吸尘器声景影响因素研究
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摘要
声景的研究始于20世纪60年代后期,开始主要应用于音乐方面,后来逐渐应用到建筑设计、城市规划领域。声景理论从听者、环境、声音三个方面进行研究,是基于人的听觉感受并且考虑周围环境的一种声音的系统分析方法。随着工业产品的噪声问题越来越受到人们的重视,声景理论与设计开始逐渐应用到了工业产品的声音分析与设计方面。
文章根据声景理论,主要研究吸尘器声景的三个组成因素,即:吸尘器噪声、人以及吸尘器的使用环境。根据文献和研究资料来研究吸尘器噪声的来源、特点,以及吸尘器的使用环境,并重点介绍人这一声景重要因素。分析人的听觉系统特点、以及年龄、性别等社会因子对人的听觉的影响。
根据声景理论、心理学等知识,设计试验调查问卷。以3种具有市场代表性的吸尘器为研究对象,在模拟居室环境下采集声音样本。通过录音后播放完成了吸尘器声压级与烦恼度试验。通过Sound Forge9.0软件、Photoshop CS软件、ImageReady CS软件制作了其它4个试验所需要的素材。依次完成了吸尘器造型与听觉烦恼度、室内空间对听者的影响、环境明暗度对听觉舒适度的影响、Sound Forge9.0编辑后的声音样本效果验证这四个试验。
利用Excel、SPSS软件对五个试验的试验数据进行分析研究,归纳吸尘器声景的主要影响因素与听觉烦恼度的关系。包括吸尘器造型对听觉烦恼度的影响,室内空间位置的不同对听者的影响、环境明暗度对听者听觉烦恼度的影响,对Sound Forge9.0编辑后的声音样本效果进行验证。最后,根据实验结果,绘出吸尘器声压级与烦恼度关系曲线,确定吸尘器烦恼度的声压级阈值。
最后,从实际应用角度出发,利用Sound Forge9.0软件对吸尘器声音频谱进行分析与编辑,根据课题研究结果提出改良吸尘器声景的一系列措施。结合相关软件进行了吸尘器声景的虚拟场景仿真,为以后吸尘器的声景设计提供了一种较好的思路。
The research on soundscape which started in the late 1960s was mainly used in music study, and gradually its application extended to the fields of architectural design and urban planning. The soundscape theory , being carried out from the aspects of user ,sound, environment ,is a systemafic analysis method of sound based on human,sound perception and environment factors into consideration. As attention is paid to the noise problem of industrial products increasingly, soundscape theory and soundscape designing find their application in sound analysis and design of industrial products.
In this paper, with the soundscape theory, firstly we identify the factors that contribute to soundscape of vacuum cleaners ,and they are :vacuum clearer noise, user, and environment of the vacuum cleaner . Detailed analysis concerning them is then carried out, during the process, by consulting previous documents and studies, we introduce the sound of vacuum cleaners, and the related features and then summatize their the working environment and the related features, with special emphasis laid on the important soundscape factor of user. We also analyze the features of user auditory system, and the influence of such social factors as age, gender effcters on this system, as well as the as influence of vacuum cleaners on user.
Secondly, questionnaires are designed in reference to soundscape theory, psychology and other related theories. Three kinds of representative vacuum cleaners are selected as the research subject. And then soundscape are collected in simulated living room. With replaying the recorded samples ,we finish tests concerning SPL with subjective annoyance. With the help of the softwares like SoundForge 9.0, Photoshop CS and the ImageReady CS, the other four experiment materials are obtained. Next, four experiments are conducted one by one respectively concerning the relationship between the modeling of vacuum cleaners and subjective annoyance, the influence of roomspace on user, the influence of the environment light on subjective annoyance as well as the effect of the soundscape which have been edified by SoundForge9.0.
Thirdly, by Excel and SPSS, we analyze the data from the four experiments, and find the relation between the mian influencing factors of soundscape and auditory annoynce. Including the effects that the vacuum cleaner forms to hearing annoyance, the impact of that the indoor space location to the listener, the impact that the environment light to hearing annoyance, the effect of the sound samples that has been edited by Sound Forge9.0, and has made intended effect. Finally, based on the experimental results, we draw the curve reflecting the relationship between SPL and subjective annoyance, and identify SPL area of vacuum cleaner subjective annoyance.
