基于DSP声回声抵消系统的研究
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摘要
回声抵消问题已成为现代通信技术发展的一个瓶颈,系统中回声抵消器的好坏,直接影响到通话质量。现代数字网络通信是公认的最快捷最有效的通信手段,但数字网络通信系统引入更多的时延,使回声现象犹为突出,严重影响到网络通话的质量。
回声抵消通常采用自适应技术,该技术也是解决回声问题最具前景的技术之一。回声抵消技术的关键是自适应算法和语音检测两个部分,自适应算法决定了整个系统的收敛的速度、稳态失调、计算复杂度等性能；语音检测的正确与否则影响到回声抵消的效果。
本文首先研究了自适应滤波器的一些相关知识,包括自适应滤波器的基本概念、实现的网络结构及最具代表的LMS算法和RLS算法。针对现代数字网络通信中,大时延回声、长阶自适应滤波器等带来的计算量庞大的问题,为寻求一种在保证收敛速度和小稳态误差的情况下有效降低计算复杂度的方法,本文引入了块自适应滤波和快速自适应滤波。即在LMS算法的基础上,进行块处理,利用数字信号处理的相关理论,在频域上快速实现时域LMS。针对块算法带来的收敛速度放慢的特性,提出了采用频域内块数据的欧拉范数,对步长因子进行归一化调整的改进算法——步长归一化FBLMS算法。在Matlab下对步长归一化FBLMS算法进行了收敛速度和稳态失调的仿真测试,并与传统的LMS、时域块LMS和RLS算法进行了比较,验证了步长归一化FBLMS算法的优越性。最后在TMS320C5416实验箱上,基于Geigel算法的双端语音检测技术,设计了步长归一化的FBLMS算法的回声抵消系统,利用CCS Link在Matlab下对回声抵消器进行了测试。另外还在DSP硬件平台上进行了模拟回声的测试。测试结果表明,所设计的回声抵消器,符合ITU—G.168标准仿真测试条件下要求的性能指标。
Offsetting of echoes has become the bottleneck of the modern comm-unication technology. An acoustic echo cancellation effects the quality o-f telephoning directly. Modern communications is that it's the quickest a-nd most effective means of communication, but this system to introduce more time, the phenomenon of the features that will seriously affect the q-uality of the network.
The adaptive technology, which is one of the development trend in t-he future,is applied in the acoustic echo cancellation.It includes two parts: the adaptive algorithm and the detection of the sound.The whole system o-f the convergence of speed, the imbalance of the stationary and the comp-utation complex etc are decided by the adaptive algorithm.The effect of t-he echoes offseting is the key to the detection of the sound.
In this article,we studied to the adaptive filter of some of the relevan knowledge firstly,including to filter the basic concepts and implementat-ion of network and the representative of the LMS and RLS algorithm. In modern figures for internet communications, as for the echo,long taps to f-ilter for a computational large problems,find a kind of guarantee the con-vergence and a steady state the case,effectively reduce the degree of com-plexity.This article introduced block of the adaptive filter and fast adapta-tion to filter.On the basis of the LMS algorithm,we start with the researc-h for the bloch adaptive algorithm and the digital signal processing of rela-ted theory.The time-domain block LMS was implemented quieckly in th-e frequency domain Of the block algorithm for the convergence of the sp-eed slackened.In the paper the step size was adjusted by the frequency do-main of the data to improving the FBLMS algorithm.The simulation exa-mination for traditional time-domain LMS and frequeney-domain block LMS with normalized step size and RLS adaptive filtering algorithm wer-e completed in the platform of Matlab. While two algorithms were analyz-ed in the size of computational and convergence speed and stationary imb-alance,have provened superiority by FBLMS algorithm with normalize-d step size.Finally,an acoustic echo cancellation system has been made u -sing TMS320C5416DSP, the system was designed to the echo of the FB-LMS algorithms with normalized step size,based on the Geigel algorit-hm and analyed using CCSlink of Matlab.In the next,an acoustic echoc-ancellation was tested simulatly in the hardware platform of DSP.Testing results indicated that are designed to counteract the echoes meet the requi-rements of the ITU-G.168 actual performance indicators.
