行驶车辆主要噪声源的车外声场识别
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摘要
汽车车外噪声是车辆NVH性能的重要指标，也是各个国家为改善道路交通噪声污染所重点关注的项目，很多国家都制定了相关的法规。为改善车外通过噪声水平，降低汽车噪声，首先需要对汽车的主要噪声源进行识别。除了传统噪声分析方法如分别运转法、频谱分析法、声压法和声强法等以及数值模拟计算方法之外，近几年来，传递路径分析法、声全息法和波束成形法也广泛应用于车辆噪声源识别工作中来。但由于分析方法本身的限制，上述方法很难对车外声场进行比较详细的分解，以对汽车零部件主要噪声源改进的指导意义不足。因此，研究一种能够准确快速地实现行驶状态下车外噪声主要噪声源声场分解和识别的方法具有非常重要的意义。
本文中首先建立了行驶状态下车外噪声主要噪声源声场识别中对各个工程对象的数学描述，建立空间声场群的坐标和位置关系，定义了声源场、测点场、阵列测量场、全息场和重构场等主要声场，并描述了声场之间的时空变换关系。
通过对运行工况下车外传递路径分析方法的研究，分析了车辆上的各个激励源信号向车外响应点位置的声波传播过程，并对传播过程建立了数字化的描述。将传统的传递路径分析方法中的传递函数与信号处理中信号相关性系数进行了对比，完善了运行工况下传递路径分析法的物理意义。利用主成分分析法和信号矩阵的规范化预处理对传递函数矩阵进行求解，提高了对传递函数和响应信号进行求解和拟合的准确度。
提出了时域下传递路径分析方法，对运动状态下车外通过噪声进行了分解，将常用的频域分析法转化为相同位置下的时域信号的分析。利用由车辆、道路和响应点组成的系统的脉冲响应函数来代替传统的传递函数矩阵计算，降低了由于车辆行驶带来的采样点数不足导致的傅里叶变换误差，并利用车上声源的时空特征和脉冲响应函数的空间特点简化了系统特征的求解过程。
通过将车外噪声的时域传递路径分析结果和传统的声全息分析方法相结合，提出了用于分解和识别各个非相干独立激励源所描述的车辆结构主要噪声源噪声特征在车体表面所产生的声场分布情况的传递路径声全息方法。在对车辆、道路和阵列响应点所组成的系统进行时域传递路径分析后，阵列传声器的响应信号可以被分解为各个独立激励源所产生的噪声成分，从而利用声全息分析法重构出这些独立激励源在车体表面所产生的声场分布情况。
利用多声源的仿真分析验证了传递路径声全息分析法对声场的分解和声源位置识别的准确性，此方法比传统的声全息方法能够更好地定位主要声源，并将较小的声源对声场的影响识别出来。通过在实车实验中使用传递路径声全息法，证明此方法能够更好的识别不同噪声主要噪声源对车外噪声的影响，并分解车体表面声场分布情况，从而提出更准确、更具体的降噪改进方案。
Pass-by noise is an important indicator of vehicle NVH property, and manycountries have formulated laws and regulations to improve the traffic noise pollution.To reduce vehicle noise and improve the pass-by noise, the identification of main noisesources of automobile is the most important step of noise control. Except commonanalysis methods such as isolation method, frequency analysis, sound pressure analysis,sound intensity analysis, and numerical simulation method, recently, transfer pathanalysis, acoustic holography and beam-forming method are used to idetify the thevehicle noise sources. But for the limit of these methods, it is difficult to decompose theexterior sound field detailedly. So, the research of the method for identifying anddecomposing of exterior sound field quickly and accurately when the vehicle is movinghave very practical significance.
First, the mathematical descriptions are created for all kinds of the engineeringobjects in the identification of exterior sound field of automobile assembly, includingthe coordinate systems for the spatial postions, and their transformations. The soundfields are defined, such as the source field, the measurement field, the array field, theholography field and the reconstruction field, and their temporal and spatialrelationships are desribed.