In the last part, from the perspective of pratical application, by SoundForge 9.0,we analyze and edit the sound spectrum of vacuum cleaners, and propose a series of measures to improve soundscape of vacuum cleaners.
文章根据声景理论,主要研究吸尘器声景的三个组成因素,即:吸尘器噪声、人以及吸尘器的使用环境。根据文献和研究资料来研究吸尘器噪声的来源、特点,以及吸尘器的使用环境,并重点介绍人这一声景重要因素。分析人的听觉系统特点、以及年龄、性别等社会因子对人的听觉的影响。
根据声景理论、心理学等知识,设计试验调查问卷。以3种具有市场代表性的吸尘器为研究对象,在模拟居室环境下采集声音样本。通过录音后播放完成了吸尘器声压级与烦恼度试验。通过Sound Forge9.0软件、Photoshop CS软件、ImageReady CS软件制作了其它4个试验所需要的素材。依次完成了吸尘器造型与听觉烦恼度、室内空间对听者的影响、环境明暗度对听觉舒适度的影响、Sound Forge9.0编辑后的声音样本效果验证这四个试验。
利用Excel、SPSS软件对五个试验的试验数据进行分析研究,归纳吸尘器声景的主要影响因素与听觉烦恼度的关系。包括吸尘器造型对听觉烦恼度的影响,室内空间位置的不同对听者的影响、环境明暗度对听者听觉烦恼度的影响,对Sound Forge9.0编辑后的声音样本效果进行验证。最后,根据实验结果,绘出吸尘器声压级与烦恼度关系曲线,确定吸尘器烦恼度的声压级阈值。
最后,从实际应用角度出发,利用Sound Forge9.0软件对吸尘器声音频谱进行分析与编辑,根据课题研究结果提出改良吸尘器声景的一系列措施。结合相关软件进行了吸尘器声景的虚拟场景仿真,为以后吸尘器的声景设计提供了一种较好的思路。
The research on soundscape which started in the late 1960s was mainly used in music study, and gradually its application extended to the fields of architectural design and urban planning. The soundscape theory , being carried out from the aspects of user ,sound, environment ,is a systemafic analysis method of sound based on human,sound perception and environment factors into consideration. As attention is paid to the noise problem of industrial products increasingly, soundscape theory and soundscape designing find their application in sound analysis and design of industrial products.
In this paper, with the soundscape theory, firstly we identify the factors that contribute to soundscape of vacuum cleaners ,and they are :vacuum clearer noise, user, and environment of the vacuum cleaner . Detailed analysis concerning them is then carried out, during the process, by consulting previous documents and studies, we introduce the sound of vacuum cleaners, and the related features and then summatize their the working environment and the related features, with special emphasis laid on the important soundscape factor of user. We also analyze the features of user auditory system, and the influence of such social factors as age, gender effcters on this system, as well as the as influence of vacuum cleaners on user.
Secondly, questionnaires are designed in reference to soundscape theory, psychology and other related theories. Three kinds of representative vacuum cleaners are selected as the research subject. And then soundscape are collected in simulated living room. With replaying the recorded samples ,we finish tests concerning SPL with subjective annoyance. With the help of the softwares like SoundForge 9.0, Photoshop CS and the ImageReady CS, the other four experiment materials are obtained. Next, four experiments are conducted one by one respectively concerning the relationship between the modeling of vacuum cleaners and subjective annoyance, the influence of roomspace on user, the influence of the environment light on subjective annoyance as well as the effect of the soundscape which have been edified by SoundForge9.0.
Thirdly, by Excel and SPSS, we analyze the data from the four experiments, and find the relation between the mian influencing factors of soundscape and auditory annoynce. Including the effects that the vacuum cleaner forms to hearing annoyance, the impact of that the indoor space location to the listener, the impact that the environment light to hearing annoyance, the effect of the sound samples that has been edited by Sound Forge9.0, and has made intended effect. Finally, based on the experimental results, we draw the curve reflecting the relationship between SPL and subjective annoyance, and identify SPL area of vacuum cleaner subjective annoyance.
In the last part, from the perspective of pratical application, by SoundForge 9.0,we analyze and edit the sound spectrum of vacuum cleaners, and propose a series of measures to improve soundscape of vacuum cleaners.
