噪声暴露主观感受模拟、调控及脑电变化规律研究
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摘要
环境中噪声特别是低频噪声对人的心理和生理影响近年来成为环境噪声领域研究的热点。本文对噪声暴露下人体主观烦恼的声学模拟、声调控及其与人体脑电变化规律关系开展了研究。
低频噪声暴露下人体主观感受的声学模拟研究选取城市环境中若干典型噪声源,参照等响度级下不同频率纯音主观烦恼相对大小,从噪声源频谱中提取特征频率,将具有特征频率的纯音合成若干噪声样本,采用成对比较法对实际噪声和合成噪声进行主观烦恼对比研究。结果表明,在噪声频谱分析基础上,考虑噪声在不同频段上的能量分布,并参照等响度级下不同频率纯音主观烦恼相对大小,分别在声能量所占比例较大的几个频段上选取主观烦恼相对较大的特征频率,保留各特征频率声压级相对差值,具有这些特征频率的纯音合成的噪声样本能更好地模拟实际噪声的主观烦恼。
低频噪声主观烦恼度声调控研究选取热泵机组通过结构传播至室内的低频噪声为原始噪声源,通过叠加不同强度粉红噪声、调频纯音或自然声等对原始噪声样本进行声调控,并运用成对比较法对叠加前后声样本的主观烦恼度进行了对比研究。结果表明,叠加250-1000Hz的粉红噪声后,声样本主观烦恼度(SAV)随粉红噪声声压级(SPL)的增加出现先减小后增加的趋势,其中叠加15-25dB的粉红噪声时声样本SAV低于原始噪声样本；叠加250-20000Hz的粉红噪声后,声样本SAV随粉红噪声SPL的增加而线性增加。SAV与根据半经验公式计算得到的心理声学烦恼度PAV线性相关性较好,二者总体变化趋势相同。这表明通过在低频噪声上叠加一定的粉红噪声确实可以降低低频噪声主观烦恼度,通过理论计算PAV一定程度可以估计低频噪声的主观烦恼,以寻找合适的粉红噪声改善原始声样本主观感受。叠加中心频率分别为500Hz、2000Hz和8000Hz的调频纯音及鸟叫声、水流声、风声或钟表声等自然声后声样本SAV总体高于原始声样本,且随叠加声SPL的增加而增加。
低频噪声主观烦恼度声调控研究还选取了高电压等级变电站噪声这一新兴低频噪声源作为原始噪声源,通过叠加纯音、窄带声、单一或组合自然声、针对性降低某些音调声压级等多种方法调控原始噪声样本主观烦恼,采用成对比较法对调控前后声样本主观烦恼度进行对比研究,筛选出若干可降低噪声主观烦恼的调控方法,并进一步通过行为干扰实验对调控方法的有效性进行验证。结果表明,通过叠加纯音以形成拍频和叠加人群谈话声以掩蔽原始噪声方法均不能降低原始声样本的主观烦恼；叠加合适频率范围的粉红窄带声可降低噪声的主观烦恼,但可能与所叠加的粉红窄带声与风声相似有关；叠加合适的流水声可以有效降低噪声的主观烦恼,特别是一些低频成分相对较少的流水声,合适的流水声强度需要根据不同的流水声来单独确定。变电站噪声在叠加合适流水声后继续叠加鸟叫声不能进一步改善噪声的主观感受。针对性降低原始噪声中的某些音调的声压级可以有效降低噪声的主观烦恼度,但主观感受得到改善的原因主要是声样本总声压级(即总的声能量)有所降低,而不是由样本特定音调度及声能量在频域上的分布特征变化。进一步的行为干扰实验结果表明,可降低变电站噪声主观烦恼度的调控方法(叠加合适流水声或降低特定音调度)对阅读的干扰改善不明显,但评价者的思维能力指数有所上升,错误率有所下降,说明这些调控方式可以降低噪声对人思维能力的负面影响。
噪声暴露下人体脑电变化规律及其与噪声主观烦恼关系研究选取强度为70dBA,频率为160Hz、500Hz和4000Hz的纯音和白噪声信号作为暴露声源对受声者进行声刺激,记录并分析了噪声暴露前后受声者脑电变化情况,同时结合对声样本的主观评价实验,探索了噪声暴露下人体脑电变化与噪声特性、噪声主观烦恼度之间的关系。结果表明,暴露时间小于6s时,脑电功率平均值变化无显著规律。当暴露时间持续5min时,脑电功率平均值呈现一定的变化趋势,且主观烦恼度与0波、α波脑电功率平均值之和存在较好的关联度,通过测定受声者额部0波和α波的脑电功率平均值之和可以间接估计噪声的主观烦恼度。无论是否受到噪声刺激,受声者各脑区中θ波功率平均值均以额部为最大,而α波功率平均值均以枕部为最大。从噪声刺激前1min到刺激结束后5min的时间里,0波或α波在左右脑各部位变化趋势基本一致。0波功率平均值出现两个较为明显的波峰,且随着频率的增加,波峰出现时间缓慢前移、波峰间的时间间隔减小。这意味着随着刺激噪声频率的增加,人体产生应激反应所需时间有减小趋势。随着刺激纯音频率的增加,0波功率平均值先减小后增加；而α波功率平均值一直增加。
The physiological and psychological effects induced by noise, especially low frequency noise (LFN), have been a hot research topic in the field of environmental noise. In this study, the acoustic simulation and sound adjustment on subjective annoyance under low frequency noise exposure, and the relationship between Electroencephalogram (EEG) variation and subjective annoyance under noise exposure, were researched.
In the first part of the study, a plurality of typical noise sources from urban environment were recorded. Based on noise spectrum analysis, several characteristic frequencies involved high subjective annoyance were selected according to the relative subjective annoyance of pure tones with different frequencies at equal loudness levels. Pure tones with characteristic frequencies were synthesized into a series of noise samples. Paired comparison test was used for comparison of the subjective annoyance under actual noise and synthesized noise. The results suggest that the sound energy distribution of actual noise at different frequency bands should be considered in order to simulate the subjective annoyance induced by actual noise with composite noise more accurately. And composite noise should be combined with pure tones which induced high subjective annoyance and were located in frequency bands with the majority of sound energy, provided that the relative Sound Pressure Level (SPL) differences were remained among the characteristic frequencies of actual noise.
