水平轴风力机气动噪声预测的研究
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摘要
风能作为一种取之不尽、用之不竭的新型能源具有良好的应用前景和开发潜力。随着风力机的广泛应用和当今世界人口数量的膨胀,大型风电场周围已不可避免地有很邻近的居民区;而现代大型风力机为提高其经济性,在不断提高风轮叶尖速比的同时,也相应地产生了噪声增加的后果,因而在人类环境保护意识增强的今天,对风力机噪声的研究变得越来越急迫与重要。
风力机噪声主要分为机械噪声和气动噪声。目前已可通过多种工程手段大大减小风力机的机械噪声,但风力机的气动噪声依然是个难以解决的问题。预测风力机发出的气动噪声,是风力机设计时的重要步骤。目前预测风力机气动噪声的方法大致可分为两种。一种是使用CFD方法求解,但目前这种方法比较复杂,而且还不是很成熟。另一种方法是使用基于半经验公式的预测模型,这种方法也是最常用的,它在计算速度和计算精度上是比较好的折衷。
本文的主要工作如下:
1.使用基于半经验公式的Brooks, Pope, and Marcolini翼型自噪声预测模型和Lowson湍动来流噪声预测模型,编写水平轴风力机气动噪声预测程序。使用编制的程序,预测给定风力机在给定工况下的噪声,并与实验值进行比较,预测结果与实验结果符合良好。
2.分析了湍流强度、安装角等因素对风力机气动噪声的影响,提出有效预测和减小风力机气动噪声的措施。
3.在预测模型中采用Du-Selig静态失速延迟模型来修正两维失速问题,尝试提高该模型的预测准确度,但结果表明静态失速延迟模型对风力机气动噪声预测模型计算结果的影响较小,可以忽略。
The development of wind energy in the world is flourishing because it is a kind of absolutely clean and renewable energy. But with the fast increase of wind energy development, it also gives rise to the problems concerning public acceptance of wind energy. The noise is the main drawback. The noise from wind turbines may annoy people who live around. This problem becomes especially serious due to the fact that wind turbines are densely covered in many areas. Therefore it's necessary to estimate the noise level in the field where the wind turbines are installed.
Generally, the noise from wind turbine is composed with mechanical noise and aerodynamic noise. The mechanical noise is caused by the different operating machine elements which can be reduced efficiently by many engineering methods. However, the way to reduce aerodynamic noise from wind turbines is a bit complex which should be studied more. Through the years, several models have been proposed to explain and predict wind turbine noise.Some of the models make use of complex CFD solvers that have not yet matured to be applied in practice. As a compromise between computing speed and accuracy, the most commonly used models are based on semi-empirical relations.
Main contents of this thesis are described as the following:
1. Employ the experimental results on airfoil self-noise by Brooks, Pope and Marcolini, together with the turbulence inflow model proposed by Lowson. The model was tested successfully against the measurement result.
2. Analyze the effect of turbulence intensity and pitch angle on sound pressure level of wind turbine aerodynamic noise and present effective methods of predicting and reducing wind turbine aerodynamic noise.
3. Du-Selig stall delay model is used to improve the performance prediction accuracy. But the calculation results have shown the stall delay model have little effect on the prediction accuracy.
风力机噪声主要分为机械噪声和气动噪声。目前已可通过多种工程手段大大减小风力机的机械噪声,但风力机的气动噪声依然是个难以解决的问题。预测风力机发出的气动噪声,是风力机设计时的重要步骤。目前预测风力机气动噪声的方法大致可分为两种。一种是使用CFD方法求解,但目前这种方法比较复杂,而且还不是很成熟。另一种方法是使用基于半经验公式的预测模型,这种方法也是最常用的,它在计算速度和计算精度上是比较好的折衷。
本文的主要工作如下:
1.使用基于半经验公式的Brooks, Pope, and Marcolini翼型自噪声预测模型和Lowson湍动来流噪声预测模型,编写水平轴风力机气动噪声预测程序。使用编制的程序,预测给定风力机在给定工况下的噪声,并与实验值进行比较,预测结果与实验结果符合良好。
2.分析了湍流强度、安装角等因素对风力机气动噪声的影响,提出有效预测和减小风力机气动噪声的措施。
3.在预测模型中采用Du-Selig静态失速延迟模型来修正两维失速问题,尝试提高该模型的预测准确度,但结果表明静态失速延迟模型对风力机气动噪声预测模型计算结果的影响较小,可以忽略。
The development of wind energy in the world is flourishing because it is a kind of absolutely clean and renewable energy. But with the fast increase of wind energy development, it also gives rise to the problems concerning public acceptance of wind energy. The noise is the main drawback. The noise from wind turbines may annoy people who live around. This problem becomes especially serious due to the fact that wind turbines are densely covered in many areas. Therefore it's necessary to estimate the noise level in the field where the wind turbines are installed.