引文
1 Roshanak Khesh. Acoustigraphy: Soundscape as Ethnographic Field . Anthropology News. 2009(50): 15~19
2张道永,陈剑,徐小军.声音理念的解析.合肥工业大学学报, 2007,23(1): 278~284
3杨津.噪声的主观评价.环境保护科学. 2004, 121(30):56~57
4杨利芳,古雅琦,龙智勇.吸尘器声音感性设计方法研究.包装工程, 2007,28(8):158~160
5 Finegold L S. Linking Soundscapes with Land Use Planing in Community Noise Management Policies. Proceeding of Internoise,2003: 3855~3862
6 Truax. B. Handbook for Acoustic Ecology (World Soundscape Project ). Vancouver:ARC Publications, 1978: 100~150
7 Schafer R M. The Tuning of the World. Toronto : McClelland and Stewart , 1977 : 80 ~200
8 Sato. T, Yano. T, Yamashita. T, et al. Cross-cultural Comparison of Community Responses to Road Traffic Noise in Gothenburg, Sweden, and Kumamoto, Japan, Part II : Casual Modelling by Pathanalysis . Noise Effect s’98: Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem. 1998 :565~ 568
9 Carles J L. Audiovisual Interactions and Soundscape Preferences. Landscape Research , 1992 , 17 (2) :52~56
10 Hashimoto T, Hatano S. Effect of Factors Other Than Sound to The Perception of Sound Quality. Proceedings of the 17th International Congress on Acoustics (ICA) . 2001: 368~372
11 P. Susini et al, Characterizing the Sound Quality of Air-conditioning Noise, Appl Acoust 2004(65):763~790
12 Wright son K. An Itroduction to Acoustic Ecology .Soundscape: The Journal of Acoustic Ecology, 2000, 1(1) :10~13
13 J.GE,K.HOKAO, Research On the Formation and Design Of Soundscape of Urban Park, Proceeding of International Symposium of Urban Planning, Japan, 2003,(8): l39~148
14 Henrik Karlsson. The Acoustic Environment As a Pulic Domain. Sound- scape,2000,1(2):10~13
15 Pedersen, T. Holm. Impulsive noise– Objective Method for Measuring the Prominence of Impulsive Sound and for Adjustment of Laeq. Inter-Noise. 2001:75~83
16 Pedersen, T. Holm. Objective Method for Assessing the Audibility of Tones in Noise. Inter-Noise. 2000:105~200
17 Yannou, B. Petiot, J .F. Needs, Perceptions, Functions and Products: Highlight on Promising Design Methods Linking Them. IDMME,.2002:114~198
18 Ilkin, Hossoy and Panos, Papalambros. Modeling Customer Perceptions of Craftsmanship in Vehicle Interior Design. Proceedings of the TMCE. April. 2004:12~16
19 Suebsak, Nanthavanij and Pisal, Yenradee. Predicting the Optimum Number, Location, and Signal Sound Level of Auditory Warning Devices for Manufacturing Facilities. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 1999:569~578.
20 Job, R.F.S. Noise Sensitivity as a Factor Influencing Human Reactions to Noise. Noise and Health. 1999:57~68.
21 Maijala, P. Better Binaural Recordings Using the Real Human Head. Inter-Noise. 2001:1135~1138
22 Blauert, J. Product-sound Assessments: An enigmatic Issue from the Point of View of Engineering. Proc. Inter-noise 94, Yokohama, Japan, 1994, (2):857~862
23 Blauert, J. & Jekosch, U. Sound Quality Evaluation– a Multi-layered Problem. Acta 1997:747~753.
24 Zwicker, E. and Fastl, H. Psychoacoustics, Fact and Models. Springer Verlag. 1999:35~55
25 P. Turner, I.McGregor, S. Turner, and F. Carroll. Evaluating Soundscapes as a Means to Create a Sense of Presence. in Proc. ICAD, 2003:110~136
26 J. Giacomin and F. Fustes. Subjective Equivalence of Steering Wheel Vibration and Sound. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2005,(35):517~526.