In the second part of the study, structure-borne noise originating from a heat pump unit was selected to study the influence on subjective annoyance of low frequency noise (LFN) combined with additional sound. Paired comparison test was used for evaluating the subjective annoyance of LFN combined with different sound pressure levels (SPL) of pink noise, frequency-modulated pure tones (FM pure tones) and natural sounds. The results showed that, with pink noise of250～1000Hz combined with the original LFN, the subjective annoyance value (SAV) first dropped then rose with increasing SPL. When SPL of the pink noise was15～25dB, SAV was lower than that of the original LFN. With pink noise of frequency250～20000Hz added to LFN, SAV increased linearly with increasing SPL. SAV and the psychoacoustic annoyance value (PAV) obtained by semi-theoretical formulas were well correlated, moving in similar trends. This suggests that the PAV can be used to predict SAV variance of the LFN after adding pink noise, to search for the appropriate pink noise combined with LFN to alleviate subjective annoyance. When FM pure tones with central frequencies of 500Hz,2000Hz and8000Hz, or natural sounds (including the sound of singing birds, flowing water, wind, and ticking clock) were respectively added to the original sound, the SAV increased as the SPL of the added sound increased.
In the third part of this study, a new kind of low-frequency noise source, main transformer noise in high-voltage substation, was selected to study the influence on subjective annoyance of LFN combined with additional sound. Paired comparison test was used for evaluating the subjective annoyance of LFN adjusted by combining with different SPL of narrowband pink noise, natural sound, and multiple natural sounds. Behavior disturbance test was also carried out on some adjusted noise samples. The results showed that, adding pure tone to product a beat, or adding the crowd conversation to mark the original sound, were all failed to alleviate the subjective annoyance. Adding narrowband pink noises with suitable frequency range may alleviate the subjective annoyance. Whereas it may due to that the narrowband pink noise sounds like the wind. Adding some sound of flowing water, especially that containing fewer low frequency component, can effectively reduce the subjective annoyance. However, the most appropriate sound level of water was not invariable. It should be determined according to the specific water sound. An additional birds singing cannot further improve the subjective perception of noise sample which added sound of flowing water already. Reducing the SPL of the specific tone in the original noise sample can reduce the subjective annoyance effectively. Whereas it mainly dues to the reduction of the whole noise sample SPL. The questionnaire result from behavior disturbance test indicated that, the reading disturbance was not improved significantly when subjects exposed to the adjusted samples, which can improve the subjective perception in paired comparison test. However, the dosage exercise test result from behavior disturbance test indicated that the brainwork index (AYP) rose, while the error rate fell when the subject exposed to the adjusted samples. This means the sound adjustment indeed reduce the negative impact on people's thinking ability, which induced by LFN.