回声抵消通常采用自适应技术,该技术也是解决回声问题最具前景的技术之一。回声抵消技术的关键是自适应算法和语音检测两个部分,自适应算法决定了整个系统的收敛的速度、稳态失调、计算复杂度等性能；语音检测的正确与否则影响到回声抵消的效果。
本文首先研究了自适应滤波器的一些相关知识,包括自适应滤波器的基本概念、实现的网络结构及最具代表的LMS算法和RLS算法。针对现代数字网络通信中,大时延回声、长阶自适应滤波器等带来的计算量庞大的问题,为寻求一种在保证收敛速度和小稳态误差的情况下有效降低计算复杂度的方法,本文引入了块自适应滤波和快速自适应滤波。即在LMS算法的基础上,进行块处理,利用数字信号处理的相关理论,在频域上快速实现时域LMS。针对块算法带来的收敛速度放慢的特性,提出了采用频域内块数据的欧拉范数,对步长因子进行归一化调整的改进算法——步长归一化FBLMS算法。在Matlab下对步长归一化FBLMS算法进行了收敛速度和稳态失调的仿真测试,并与传统的LMS、时域块LMS和RLS算法进行了比较,验证了步长归一化FBLMS算法的优越性。最后在TMS320C5416实验箱上,基于Geigel算法的双端语音检测技术,设计了步长归一化的FBLMS算法的回声抵消系统,利用CCS Link在Matlab下对回声抵消器进行了测试。另外还在DSP硬件平台上进行了模拟回声的测试。测试结果表明,所设计的回声抵消器,符合ITU—G.168标准仿真测试条件下要求的性能指标。
Offsetting of echoes has become the bottleneck of the modern comm-unication technology. An acoustic echo cancellation effects the quality o-f telephoning directly. Modern communications is that it's the quickest a-nd most effective means of communication, but this system to introduce more time, the phenomenon of the features that will seriously affect the q-uality of the network.
The adaptive technology, which is one of the development trend in t-he future,is applied in the acoustic echo cancellation.It includes two parts: the adaptive algorithm and the detection of the sound.The whole system o-f the convergence of speed, the imbalance of the stationary and the comp-utation complex etc are decided by the adaptive algorithm.The effect of t-he echoes offseting is the key to the detection of the sound.
In this article,we studied to the adaptive filter of some of the relevan knowledge firstly,including to filter the basic concepts and implementat-ion of network and the representative of the LMS and RLS algorithm. In modern figures for internet communications, as for the echo,long taps to f-ilter for a computational large problems,find a kind of guarantee the con-vergence and a steady state the case,effectively reduce the degree of com-plexity.This article introduced block of the adaptive filter and fast adapta-tion to filter.On the basis of the LMS algorithm,we start with the researc-h for the bloch adaptive algorithm and the digital signal processing of rela-ted theory.The time-domain block LMS was implemented quieckly in th-e frequency domain Of the block algorithm for the convergence of the sp-eed slackened.In the paper the step size was adjusted by the frequency do-main of the data to improving the FBLMS algorithm.The simulation exa-mination for traditional time-domain LMS and frequeney-domain block LMS with normalized step size and RLS adaptive filtering algorithm wer-e completed in the platform of Matlab. While two algorithms were analyz-ed in the size of computational and convergence speed and stationary imb-alance,have provened superiority by FBLMS algorithm with normalize-d step size.Finally,an acoustic echo cancellation system has been made u -sing TMS320C5416DSP, the system was designed to the echo of the FB-LMS algorithms with normalized step size,based on the Geigel algorit-hm and analyed using CCSlink of Matlab.In the next,an acoustic echoc-ancellation was tested simulatly in the hardware platform of DSP.Testing results indicated that are designed to counteract the echoes meet the requi-rements of the ITU-G.168 actual performance indicators.