Generally, the noise from wind turbine is composed with mechanical noise and aerodynamic noise. The mechanical noise is caused by the different operating machine elements which can be reduced efficiently by many engineering methods. However, the way to reduce aerodynamic noise from wind turbines is a bit complex which should be studied more. Through the years, several models have been proposed to explain and predict wind turbine noise.Some of the models make use of complex CFD solvers that have not yet matured to be applied in practice. As a compromise between computing speed and accuracy, the most commonly used models are based on semi-empirical relations.
Main contents of this thesis are described as the following:
1. Employ the experimental results on airfoil self-noise by Brooks, Pope and Marcolini, together with the turbulence inflow model proposed by Lowson. The model was tested successfully against the measurement result.
2. Analyze the effect of turbulence intensity and pitch angle on sound pressure level of wind turbine aerodynamic noise and present effective methods of predicting and reducing wind turbine aerodynamic noise.
3. Du-Selig stall delay model is used to improve the performance prediction accuracy. But the calculation results have shown the stall delay model have little effect on the prediction accuracy.
引文
[1]李俊峰等, 2008中国风电发展报告,中国环境科学出版社, 2008
[2]李俊峰,风力12在中国,化学工业出版社, 2005
[3]薛桁,朱瑞兆,杨振斌,中国风能资源贮量估算,太阳能学报, 2001,V22(2), pp 167-170
[4] Barnsley M. J., Wellicome J. F., Wind Tunnel Investigation of Stall Aerodynamics for a 1.0m Horizontal Rotor, Journal of Wind Energy and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1992, V39, pp11-12
[5] Anders Bjorck, S-E Thor, Dynamic Stall and 3D Effects. In Proceeding of Europe Union Wind Energy Conference, 1996
[6] Bjorn Montgomerie,Arno Brand,Uan Rooij, etc, Three Dimensional and Rotation Effects on the Boundary Layer and Consequences for Wind Turbine Rotor, In Proceeding of EuropeUnion Wind Energy Conference, 1996
[7] Himmelskamp H., Profile Investigations on a Rotating Airscrew. MAP Volkenrode, Reports and Translation No. 832, 1947
[8] Narramore J. C., Venneland R., Navier-Stokes Calculations of Inboard Stall Delay Due to Rotation, AIAA Paper 89-1814
[9] Karam Y. Maalawi, Mahdy T. S. Badawy, A Direct Method for Evaluating Performance of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines, Renewable and Energy Reviews, 2001(5), pp175-190
[10] Geissler W., Sobieczky H, Unsteady Flow Control on Rotor Airfoil, AIAA-95-1890-C1, 1995
[11]包能胜,曹人靖,叶枝全,水平轴风力机桨叶二维增升实验研究,太阳能学报, 2001,V22(1), pp72-76
[12]黄邦杰,杜朝辉,刘富斌,风轮机叶片失速延迟现象的机理探讨,新能源, 2000, V22 (3), pp10-15
[13] Hansen A. C, Cui X, Analysis and Observations of Wind Turbine Yaw Dynamics, Journal of Solar Energy Engineer, 1989, V 111 (4 ) , pp367-371
[14] Wood D. H, A Three-dimensional Analysis of Stall-delay on A Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine, Journal of Wind Energy Industry Aerodynamics, 1991, V37, ppl-14
[15] Viterna, L.A.,Corrigan,R.D.1981, Fixed-pitch rotor performance of large HAWTs, DOE/NASA Workshop on large HAWTs, Cleveland,OH, 1981