In the fourth part of this study,70dBA white noise and pure tones at160Hz,500Hz and4000Hz were selected as the exposed noise sources. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal of subjects was recorded and analyzed during the experiment. The relationship between variation and noise character, noise subjective annoyance, was also investigated. The results showed that, when the duration of noise was less than6s, Average Power of Electroencephalogram (APEEG) varied irregularly. When the noise lasted for5min, the sum of the relative APEEG of0and a wave in the frontal region exhibited some trends with the increase of the exposed noise frequency, and presented a positive correlation with subjective annoyance value. Accordingly, the subjective annoyance induced by noise can be estimated indirectly through determination of the sum of the relative APEEG of6and a wave in frontal region under noise exposure. Without reference to the fact that subjects were exposed to noise or not, the maximums distribution of APEEG of θ wave appeared in the frontal region, while the maximums distribution of APEEG of a wave appeared in the occipital region. And the relative APEEG of θ or a wave in each brain region exhibited basically consistent variation trends within the11min from1min before noise exposure to5min after that. More than two APEEG maximums of9wave appeared after noise exposure, and the time points of maximum occurrence moved forwards with the increase of noise frequency. The interval between two time points of maximum occurrence was reduced with the increase of exposed noise frequency. It is believed that the time for subjects to make steady stress responses tended to decrease following the increase of frequency. Furthermore, during the different noise exposures, the relative APEEG of θ wave in the frontal region decreased first and then increased with the increase of frequency, while the relative APEEG of a wave in the frontal region increased as the sound frequency increased.
低频噪声暴露下人体主观感受的声学模拟研究选取城市环境中若干典型噪声源,参照等响度级下不同频率纯音主观烦恼相对大小,从噪声源频谱中提取特征频率,将具有特征频率的纯音合成若干噪声样本,采用成对比较法对实际噪声和合成噪声进行主观烦恼对比研究。结果表明,在噪声频谱分析基础上,考虑噪声在不同频段上的能量分布,并参照等响度级下不同频率纯音主观烦恼相对大小,分别在声能量所占比例较大的几个频段上选取主观烦恼相对较大的特征频率,保留各特征频率声压级相对差值,具有这些特征频率的纯音合成的噪声样本能更好地模拟实际噪声的主观烦恼。
低频噪声主观烦恼度声调控研究选取热泵机组通过结构传播至室内的低频噪声为原始噪声源,通过叠加不同强度粉红噪声、调频纯音或自然声等对原始噪声样本进行声调控,并运用成对比较法对叠加前后声样本的主观烦恼度进行了对比研究。结果表明,叠加250-1000Hz的粉红噪声后,声样本主观烦恼度(SAV)随粉红噪声声压级(SPL)的增加出现先减小后增加的趋势,其中叠加15-25dB的粉红噪声时声样本SAV低于原始噪声样本；叠加250-20000Hz的粉红噪声后,声样本SAV随粉红噪声SPL的增加而线性增加。SAV与根据半经验公式计算得到的心理声学烦恼度PAV线性相关性较好,二者总体变化趋势相同。这表明通过在低频噪声上叠加一定的粉红噪声确实可以降低低频噪声主观烦恼度,通过理论计算PAV一定程度可以估计低频噪声的主观烦恼,以寻找合适的粉红噪声改善原始声样本主观感受。叠加中心频率分别为500Hz、2000Hz和8000Hz的调频纯音及鸟叫声、水流声、风声或钟表声等自然声后声样本SAV总体高于原始声样本,且随叠加声SPL的增加而增加。