27李国琪.声景研究与声景设计.清华大学博士论文. 2004:15~55
28张玫,康健.城市公共开敞空间中的声景语义细分法分析的跨文化研究.声学技术. 2006, (6):523~532.
29赵旭东.声景以及声音的意向设计.合肥工业大学优秀硕士论文. 2005:9~28
30张道永.噪声品质主观评价中的若干问题及应用.合肥工业大学硕士论文. 2006:1~40
31焦风雷,刘克,毛东兴.基于飞度量多维尺度分析的噪声声品质主观评价研究.声学学报. 2005, (6):521~529.
32毛东兴,俞悟周,王佐民.声品质成对比较主观评价的数据检验及判据.声学学报. 2005, (5):469~472.
33秦佑国.声景学的范畴.建筑学报.2006, (1):45~46
34徐林林,陈振中,刘涛.吸尘器振动与噪声试验分析.沈阳航空工业学院学报.2006, (5):37~39
35廉峰.家用吸尘器风机噪声产生的原因及降低噪声的方法. 2002, (10):66~67
36钟祥璋.建筑吸声材料与隔声材料.北京:化学工业出版社.2005:30~55
37孙淑英,孙耀秋.人耳对复杂信号听测问题的研究.声学学报. 1994,(5):343~350
38翟国庆,张邦俊,童美萍.室内窄频带低频噪声烦恼度与治理对策研究.浙江大学学报(理学版) . 2002, 29(1):87~90
39吴铭权.室内噪声的危害与控制.环境与健康杂志. 2006, 23(2):189~192
40程世祥,莫其鸿,何汉松.办公室噪声对人群健康的影响.环境与健康杂志.2000,17(3):154~155
41吴君.家用吸尘器设计心里评价的实证研究.江南大学优秀硕士论文.2007:60~64
42李彬彬.设计效果心理评价.北京:中国轻工业出版社.2005:11~12。
43余原.关于背景音乐与工作效率、注意的关系实验研究.音乐探索.2006,(3):37~42
44徐毅青.城市居住区低频噪声的烦恼度分析研究.浙江大学优秀硕士论文.2006:31~50
45刘宏年.机械设备的噪声测量及评定.宁夏机械. 2006, (4):36~39
46陆晶,陈克安,马晓洁.声景观评价的依赖因素及内在联系.声学技术.2008,(6)854~858
2张道永,陈剑,徐小军.声音理念的解析.合肥工业大学学报, 2007,23(1): 278~284
3杨津.噪声的主观评价.环境保护科学. 2004, 121(30):56~57
4杨利芳,古雅琦,龙智勇.吸尘器声音感性设计方法研究.包装工程, 2007,28(8):158~160
5 Finegold L S. Linking Soundscapes with Land Use Planing in Community Noise Management Policies. Proceeding of Internoise,2003: 3855~3862
6 Truax. B. Handbook for Acoustic Ecology (World Soundscape Project ). Vancouver:ARC Publications, 1978: 100~150
7 Schafer R M. The Tuning of the World. Toronto : McClelland and Stewart , 1977 : 80 ~200
8 Sato. T, Yano. T, Yamashita. T, et al. Cross-cultural Comparison of Community Responses to Road Traffic Noise in Gothenburg, Sweden, and Kumamoto, Japan, Part II : Casual Modelling by Pathanalysis . Noise Effect s’98: Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem. 1998 :565~ 568
9 Carles J L. Audiovisual Interactions and Soundscape Preferences. Landscape Research , 1992 , 17 (2) :52~56
10 Hashimoto T, Hatano S. Effect of Factors Other Than Sound to The Perception of Sound Quality. Proceedings of the 17th International Congress on Acoustics (ICA) . 2001: 368~372
11 P. Susini et al, Characterizing the Sound Quality of Air-conditioning Noise, Appl Acoust 2004(65):763~790
12 Wright son K. An Itroduction to Acoustic Ecology .Soundscape: The Journal of Acoustic Ecology, 2000, 1(1) :10~13
13 J.GE,K.HOKAO, Research On the Formation and Design Of Soundscape of Urban Park, Proceeding of International Symposium of Urban Planning, Japan, 2003,(8): l39~148
14 Henrik Karlsson. The Acoustic Environment As a Pulic Domain. Sound- scape,2000,1(2):10~13
15 Pedersen, T. Holm. Impulsive noise– Objective Method for Measuring the Prominence of Impulsive Sound and for Adjustment of Laeq. Inter-Noise. 2001:75~83
16 Pedersen, T. Holm. Objective Method for Assessing the Audibility of Tones in Noise. Inter-Noise. 2000:105~200
17 Yannou, B. Petiot, J .F. Needs, Perceptions, Functions and Products: Highlight on Promising Design Methods Linking Them. IDMME,.2002:114~198
18 Ilkin, Hossoy and Panos, Papalambros. Modeling Customer Perceptions of Craftsmanship in Vehicle Interior Design. Proceedings of the TMCE. April. 2004:12~16
19 Suebsak, Nanthavanij and Pisal, Yenradee. Predicting the Optimum Number, Location, and Signal Sound Level of Auditory Warning Devices for Manufacturing Facilities. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 1999:569~578.
