旅游发展与文化变迁
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摘要
文化变迁并不是旅游带来的现象,但对于那些原本相对闭塞且经济落后的旅游地而言,旅游开发无疑是文化变迁的重要动因。本文旨在探索旅游发展如何对旅游地文化变迁产生影响。巴马瑶族自治县于政府决策发展旅游前一直是国家重点扶贫对象,后的07到09三年间当地的旅游业获得了巨大发展,并极大地拉动了经济增长。选择巴马作为调查点,有助于研究旅游发展如何影响旅游地的文化变迁。
巴马的旅游开发,是由县政府决策实施且大力推动的,因此,政府的旅游发展观念,与旅游发展对当地文化变迁的影响息息相关。当这种发展观变成当地人文化的一部分时,当地文化已经发生了变迁。因此,本文解决的第一个问题,就是当地政府的旅游发展观,是如何被普通群众认可并内化为自己观念中的一部分。
从政府推动到当地人自觉去发展旅游,宣传旅游品牌文化的过程,是文化变迁的过程。在此过程中,发生了一系列与旅游发展相关的,具体的,可以被感知到的文化变迁事象。在解决了第一个问题的基础上,选取巴马文化变迁事象中与旅游有关的部分详加描述,以回答在旅游发展背景下,当地人的文化发生了何种变迁。在这些事象中,活动在巴马旅游舞台上的政府人员、旅游开发商团体、游客和当地普通群众互有关联。
因巴马旅游发展而来的两个群体——旅游开发商团体与游客,带来了不同地区的文化。这两个群体与当地人的关系也围绕着在当地发生的旅游活动而展开。因此,活动在巴马旅游舞台上的各方围绕着旅游产生了种种联系,并改变了当地人内部各个小群体间的关系。借助田野调查、预约访谈和问卷调查的方法,得出以下结论:旅游发展正是通过从政府推动到当地人的自觉,从外来群体的进入带来不同文化间的交流与冲突,到外来群体与当地人围绕旅游产生联系,引发了巴马县当地人群体意识与文化观念、群体结构与群体内外部关系的变化,形成了推动文化变迁的作用力,最终影响了当地文化变迁的方向与进程。
Cultural change is not caused by the phenomenon of tourism; but for those relatively isolated and economically backward tourist attractions, tourism development undoubtedly motivated cultural change. This article [this dissertation] aims to explore how tourism development impacts tourist attractions’changes in culture. Bama Yao Autonomous County has always been a key national welfare recipient under the government decision-making before its own tourism development; Bama Yao Autonomous County’s local tourist industry attained huge development from the years of 2007 to 2009 and attempted to keep bringing great boost in economic growth. Selecting Bama as a field study will help future researches at understanding how tourism development affects tourist’s attractions’changes in culture.
Bama’s tourism development is determined under its own county government’s decision-making and promotion; hence, government’s understanding on tourism development closely affects how tourism development is related to local cultural transition. When such concepts of development become part of local culture, local culture has undergone changes. Therefore, this article first resolve the question about how did local government’s conception on tourism development become accepted and recognized by common people to a point where people started to internalize government’s conception on tourism development as part of their own perspectives.
The process to develop tourism and to advertise certain brands of tourist culture from governmental promotion to local initiatives is a process of cultural transition. In this process, the phenomenon of cultural change is shown through a series of development occurred specifically related to tourism. Base on previously resolved question, I describe parts of Bama’s phenomenon of cultural change associated with tourism in details to answer what kinds of cultural transition that local people have to undergo from a perspective favoring tourism development. And my observation shows there is an association between Bama’s government officials who actively participated in local tourism project, groups of developmental tourism entrepreneurs, tourists, and common local people.