[16] Banks, W.H.H., Gadd, C.E., Delaying Effect of Rotation on Laminar Separation. AIAA J, 1963, Vl(4), pp941-942
[17] Narramore J.C.,Malone J.B., Vermeland R.,elc.,Application of a new Navier-Stokes inverse method to the design of advanced airfoils, In 46th Annual Forum Proceedings of the American lIelicopter Society. Part 2 (of 2), Washington, DC, USA, May 21-23, 1990, pp1089-1098
[18] Zhaohui Du, Selig M S., The effect of rotation on boundary layer of a wind turbine blade,Renewable Energy, 2000,V20(2), pp167-181
[19]杜朝辉,利用失速延迟模型对水平轴风力机性能的预估,新能源, 2000, V22 (5 ) , pp1-5
[20]杜朝辉,水平轴风力涡轮设计与性能预估方法的二维失速延迟模型(一)理论基础,太阳能学报, 1999, 20(4)
[21] Butterfiled, C. P. 1989a Aerodynamic pressure and flow-visualization measurement from a rotating wind turbine blade. Eighth ASME Wind Energy Symp., Houston,TX,pp245-256
[22] Gormont R. E, A Mathematical Model of Unsteady Aerodynamics and Radial Flow for Application to Helicopter Rotors, USA AMRDL Technical Report, pp67-76
[23] Leishman J. G, Beddoes T. S., A Semi-Empirical Model for Dynamic Stall, In The 42nd Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society, Washington, D.C., Jun 1986
[24] Petot D, Progress in the semi-empirical prediction of the aerodynamic forces due to large amplitude oscillations of an airfoil in attached or separated flow, In Ninth Eur. Rotorcraft Forum, Stresa, Italy, 1983
[25] Tran C. T., Petot D., Semi-empirical model for the dynamic stall of airfoils in view of the application to the calculation of responses of a helicopter blade in forward flight, Vertiea,1982,6, pp219-39
[26] Shen W Z, Sorensen J N, Aeroacoustic modeling of turbulent airfoil flows, AIAA, 2001, 39, pp6
[27] Grosveld, F.W., Prediction of Broadband Noise from Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines. Journal of Propulsion and Power,1985,7 Vol.1,No.4,pp292-299
[28] De Wolf, W.B.,EEN Predictiemethod Voor Her Aerodynamische Geluid VanWinddurbines Met Horizontale AS. NLR TR 87018 L,1986,12, pp1-55
[29] Thomas F.Brooks, D, Stuart Pope, Michael A. Marcolini., Airfoil Self-Noise and Prediction. NASA Reference Publication 1218, 1989
[30] Lowson, M.V.,Applications of Aero-Acoustic Analysis to Wind Turbine Noise Control, Wind Engineering,1992, Vol.16, No.3, pp126-140
[31] Lowson, M.V., Assessment and Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise. Flow Solution Report 1992,19, ETSU W/13/00284/REP, pp1-59
[32] Lowson, M.V.,Fiddes,S.P.,Kloppel,V.,et al, Theoretical Studies Undertaken During the Helinoise Programme,19th European Rotorcraft Forum,1993,9,pp(B4)1-8
[33] Lowson, M.V.,Lowson,J.V., Systematic Comparision of Predictions and Experiment for Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Noise, Flow Solutions Report 1993,03, ETSU W/13/00363/REP, pp1-18
[34] Amiet R.K., Acoustic Radiation from an Airfoil in a Turbulent Stream. J.Sound Vib., 1975, pp407-420
[35] Lowson, M.V.: Assessment and Prediction Model for Wind Turbine Noise: 1.Basic Aerodynamic and Acoustic Models. Flow Solution Report 1993,06, pp1-46
[36]贺德馨等,风工程与工业空气动力学,国防工业出版社, 2006
[37]杜朝辉,水平轴风力涡轮设计与性能预估方法的二维失速延迟模型——II.模型改进太阳能学报, 2000, V(21)2, pp145-150