引文
[1]刘艳,付慧生等.现在通信技术与VoIP[J].通信技术,2007,184(4)：49-50
[2]Prasad R. V, Muralishankart R. Vijay S.,Shankar H. N., Pawelczak P.-Niemegeers Ⅰ. Voice Activity Detection for VoIP-Information Theoretic Approach. Global Telecommunications Conference. IEEE,2006,1:1-6
[3]David G. Messerschmitt, Echo Cancellation in Speech and Data Tr-ansmission, IEEE Journal on Selected areas in Communciations,1984, V0-1.2, No.2:283-297
[4]Steven L. Gay, Jacob Benesty, Denni s R Morgan, M. Mohan Sondhi, Tomas Gansler, Advances in Network and Acoustic Echo Cancellation[M], Springer, Berlin,2001
[5]胡啸.WLAN上VoIP中的自适应回声抵消技术研究：[博士学位论文].东南大学,2004
[6]G. Scheets, R. Singh, and M. Parperis, Analyzing end to end de-livery delay in pure VoIP networks, Circuits and Systems, The 45th Mid-west Symposium,2002, VOl. 2:517-520
[7]K. Mayyas. Sterophonic Acoustic Echo Cancellation Using Lattice Or thogonalization.IEEE Trans on Speech and Processing 2002,10(7)
[8]Oh Don-Sung, Shin Dong-din. Block Structured adaptive filtering method for multi-channel echo canceller. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Signal Processing and its Applications, ISSPA,1996,2:529-532
[9]James R. Zeidler. Performance Analysis of LMS Adaptive Prediction Filters, Proceedings of the IEEE,1990,78(12):1780-1806
[10]SimonHaykin,郑宝玉等译.自适应滤波器原理[M].4版.北京：电子工业出版社,2003：183-267
[11]龚耀寰.自适应滤波—时域自适应滤波和智能天线[M].2版.北京：电子工业出版社,2003：22-133
[12]刘益成.TMS320C54X DSP应用程序设计与开发(第一版).北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2002
[13]David Qi, Acoustic Echo Cancellation Algorithms and Implementat-ion on the TMS320C8X, TI Application Report, SPRA063, May,1996.
[14]Steven W. Smith. The Scientist and Engineer'S Guide to Digital SignalProcessing(Second Edition). WWW. DSPguide.tom
[15]Lars Wanhanmar. DSP integrated circuits. Academic press,1999
[16](美)B.维德罗,S.D.史蒂谈斯著,王永德,龙宪惠译.自适应信号处理[M].四川大学出版社,1985
[17]张贤达.现代信号处理[M].清华大学出版社,1995,5
[18]陈怀琛.数字信号处理教程—Matlab释义与实现[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004：209-308
[19]龚耀辕.自适应滤波时域自适应滤波和智能天线(第二版).电子工业出版社
[20]Haykin S. Adaptive Filter Theory[M].4h Edition. Beijing:Pub-lishing House of Electronics Indust,2002
[21]何振亚.自适应信号处理[M].北京：科学出版社,2002
[22]龚耀寰.自适应滤波一时域自适应滤波和智能天线[M].2版.北京：电子工业出版社,2003：22-133
[23]SimonHaykin. Zheng baoyu (Translator). Adaptive FilterTheory [M]. Fourth Edition. Beijing:PublishingHouse of Electronicics Industry, 2003, (in Chinese)
[24]J. J, Shykn. "AdptiveⅡR filtering, IEEE Signal Proeessing Mgazine 1989,6 (2):4-21
[26]W.B. Hsu, D. A. HodgesnadD. G. Messersehnlitt. Acoustic echo Enacell-ation forloud psekaere tlephones, IEEE/IEICE Global Telecorn rnunieat-ions Coneferneel987, Tokyo,1987:1955-1958
[27]Gerrge Othon, Glentic, Kostas Berberidis, Serqion Theodordos. Efficient Least Squares adaptive algorithms for fir Ttansversal Filte-ring. IEEE Signal Processing Mag Volume 16.1999(4):13-41
[28]Haykin S. Adaptive Filter Fheory, Fourth Edition[M]. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall,2002
[29]S. Hay kin著,郑宝玉等译.自适应滤波器原理[M].第四版.电子工业出版社,2003
[30]JontB. AIlenand David A.Berkley. Tmageme thod for effieienlly simulating small roomacousties. Acoustieal Society of Ameriea.1979(4): 943-950
[31]Donald L.DLltrweiler. ATWelve Channel Digital Eeho Canceller. IEEE Transactions on communications, VOI. 26.1978(5):647-653
[32]Jacob Benesty Pierre Duhamel. A Fast Exact Least Mean Square Adaptive Algorithim. IEEE Transactionson signal Proeessing.1992(40): 2904-2920
[33]Gerrge-Othon, Glentie, Kostas Berberidis Serqios Theodordos. Effieient Least Squares adaptive algorithms for FIR Transversal Filt-ering, IEEE Signal Proeessing MagVolumel6.1999(4):13-4