巴马的旅游开发,是由县政府决策实施且大力推动的,因此,政府的旅游发展观念,与旅游发展对当地文化变迁的影响息息相关。当这种发展观变成当地人文化的一部分时,当地文化已经发生了变迁。因此,本文解决的第一个问题,就是当地政府的旅游发展观,是如何被普通群众认可并内化为自己观念中的一部分。
从政府推动到当地人自觉去发展旅游,宣传旅游品牌文化的过程,是文化变迁的过程。在此过程中,发生了一系列与旅游发展相关的,具体的,可以被感知到的文化变迁事象。在解决了第一个问题的基础上,选取巴马文化变迁事象中与旅游有关的部分详加描述,以回答在旅游发展背景下,当地人的文化发生了何种变迁。在这些事象中,活动在巴马旅游舞台上的政府人员、旅游开发商团体、游客和当地普通群众互有关联。
因巴马旅游发展而来的两个群体——旅游开发商团体与游客,带来了不同地区的文化。这两个群体与当地人的关系也围绕着在当地发生的旅游活动而展开。因此,活动在巴马旅游舞台上的各方围绕着旅游产生了种种联系,并改变了当地人内部各个小群体间的关系。借助田野调查、预约访谈和问卷调查的方法,得出以下结论:旅游发展正是通过从政府推动到当地人的自觉,从外来群体的进入带来不同文化间的交流与冲突,到外来群体与当地人围绕旅游产生联系,引发了巴马县当地人群体意识与文化观念、群体结构与群体内外部关系的变化,形成了推动文化变迁的作用力,最终影响了当地文化变迁的方向与进程。
Cultural change is not caused by the phenomenon of tourism; but for those relatively isolated and economically backward tourist attractions, tourism development undoubtedly motivated cultural change. This article [this dissertation] aims to explore how tourism development impacts tourist attractions’changes in culture. Bama Yao Autonomous County has always been a key national welfare recipient under the government decision-making before its own tourism development; Bama Yao Autonomous County’s local tourist industry attained huge development from the years of 2007 to 2009 and attempted to keep bringing great boost in economic growth. Selecting Bama as a field study will help future researches at understanding how tourism development affects tourist’s attractions’changes in culture.
Bama’s tourism development is determined under its own county government’s decision-making and promotion; hence, government’s understanding on tourism development closely affects how tourism development is related to local cultural transition. When such concepts of development become part of local culture, local culture has undergone changes. Therefore, this article first resolve the question about how did local government’s conception on tourism development become accepted and recognized by common people to a point where people started to internalize government’s conception on tourism development as part of their own perspectives.
The process to develop tourism and to advertise certain brands of tourist culture from governmental promotion to local initiatives is a process of cultural transition. In this process, the phenomenon of cultural change is shown through a series of development occurred specifically related to tourism. Base on previously resolved question, I describe parts of Bama’s phenomenon of cultural change associated with tourism in details to answer what kinds of cultural transition that local people have to undergo from a perspective favoring tourism development. And my observation shows there is an association between Bama’s government officials who actively participated in local tourism project, groups of developmental tourism entrepreneurs, tourists, and common local people.
引文
[1]张紫晨主编.中外民俗学词典[M]浙江人民出版社,1991
[2]林耀化.民族学通论(修订本)[M]中央民族大学出版社,1997
[3]巴马瑶族自治县县志编纂委员会.巴马瑶族自治县志[M]广西人民出版社,2003
[4]马克思.资本论&德意志意识形态[M]
[5]张波.旅游对接待地的消极影响[J]云南师范大学学报,2004(3):P124-130
[6]吴昊.旅游对民族地区文化变迁的影响[J]经济与社会发展,2005(5):P170-172
[7]张晓萍刘德鹏.人类学视野中的旅游目的地负面影响研究评述[J]青海民族研究,2010(1):P14-19
[1]张晓萍何昌邑等译.[美]瓦伦.L.史密斯主编.东道主与游客[M]云南大学出版社,2007
[2]Melaine K Smith and Mike Robinson, eds. Cultual Tourism in a Changing World:Politics, Participation and (Re)presentation[M]Channel View Publications, 2006
[3]Gareth Shaw and Allan M Williams.Tourism and Tourism Spaces [M]Sage Publications,2004
[4]陈煦李左人等.民族·旅游·文化变迁[M]四川人民出版社,2009
[5]徐赣丽.民俗旅游与民族文化变迁[M]民族出版社,2006
[6]李伟.民族旅游地文化变迁与发展研究.民族出版社,2005
[7]梁自玉.文化变迁与旅游业发展研究[D]中央民族大学,(博士)2007
[8]伍锦昌.旅游开发与民族文化变迁[D]广西师范大学,(硕士)2006
[9]郭凌.乡村旅游发展与乡土文化自觉[J]贵州民族研究,2008(1):P44-50
[10]杜彬彬译.[美]C·恩伯-M·恩伯.文化的变异[M]辽宁人民出版社,1988
[11]何瑞福译.[美]克莱德.M.伍兹.文化变迁[M]民族出版社,2004
[12]斯图尔特.表征[M]商务印书馆,2003
[13]Pierre Bourdieu.Distinction: a social critique of the judgment of taste [M] Paris: Minuit,1979
[14]Pam Dyer,Lucinda Aberdeen,Sigrid Schuler.Tourism impacts on an Ausralian indigenous community:a Diabugay case study [J] Tourism Managemen,2003(24):P83-95
[15]Peter L Berger,The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion[M] New York: Anchor Books (Doubleday), 1969
[16]涂尔干.宗教生活的基本形式[M]上海人民出版社,2006
[17]王忠福.旅游目的地居民旅游感知影响因素研究[D]大连理工大学,(硕士)2009
[18]杨昇王晓云冯学刚.近十年国内外民族旅游研究综述[J]广西民族研究,2008(3): P194-202
[19]Purdue. Long P T, L Allen. Resident Support for Tourism Devel2opment[J] Annals of TourismResearch, 1990 (4) : P586 - 599.