[38] Betz A.Sohrauben propeller mit geringstem energieverlust. GottingerNachr., Germany, 1919
[39] Prandtl L,Tietjens O CzApplide hydro and aeromechanics. Dover Publications, 1957
[40] Glauert H., The analysis of experimental results in the windmill brake and vortex ring states of an airscrew, Reports and Memoranda,1926
[41] Huskey A. Wind Turbine Generator System Acoustic Noise Test Report for the AOC 15/50 Wind Turbine,NREL/EL-500-3402, 2003
[42] Fuglsang P, Madsen H A, Implementation and Verification of an Aeroacoustic Noise Prediction Model for Wind Turbines. Denmark: Riso National Laboratory/ Riso-R-867(EN), 1996
[43] Wagner, S., Bareiss, R., Guidati, G., Wind Turbine Noise, Springer-Verlag, 1996, pp71
[2]李俊峰,风力12在中国,化学工业出版社, 2005
[3]薛桁,朱瑞兆,杨振斌,中国风能资源贮量估算,太阳能学报, 2001,V22(2), pp 167-170
[4] Barnsley M. J., Wellicome J. F., Wind Tunnel Investigation of Stall Aerodynamics for a 1.0m Horizontal Rotor, Journal of Wind Energy and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1992, V39, pp11-12
[5] Anders Bjorck, S-E Thor, Dynamic Stall and 3D Effects. In Proceeding of Europe Union Wind Energy Conference, 1996
[6] Bjorn Montgomerie,Arno Brand,Uan Rooij, etc, Three Dimensional and Rotation Effects on the Boundary Layer and Consequences for Wind Turbine Rotor, In Proceeding of EuropeUnion Wind Energy Conference, 1996
[7] Himmelskamp H., Profile Investigations on a Rotating Airscrew. MAP Volkenrode, Reports and Translation No. 832, 1947
[8] Narramore J. C., Venneland R., Navier-Stokes Calculations of Inboard Stall Delay Due to Rotation, AIAA Paper 89-1814
[9] Karam Y. Maalawi, Mahdy T. S. Badawy, A Direct Method for Evaluating Performance of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines, Renewable and Energy Reviews, 2001(5), pp175-190
[10] Geissler W., Sobieczky H, Unsteady Flow Control on Rotor Airfoil, AIAA-95-1890-C1, 1995
[11]包能胜,曹人靖,叶枝全,水平轴风力机桨叶二维增升实验研究,太阳能学报, 2001,V22(1), pp72-76
[12]黄邦杰,杜朝辉,刘富斌,风轮机叶片失速延迟现象的机理探讨,新能源, 2000, V22 (3), pp10-15
[13] Hansen A. C, Cui X, Analysis and Observations of Wind Turbine Yaw Dynamics, Journal of Solar Energy Engineer, 1989, V 111 (4 ) , pp367-371
[14] Wood D. H, A Three-dimensional Analysis of Stall-delay on A Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine, Journal of Wind Energy Industry Aerodynamics, 1991, V37, ppl-14
[15] Viterna, L.A.,Corrigan,R.D.1981, Fixed-pitch rotor performance of large HAWTs, DOE/NASA Workshop on large HAWTs, Cleveland,OH, 1981
[16] Banks, W.H.H., Gadd, C.E., Delaying Effect of Rotation on Laminar Separation. AIAA J, 1963, Vl(4), pp941-942
[17] Narramore J.C.,Malone J.B., Vermeland R.,elc.,Application of a new Navier-Stokes inverse method to the design of advanced airfoils, In 46th Annual Forum Proceedings of the American lIelicopter Society. Part 2 (of 2), Washington, DC, USA, May 21-23, 1990, pp1089-1098
[18] Zhaohui Du, Selig M S., The effect of rotation on boundary layer of a wind turbine blade,Renewable Energy, 2000,V20(2), pp167-181
[19]杜朝辉,利用失速延迟模型对水平轴风力机性能的预估,新能源, 2000, V22 (5 ) , pp1-5
[20]杜朝辉,水平轴风力涡轮设计与性能预估方法的二维失速延迟模型(一)理论基础,太阳能学报, 1999, 20(4)