[34]Yasukawa H, Shimada I. Acoustic echo canceller with high speech quality[A]. ICASSP[C].1987,2125-2128
[35]高鹰,谢胜利.一种变步长LMS自适应滤波算法及分析[J].电子学报,2001,29(8)：1094-1097
[36]谷源涛,唐昆等.新的变步长归一化最小均方算法(清华大学电子工程系,微波与数字通信国家重点实验室,北京(100084),2002
[37]宋卫琴等.一种改进的NLMS算法在声回声抵消中的应用[J].江西通讯科技,2008
[38]Junghsi Lee, CHEN Yao-hua. An investigation on the step-size bound of the partitioned frequency-domain block LMS(PFBLMS) algorithm[C]. Signal Processing and Its Applications,2005. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposiumon,Volume2, August28-31,2005:771-774
[39]Don-Sung,Shin Dong-din.Block Structured adaptive filtering met-hod formulti-channel echo canceller. Proceedings of the International Symposium on SignalProcessing and its Applications, ISSPA,1996,2:529-532
[41]丁玉美,高西全等.数字信号处理(第二版).西安电子科技大学出版社[M],2001：80-82
[44]王敏强,郑宝玉.一种新的可变步长LMS自适应滤波算法[J].信号处理,2004
[45]M. Dentino,J MeCool, B.Windrow. Adaptive filtering in the frequencydomain[J]. ProcIEEE,1979,67:1658-1659
[46]Haykin. Adpative filter theory.3rd Edition.Perntiee Hall,1996
[47]David Qi, Acoustic Echo Cancellation Algorithms and implementat-ion on the TMS320C8x,TI Application Report,SPRA063,May 1996
[48]FURUYZ N, FUKUSHI Y. High performance custom VLSIecho cancel-er[C]//Proceedings of ICC.[S.l.]:IEEE Press,1985:1470-1476
[49]D. L. Duttweiller, A twelve-channel digital echo canceller. IEEE Trans. Comm, May 1978, Vol.26:647-653
[50]万玮.基于H.323的VoIP系统研究与关键技术实现：[硕士学位论文].电子科技大学,2003
[51]Cho, J.H.Morgan, D.R.Benesty, J.An objeetive technique for eva-iuating double talk deteetorsin acoustic echo cancellers. Speech and Audio Proeessing, IEEE transactions 1999(7):718-724.
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[57]ITU-T G168. Digital network echo cancellers[S],2000
[58]Tomas G;ansler, Steven L. Gay, M. Mohan, etal. Double-Talk Robust Fast Converging Algorithms for Network Echo Cancellation. IEEE Trans on Speech and Audio Processing.2000,8(6):656-663
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[2]Prasad R. V, Muralishankart R. Vijay S.,Shankar H. N., Pawelczak P.-Niemegeers Ⅰ. Voice Activity Detection for VoIP-Information Theoretic Approach. Global Telecommunications Conference. IEEE,2006,1:1-6
[3]David G. Messerschmitt, Echo Cancellation in Speech and Data Tr-ansmission, IEEE Journal on Selected areas in Communciations,1984, V0-1.2, No.2:283-297
[4]Steven L. Gay, Jacob Benesty, Denni s R Morgan, M. Mohan Sondhi, Tomas Gansler, Advances in Network and Acoustic Echo Cancellation[M], Springer, Berlin,2001
[5]胡啸.WLAN上VoIP中的自适应回声抵消技术研究：[博士学位论文].东南大学,2004
[6]G. Scheets, R. Singh, and M. Parperis, Analyzing end to end de-livery delay in pure VoIP networks, Circuits and Systems, The 45th Mid-west Symposium,2002, VOl. 2:517-520
[7]K. Mayyas. Sterophonic Acoustic Echo Cancellation Using Lattice Or thogonalization.IEEE Trans on Speech and Processing 2002,10(7)
[8]Oh Don-Sung, Shin Dong-din. Block Structured adaptive filtering method for multi-channel echo canceller. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Signal Processing and its Applications, ISSPA,1996,2:529-532
[9]James R. Zeidler. Performance Analysis of LMS Adaptive Prediction Filters, Proceedings of the IEEE,1990,78(12):1780-1806
[10]SimonHaykin,郑宝玉等译.自适应滤波器原理[M].4版.北京：电子工业出版社,2003：183-267
[11]龚耀寰.自适应滤波—时域自适应滤波和智能天线[M].2版.北京：电子工业出版社,2003：22-133
[12]刘益成.TMS320C54X DSP应用程序设计与开发(第一版).北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2002
[13]David Qi, Acoustic Echo Cancellation Algorithms and Implementat-ion on the TMS320C8X, TI Application Report, SPRA063, May,1996.