低频噪声主观烦恼度声调控研究还选取了高电压等级变电站噪声这一新兴低频噪声源作为原始噪声源,通过叠加纯音、窄带声、单一或组合自然声、针对性降低某些音调声压级等多种方法调控原始噪声样本主观烦恼,采用成对比较法对调控前后声样本主观烦恼度进行对比研究,筛选出若干可降低噪声主观烦恼的调控方法,并进一步通过行为干扰实验对调控方法的有效性进行验证。结果表明,通过叠加纯音以形成拍频和叠加人群谈话声以掩蔽原始噪声方法均不能降低原始声样本的主观烦恼；叠加合适频率范围的粉红窄带声可降低噪声的主观烦恼,但可能与所叠加的粉红窄带声与风声相似有关；叠加合适的流水声可以有效降低噪声的主观烦恼,特别是一些低频成分相对较少的流水声,合适的流水声强度需要根据不同的流水声来单独确定。变电站噪声在叠加合适流水声后继续叠加鸟叫声不能进一步改善噪声的主观感受。针对性降低原始噪声中的某些音调的声压级可以有效降低噪声的主观烦恼度,但主观感受得到改善的原因主要是声样本总声压级(即总的声能量)有所降低,而不是由样本特定音调度及声能量在频域上的分布特征变化。进一步的行为干扰实验结果表明,可降低变电站噪声主观烦恼度的调控方法(叠加合适流水声或降低特定音调度)对阅读的干扰改善不明显,但评价者的思维能力指数有所上升,错误率有所下降,说明这些调控方式可以降低噪声对人思维能力的负面影响。
噪声暴露下人体脑电变化规律及其与噪声主观烦恼关系研究选取强度为70dBA,频率为160Hz、500Hz和4000Hz的纯音和白噪声信号作为暴露声源对受声者进行声刺激,记录并分析了噪声暴露前后受声者脑电变化情况,同时结合对声样本的主观评价实验,探索了噪声暴露下人体脑电变化与噪声特性、噪声主观烦恼度之间的关系。结果表明,暴露时间小于6s时,脑电功率平均值变化无显著规律。当暴露时间持续5min时,脑电功率平均值呈现一定的变化趋势,且主观烦恼度与0波、α波脑电功率平均值之和存在较好的关联度,通过测定受声者额部0波和α波的脑电功率平均值之和可以间接估计噪声的主观烦恼度。无论是否受到噪声刺激,受声者各脑区中θ波功率平均值均以额部为最大,而α波功率平均值均以枕部为最大。从噪声刺激前1min到刺激结束后5min的时间里,0波或α波在左右脑各部位变化趋势基本一致。0波功率平均值出现两个较为明显的波峰,且随着频率的增加,波峰出现时间缓慢前移、波峰间的时间间隔减小。这意味着随着刺激噪声频率的增加,人体产生应激反应所需时间有减小趋势。随着刺激纯音频率的增加,0波功率平均值先减小后增加；而α波功率平均值一直增加。
The physiological and psychological effects induced by noise, especially low frequency noise (LFN), have been a hot research topic in the field of environmental noise. In this study, the acoustic simulation and sound adjustment on subjective annoyance under low frequency noise exposure, and the relationship between Electroencephalogram (EEG) variation and subjective annoyance under noise exposure, were researched.
In the first part of the study, a plurality of typical noise sources from urban environment were recorded. Based on noise spectrum analysis, several characteristic frequencies involved high subjective annoyance were selected according to the relative subjective annoyance of pure tones with different frequencies at equal loudness levels. Pure tones with characteristic frequencies were synthesized into a series of noise samples. Paired comparison test was used for comparison of the subjective annoyance under actual noise and synthesized noise. The results suggest that the sound energy distribution of actual noise at different frequency bands should be considered in order to simulate the subjective annoyance induced by actual noise with composite noise more accurately. And composite noise should be combined with pure tones which induced high subjective annoyance and were located in frequency bands with the majority of sound energy, provided that the relative Sound Pressure Level (SPL) differences were remained among the characteristic frequencies of actual noise.