20 Job, R.F.S. Noise Sensitivity as a Factor Influencing Human Reactions to Noise. Noise and Health. 1999:57~68.
21 Maijala, P. Better Binaural Recordings Using the Real Human Head. Inter-Noise. 2001:1135~1138
22 Blauert, J. Product-sound Assessments: An enigmatic Issue from the Point of View of Engineering. Proc. Inter-noise 94, Yokohama, Japan, 1994, (2):857~862
23 Blauert, J. & Jekosch, U. Sound Quality Evaluation– a Multi-layered Problem. Acta 1997:747~753.
24 Zwicker, E. and Fastl, H. Psychoacoustics, Fact and Models. Springer Verlag. 1999:35~55
25 P. Turner, I.McGregor, S. Turner, and F. Carroll. Evaluating Soundscapes as a Means to Create a Sense of Presence. in Proc. ICAD, 2003:110~136
26 J. Giacomin and F. Fustes. Subjective Equivalence of Steering Wheel Vibration and Sound. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2005,(35):517~526.
27李国琪.声景研究与声景设计.清华大学博士论文. 2004:15~55
28张玫,康健.城市公共开敞空间中的声景语义细分法分析的跨文化研究.声学技术. 2006, (6):523~532.
29赵旭东.声景以及声音的意向设计.合肥工业大学优秀硕士论文. 2005:9~28
30张道永.噪声品质主观评价中的若干问题及应用.合肥工业大学硕士论文. 2006:1~40
31焦风雷,刘克,毛东兴.基于飞度量多维尺度分析的噪声声品质主观评价研究.声学学报. 2005, (6):521~529.
32毛东兴,俞悟周,王佐民.声品质成对比较主观评价的数据检验及判据.声学学报. 2005, (5):469~472.
33秦佑国.声景学的范畴.建筑学报.2006, (1):45~46
34徐林林,陈振中,刘涛.吸尘器振动与噪声试验分析.沈阳航空工业学院学报.2006, (5):37~39
35廉峰.家用吸尘器风机噪声产生的原因及降低噪声的方法. 2002, (10):66~67
36钟祥璋.建筑吸声材料与隔声材料.北京:化学工业出版社.2005:30~55
37孙淑英,孙耀秋.人耳对复杂信号听测问题的研究.声学学报. 1994,(5):343~350
38翟国庆,张邦俊,童美萍.室内窄频带低频噪声烦恼度与治理对策研究.浙江大学学报(理学版) . 2002, 29(1):87~90
39吴铭权.室内噪声的危害与控制.环境与健康杂志. 2006, 23(2):189~192
40程世祥,莫其鸿,何汉松.办公室噪声对人群健康的影响.环境与健康杂志.2000,17(3):154~155
41吴君.家用吸尘器设计心里评价的实证研究.江南大学优秀硕士论文.2007:60~64
42李彬彬.设计效果心理评价.北京:中国轻工业出版社.2005:11~12。
43余原.关于背景音乐与工作效率、注意的关系实验研究.音乐探索.2006,(3):37~42
44徐毅青.城市居住区低频噪声的烦恼度分析研究.浙江大学优秀硕士论文.2006:31~50
45刘宏年.机械设备的噪声测量及评定.宁夏机械. 2006, (4):36~39
46陆晶,陈克安,马晓洁.声景观评价的依赖因素及内在联系.声学技术.2008,(6)854~858