[14]Steven W. Smith. The Scientist and Engineer'S Guide to Digital SignalProcessing(Second Edition). WWW. DSPguide.tom
[15]Lars Wanhanmar. DSP integrated circuits. Academic press,1999
[16](美)B.维德罗,S.D.史蒂谈斯著,王永德,龙宪惠译.自适应信号处理[M].四川大学出版社,1985
[17]张贤达.现代信号处理[M].清华大学出版社,1995,5
[18]陈怀琛.数字信号处理教程—Matlab释义与实现[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004：209-308
[19]龚耀辕.自适应滤波时域自适应滤波和智能天线(第二版).电子工业出版社
[20]Haykin S. Adaptive Filter Theory[M].4h Edition. Beijing:Pub-lishing House of Electronics Indust,2002
[21]何振亚.自适应信号处理[M].北京：科学出版社,2002
[22]龚耀寰.自适应滤波一时域自适应滤波和智能天线[M].2版.北京：电子工业出版社,2003：22-133
[23]SimonHaykin. Zheng baoyu (Translator). Adaptive FilterTheory [M]. Fourth Edition. Beijing:PublishingHouse of Electronicics Industry, 2003, (in Chinese)
[24]J. J, Shykn. "AdptiveⅡR filtering, IEEE Signal Proeessing Mgazine 1989,6 (2):4-21
[26]W.B. Hsu, D. A. HodgesnadD. G. Messersehnlitt. Acoustic echo Enacell-ation forloud psekaere tlephones, IEEE/IEICE Global Telecorn rnunieat-ions Coneferneel987, Tokyo,1987:1955-1958
[27]Gerrge Othon, Glentic, Kostas Berberidis, Serqion Theodordos. Efficient Least Squares adaptive algorithms for fir Ttansversal Filte-ring. IEEE Signal Processing Mag Volume 16.1999(4):13-41
[28]Haykin S. Adaptive Filter Fheory, Fourth Edition[M]. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall,2002
[29]S. Hay kin著,郑宝玉等译.自适应滤波器原理[M].第四版.电子工业出版社,2003
[30]JontB. AIlenand David A.Berkley. Tmageme thod for effieienlly simulating small roomacousties. Acoustieal Society of Ameriea.1979(4): 943-950
[31]Donald L.DLltrweiler. ATWelve Channel Digital Eeho Canceller. IEEE Transactions on communications, VOI. 26.1978(5):647-653
[32]Jacob Benesty Pierre Duhamel. A Fast Exact Least Mean Square Adaptive Algorithim. IEEE Transactionson signal Proeessing.1992(40): 2904-2920
[33]Gerrge-Othon, Glentie, Kostas Berberidis Serqios Theodordos. Effieient Least Squares adaptive algorithms for FIR Transversal Filt-ering, IEEE Signal Proeessing MagVolumel6.1999(4):13-4
[34]Yasukawa H, Shimada I. Acoustic echo canceller with high speech quality[A]. ICASSP[C].1987,2125-2128
[35]高鹰,谢胜利.一种变步长LMS自适应滤波算法及分析[J].电子学报,2001,29(8)：1094-1097
[36]谷源涛,唐昆等.新的变步长归一化最小均方算法(清华大学电子工程系,微波与数字通信国家重点实验室,北京(100084),2002
[37]宋卫琴等.一种改进的NLMS算法在声回声抵消中的应用[J].江西通讯科技,2008
[38]Junghsi Lee, CHEN Yao-hua. An investigation on the step-size bound of the partitioned frequency-domain block LMS(PFBLMS) algorithm[C]. Signal Processing and Its Applications,2005. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposiumon,Volume2, August28-31,2005:771-774
[39]Don-Sung,Shin Dong-din.Block Structured adaptive filtering met-hod formulti-channel echo canceller. Proceedings of the International Symposium on SignalProcessing and its Applications, ISSPA,1996,2:529-532
[41]丁玉美,高西全等.数字信号处理(第二版).西安电子科技大学出版社[M],2001：80-82
[44]王敏强,郑宝玉.一种新的可变步长LMS自适应滤波算法[J].信号处理,2004
[45]M. Dentino,J MeCool, B.Windrow. Adaptive filtering in the frequencydomain[J]. ProcIEEE,1979,67:1658-1659
[46]Haykin. Adpative filter theory.3rd Edition.Perntiee Hall,1996
[47]David Qi, Acoustic Echo Cancellation Algorithms and implementat-ion on the TMS320C8x,TI Application Report,SPRA063,May 1996
[48]FURUYZ N, FUKUSHI Y. High performance custom VLSIecho cancel-er[C]//Proceedings of ICC.[S.l.]:IEEE Press,1985:1470-1476
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