In the second part of the study, structure-borne noise originating from a heat pump unit was selected to study the influence on subjective annoyance of low frequency noise (LFN) combined with additional sound. Paired comparison test was used for evaluating the subjective annoyance of LFN combined with different sound pressure levels (SPL) of pink noise, frequency-modulated pure tones (FM pure tones) and natural sounds. The results showed that, with pink noise of250～1000Hz combined with the original LFN, the subjective annoyance value (SAV) first dropped then rose with increasing SPL. When SPL of the pink noise was15～25dB, SAV was lower than that of the original LFN. With pink noise of frequency250～20000Hz added to LFN, SAV increased linearly with increasing SPL. SAV and the psychoacoustic annoyance value (PAV) obtained by semi-theoretical formulas were well correlated, moving in similar trends. This suggests that the PAV can be used to predict SAV variance of the LFN after adding pink noise, to search for the appropriate pink noise combined with LFN to alleviate subjective annoyance. When FM pure tones with central frequencies of 500Hz,2000Hz and8000Hz, or natural sounds (including the sound of singing birds, flowing water, wind, and ticking clock) were respectively added to the original sound, the SAV increased as the SPL of the added sound increased.
In the third part of this study, a new kind of low-frequency noise source, main transformer noise in high-voltage substation, was selected to study the influence on subjective annoyance of LFN combined with additional sound. Paired comparison test was used for evaluating the subjective annoyance of LFN adjusted by combining with different SPL of narrowband pink noise, natural sound, and multiple natural sounds. Behavior disturbance test was also carried out on some adjusted noise samples. The results showed that, adding pure tone to product a beat, or adding the crowd conversation to mark the original sound, were all failed to alleviate the subjective annoyance. Adding narrowband pink noises with suitable frequency range may alleviate the subjective annoyance. Whereas it may due to that the narrowband pink noise sounds like the wind. Adding some sound of flowing water, especially that containing fewer low frequency component, can effectively reduce the subjective annoyance. However, the most appropriate sound level of water was not invariable. It should be determined according to the specific water sound. An additional birds singing cannot further improve the subjective perception of noise sample which added sound of flowing water already. Reducing the SPL of the specific tone in the original noise sample can reduce the subjective annoyance effectively. Whereas it mainly dues to the reduction of the whole noise sample SPL. The questionnaire result from behavior disturbance test indicated that, the reading disturbance was not improved significantly when subjects exposed to the adjusted samples, which can improve the subjective perception in paired comparison test. However, the dosage exercise test result from behavior disturbance test indicated that the brainwork index (AYP) rose, while the error rate fell when the subject exposed to the adjusted samples. This means the sound adjustment indeed reduce the negative impact on people's thinking ability, which induced by LFN.
In the fourth part of this study,70dBA white noise and pure tones at160Hz,500Hz and4000Hz were selected as the exposed noise sources. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal of subjects was recorded and analyzed during the experiment. The relationship between variation and noise character, noise subjective annoyance, was also investigated. The results showed that, when the duration of noise was less than6s, Average Power of Electroencephalogram (APEEG) varied irregularly. When the noise lasted for5min, the sum of the relative APEEG of0and a wave in the frontal region exhibited some trends with the increase of the exposed noise frequency, and presented a positive correlation with subjective annoyance value. Accordingly, the subjective annoyance induced by noise can be estimated indirectly through determination of the sum of the relative APEEG of6and a wave in frontal region under noise exposure. Without reference to the fact that subjects were exposed to noise or not, the maximums distribution of APEEG of θ wave appeared in the frontal region, while the maximums distribution of APEEG of a wave appeared in the occipital region. And the relative APEEG of θ or a wave in each brain region exhibited basically consistent variation trends within the11min from1min before noise exposure to5min after that. More than two APEEG maximums of9wave appeared after noise exposure, and the time points of maximum occurrence moved forwards with the increase of noise frequency. The interval between two time points of maximum occurrence was reduced with the increase of exposed noise frequency. It is believed that the time for subjects to make steady stress responses tended to decrease following the increase of frequency. Furthermore, during the different noise exposures, the relative APEEG of θ wave in the frontal region decreased first and then increased with the increase of frequency, while the relative APEEG of a wave in the frontal region increased as the sound frequency increased.
引文
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