[20]Fakeye, Cromp ton. Image D ifference Between Perspective, F irst- time and Repeat Visitors to the Lower R io Grand V alley[J] Journal of T ravel Research, 1991, 30 (2): P10- 16
[21]Derek Hall.Tourism and Transition : Governance, Transformation and Development[M]CABI Publishing,2004
[22]陈岗,黄震方.基于意义及其均衡理论的旅游文化形成与文化变迁机制研究[J]改革与战略, 2009(6):P132-135
[2]林耀化.民族学通论(修订本)[M]中央民族大学出版社,1997
[3]巴马瑶族自治县县志编纂委员会.巴马瑶族自治县志[M]广西人民出版社,2003
[4]马克思.资本论&德意志意识形态[M]
[5]张波.旅游对接待地的消极影响[J]云南师范大学学报,2004(3):P124-130
[6]吴昊.旅游对民族地区文化变迁的影响[J]经济与社会发展,2005(5):P170-172
[7]张晓萍刘德鹏.人类学视野中的旅游目的地负面影响研究评述[J]青海民族研究,2010(1):P14-19
[1]张晓萍何昌邑等译.[美]瓦伦.L.史密斯主编.东道主与游客[M]云南大学出版社,2007
[2]Melaine K Smith and Mike Robinson, eds. Cultual Tourism in a Changing World:Politics, Participation and (Re)presentation[M]Channel View Publications, 2006
[3]Gareth Shaw and Allan M Williams.Tourism and Tourism Spaces [M]Sage Publications,2004
[4]陈煦李左人等.民族·旅游·文化变迁[M]四川人民出版社,2009
[5]徐赣丽.民俗旅游与民族文化变迁[M]民族出版社,2006
[6]李伟.民族旅游地文化变迁与发展研究.民族出版社,2005
[7]梁自玉.文化变迁与旅游业发展研究[D]中央民族大学,(博士)2007
[8]伍锦昌.旅游开发与民族文化变迁[D]广西师范大学,(硕士)2006
[9]郭凌.乡村旅游发展与乡土文化自觉[J]贵州民族研究,2008(1):P44-50
[10]杜彬彬译.[美]C·恩伯-M·恩伯.文化的变异[M]辽宁人民出版社,1988
[11]何瑞福译.[美]克莱德.M.伍兹.文化变迁[M]民族出版社,2004
[12]斯图尔特.表征[M]商务印书馆,2003
[13]Pierre Bourdieu.Distinction: a social critique of the judgment of taste [M] Paris: Minuit,1979
[14]Pam Dyer,Lucinda Aberdeen,Sigrid Schuler.Tourism impacts on an Ausralian indigenous community:a Diabugay case study [J] Tourism Managemen,2003(24):P83-95
[15]Peter L Berger,The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion[M] New York: Anchor Books (Doubleday), 1969
[16]涂尔干.宗教生活的基本形式[M]上海人民出版社,2006
[17]王忠福.旅游目的地居民旅游感知影响因素研究[D]大连理工大学,(硕士)2009
[18]杨昇王晓云冯学刚.近十年国内外民族旅游研究综述[J]广西民族研究,2008(3): P194-202
[19]Purdue. Long P T, L Allen. Resident Support for Tourism Devel2opment[J] Annals of TourismResearch, 1990 (4) : P586 - 599.
[20]Fakeye, Cromp ton. Image D ifference Between Perspective, F irst- time and Repeat Visitors to the Lower R io Grand V alley[J] Journal of T ravel Research, 1991, 30 (2): P10- 16
[21]Derek Hall.Tourism and Transition : Governance, Transformation and Development[M]CABI Publishing,2004
[22]陈岗,黄震方.基于意义及其均衡理论的旅游文化形成与文化变迁机制研究[J]改革与战略, 2009(6):P132-135