations and three different aeration intensities at each MLSS concentration. The result showed that increased the aeration intensity can increase the critical flux when MLSS concentration were in a certain range (<10000mg/L). When MLSS concentration was small than 4000mg/L, aeration intensity had a critical value. Critical flux will not further increase with the increased of aeration intensity which greater than the value. When MLSS concentration was large than 10000mg/L, the role of aeration intensity in order to delay membrane fouling had become insignificant.
Kept the reactor operated with influent/effluent and aeration intermittently under the conditions of MLSS concentration at 8000mg/L, aeration intensity at 0.3m3/h and effluent flux at 15L/(m2·h). The membrane fouling increased slowly and constantly at the rate of 0.126KPa/d. The phenomenon of TMP rose rapidly was not observed. That means the process can control membrane fouling effectively. Dosed powdered activated carbon (PAC) can optimize the characteristic of MLSS and slow down membrane fouling further. PAC dosage was 1.5g/L when MLSS was 8000mg/L. After dosed the PAC into mixed liquor at the later of the experiment, the TMP decreased slightly and its increasing rate declined to 0.04KPa/d.
采用连续培养加周期培养的污泥培养驯化方式,活性污泥经24天驯化完成。活性污泥生长较快,MLSS浓度从2000mg/L增至6200mg/L,污泥产率为0.37kg(MLSS)/kg(CODCr)。硝化细菌生长较慢,污泥培养中后期通过降低进水中的CODCr浓度,使异养菌的增殖减慢,为硝化菌的生长提供更好的环境。
SMBR的最佳运行参数为：每周期6小时,其中缺氧1小时、好氧5小时；出水体积交换比为0.3,即每周期出水9L；MLSS浓度为8000mg/L；曝气量为0.3 m3/h,DO维持在2mg/L左右。在此条件下,既能使系统维持较高的污染物去除率又能节约能耗。
系统在最佳运行条件下运行40天。当进水pH为7～9时,SMBR对污染物有较高的去除率。CODCr平均去除率为98.01%,NH4+-N平均去除率为96.51%,TN平均去除率为73.38%,TP平均去除率为73.21%,浊度平均去除率为99.56%,色度平均去除率为92.2%。SMBR对进水水质的抗负荷冲击能力强,出水水质达到城市杂用水水质标准(GB/T 18920-2002)。当进水pH降至6时,对CODcr的去除率影响不大,平均去除率仍达95.14%,NH4+-N平均去除率下降至76.85%,TN平均去除率降至61.42%,TP平均去除率降至62.87%,浊度和色度去除率基本不受进水pH影响,去浊率仍保持在99%以上,说明低进水pH不利于系统脱氮除磷。
测定了SMBR在五种不同MLSS浓度及三种不同曝气强度下的临界通量。结果表明,在一定MLSS浓度范围内(<10000mg/L),适当增大曝气强度能提高系统临界通量；MLSS浓度较小时(<4000mg/L),曝气强度有一个临界值,大于此值临界通量并不会随曝气量增加进一步增加；MLSS浓度过大时(>10000mg/L),增大曝气强度以延缓膜污染的作用已不明显。
系统在合适的污泥浓度和曝气强度下(MLSS浓度为8000mg/L、曝气量为0.3m3/h),采用间歇进出水、间歇曝气,缺氧-好氧交替的序批方式在次临界通量下运行,膜污染发展平稳,没有出现急剧的TMP跃升,膜污染速率为0.126KPa/d,说明该工艺能有效控制膜污染。投加粉末活性炭(PAC)能改善混合液性质,进一步延缓膜污染,当MLSS浓度为8000mg/L、PAC的投加量为1.5g/L时,膜污染速率降为0.04KPa/d。
There is a shortage of water resources in China. Domestic wastewater as a stable and reliable, renewable water resources, their recycling is an important and effective means of conserving water resources. In this work, a sequencing batch membrane bioreactor (SMBR) which designed and manufactured by the writer had been operated using synthetic domestic wastewater as feed in an anaerobic/aerobic process. There were several contents, including defining the optimal operating parameters, characteristics of pollutants removal, formation and control of membrane fouling, which were investigated to obtain stable and efficient system performance and the effluent can reach the standard of recycling while slowed membrane fouling simultaneously. The main results of study were as follows:
Sludge acclimation were used the method of continuous and intermittent cultivating for 24 days. The activated sludge bred quickly in sludge acclimation. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration was from 2000 mg/L to 6200mg/L. The sludge yield rate was 0.37 kg(MLSS)/kg(COD). Nitrate bacteria's growth was slow. In the later of sludge acclimation, by reducing the CODCr concentration of raw water to slow down the growth of heterotrophic bacteria and provide a better growth environment for nitrate bacteria.
The optimal operating parameters of this SMBR were:period time was 6 hours which contained 1 hour anoxic,5 hours aerobic; volume exchange ratio was 0.3, that means each period yielded effluent 9L; MLSS concentration was 8000mg/L; aeration rate was 0.3 m3/h, DO maintained at 2mg/L or so. In this condition, SMBR both can maintain high pollutants removal rates and save energy.
SMBR ran for 40 days under the optimal operating condition. The experimental results showed that:when raw water pH values were among 7-9, SMBR had a higher pollutants removal rate. The average removal efficiency of CODCr, NH4+-N, TN and TP were 98.01%,96.51%,77.38% and 73.21% respectively. Turbidity and chromaticity average removal rate were 99.56% and 92.2%. SMBR had a stronger resistance of load capability. Effluent quality can reach the standard of urban miscellaneous water quality (GB/T 18920-2002).When raw water pH value declined to 6, CODCr average removal rate could still reach 95%. NH4+-N, TN and TP average removal rates declined to 75.34%,61.42% and 62.87% respectively. Turbidity and chromaticity average removal rate was almost not affected. The results indicated that low-water pH is not conducive to biological nutrient removal.
Critical fluxes were measured at five different MLSS concentrations and three different aeration intensities at each MLSS concentration. The result showed that increased the aeration intensity can increase the critical flux when MLSS concentration were in a certain range (<10000mg/L). When MLSS concentration was small than 4000mg/L, aeration intensity had a critical value. Critical flux will not further increase with the increased of aeration intensity which greater than the value. When MLSS concentration was large than 10000mg/L, the role of aeration intensity in order to delay membrane fouling had become insignificant.
Kept the reactor operated with influent/effluent and aeration intermittently under the conditions of MLSS concentration at 8000mg/L, aeration intensity at 0.3m3/h and effluent flux at 15L/(m2·h). The membrane fouling increased slowly and constantly at the rate of 0.126KPa/d. The phenomenon of TMP rose rapidly was not observed. That means the process can control membrane fouling effectively. Dosed powdered activated carbon (PAC) can optimize the characteristic of MLSS and slow down membrane fouling further. PAC dosage was 1.5g/L when MLSS was 8000mg/L. After dosed the PAC into mixed liquor at the later of the experiment, the TMP decreased slightly and its increasing rate declined to 0.04KPa/d.
引文
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