[21] Butterfiled, C. P. 1989a Aerodynamic pressure and flow-visualization measurement from a rotating wind turbine blade. Eighth ASME Wind Energy Symp., Houston,TX,pp245-256
[22] Gormont R. E, A Mathematical Model of Unsteady Aerodynamics and Radial Flow for Application to Helicopter Rotors, USA AMRDL Technical Report, pp67-76
[23] Leishman J. G, Beddoes T. S., A Semi-Empirical Model for Dynamic Stall, In The 42nd Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society, Washington, D.C., Jun 1986
[24] Petot D, Progress in the semi-empirical prediction of the aerodynamic forces due to large amplitude oscillations of an airfoil in attached or separated flow, In Ninth Eur. Rotorcraft Forum, Stresa, Italy, 1983
[25] Tran C. T., Petot D., Semi-empirical model for the dynamic stall of airfoils in view of the application to the calculation of responses of a helicopter blade in forward flight, Vertiea,1982,6, pp219-39
[26] Shen W Z, Sorensen J N, Aeroacoustic modeling of turbulent airfoil flows, AIAA, 2001, 39, pp6
[27] Grosveld, F.W., Prediction of Broadband Noise from Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines. Journal of Propulsion and Power,1985,7 Vol.1,No.4,pp292-299
[28] De Wolf, W.B.,EEN Predictiemethod Voor Her Aerodynamische Geluid VanWinddurbines Met Horizontale AS. NLR TR 87018 L,1986,12, pp1-55
[29] Thomas F.Brooks, D, Stuart Pope, Michael A. Marcolini., Airfoil Self-Noise and Prediction. NASA Reference Publication 1218, 1989
[30] Lowson, M.V.,Applications of Aero-Acoustic Analysis to Wind Turbine Noise Control, Wind Engineering,1992, Vol.16, No.3, pp126-140
[31] Lowson, M.V., Assessment and Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise. Flow Solution Report 1992,19, ETSU W/13/00284/REP, pp1-59
[32] Lowson, M.V.,Fiddes,S.P.,Kloppel,V.,et al, Theoretical Studies Undertaken During the Helinoise Programme,19th European Rotorcraft Forum,1993,9,pp(B4)1-8
[33] Lowson, M.V.,Lowson,J.V., Systematic Comparision of Predictions and Experiment for Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Noise, Flow Solutions Report 1993,03, ETSU W/13/00363/REP, pp1-18
[34] Amiet R.K., Acoustic Radiation from an Airfoil in a Turbulent Stream. J.Sound Vib., 1975, pp407-420
[35] Lowson, M.V.: Assessment and Prediction Model for Wind Turbine Noise: 1.Basic Aerodynamic and Acoustic Models. Flow Solution Report 1993,06, pp1-46
[36]贺德馨等,风工程与工业空气动力学,国防工业出版社, 2006
[37]杜朝辉,水平轴风力涡轮设计与性能预估方法的二维失速延迟模型——II.模型改进太阳能学报, 2000, V(21)2, pp145-150
[38] Betz A.Sohrauben propeller mit geringstem energieverlust. GottingerNachr., Germany, 1919
[39] Prandtl L,Tietjens O CzApplide hydro and aeromechanics. Dover Publications, 1957
[40] Glauert H., The analysis of experimental results in the windmill brake and vortex ring states of an airscrew, Reports and Memoranda,1926
[41] Huskey A. Wind Turbine Generator System Acoustic Noise Test Report for the AOC 15/50 Wind Turbine,NREL/EL-500-3402, 2003
[42] Fuglsang P, Madsen H A, Implementation and Verification of an Aeroacoustic Noise Prediction Model for Wind Turbines. Denmark: Riso National Laboratory/ Riso-R-867(EN), 1996
[43] Wagner, S., Bareiss, R., Guidati, G., Wind Turbine Noise, Springer-Verlag, 1996, pp71