According to the researching of the operational transfer path analysis of pass-bynoise, the transmission of each impact source signal of the vehicle and response pointhas been analyzed, and the mathematical description of the transmission has been builtas well. Comparing of the transfer function of traditional transfer path analysis and thecorrelation coefficient of signal processing, the physical significance of operationaltransfer path analysi has been completed. The principal component analysis andnormalization preprocessing of signal matrix are used to calculate the transfer functionmatrix, which has improved the accuracy of the transfer function calculation andresponse signal fitting.
The time domain transfer path analysis method is proposed, and the normalfrequency analysis method is instead of time domain signal analysis of the sameposition. The impulse response function of the system composed by vehicle, road and response point is used to instead of transfer function to calculate the systemcharacteristics to reduce the error of the Fourier Transform for the deficiency ofsampling number when the vehicle is moving. The calculation is simplified for thespatial characteristics of noise sources and the impulse response function.
A transfer path acoustic holography analysis method is proposed to decompose andidentify each incoherent independent impact sources and the noise characteristics of theautomobile assemblies. Affter the time domain transfer path analysis, the responsesignals of the array microphones are decomposed into the noise components of theseindependent impact sources, and then the sound field on the surface of vehicle can bereconstructed by these signals and acoustic holography method.
The simulation of multi-sound sources has proved the transfer path acousticholography analysis method can decompose the sound field and identify the position ofnoise sources. The result shows that, this method has more accuracy than traditionalacoustic holography method for the identification of main noise sources and minimumamplitude sources. The application of this method shows that it can identify the effect ofdifferent noise component for the pass-by noise more accuracyly, and decompose thesurface sound field of vehicle, which can be used to propose the noise control plan.
本文中首先建立了行驶状态下车外噪声主要噪声源声场识别中对各个工程对象的数学描述，建立空间声场群的坐标和位置关系，定义了声源场、测点场、阵列测量场、全息场和重构场等主要声场，并描述了声场之间的时空变换关系。
通过对运行工况下车外传递路径分析方法的研究，分析了车辆上的各个激励源信号向车外响应点位置的声波传播过程，并对传播过程建立了数字化的描述。将传统的传递路径分析方法中的传递函数与信号处理中信号相关性系数进行了对比，完善了运行工况下传递路径分析法的物理意义。利用主成分分析法和信号矩阵的规范化预处理对传递函数矩阵进行求解，提高了对传递函数和响应信号进行求解和拟合的准确度。
提出了时域下传递路径分析方法，对运动状态下车外通过噪声进行了分解，将常用的频域分析法转化为相同位置下的时域信号的分析。利用由车辆、道路和响应点组成的系统的脉冲响应函数来代替传统的传递函数矩阵计算，降低了由于车辆行驶带来的采样点数不足导致的傅里叶变换误差，并利用车上声源的时空特征和脉冲响应函数的空间特点简化了系统特征的求解过程。
通过将车外噪声的时域传递路径分析结果和传统的声全息分析方法相结合，提出了用于分解和识别各个非相干独立激励源所描述的车辆结构主要噪声源噪声特征在车体表面所产生的声场分布情况的传递路径声全息方法。在对车辆、道路和阵列响应点所组成的系统进行时域传递路径分析后，阵列传声器的响应信号可以被分解为各个独立激励源所产生的噪声成分，从而利用声全息分析法重构出这些独立激励源在车体表面所产生的声场分布情况。
利用多声源的仿真分析验证了传递路径声全息分析法对声场的分解和声源位置识别的准确性，此方法比传统的声全息方法能够更好地定位主要声源，并将较小的声源对声场的影响识别出来。通过在实车实验中使用传递路径声全息法，证明此方法能够更好的识别不同噪声主要噪声源对车外噪声的影响，并分解车体表面声场分布情况，从而提出更准确、更具体的降噪改进方案。
Pass-by noise is an important indicator of vehicle NVH property, and manycountries have formulated laws and regulations to improve the traffic noise pollution.To reduce vehicle noise and improve the pass-by noise, the identification of main noisesources of automobile is the most important step of noise control. Except commonanalysis methods such as isolation method, frequency analysis, sound pressure analysis,sound intensity analysis, and numerical simulation method, recently, transfer pathanalysis, acoustic holography and beam-forming method are used to idetify the thevehicle noise sources. But for the limit of these methods, it is difficult to decompose theexterior sound field detailedly. So, the research of the method for identifying anddecomposing of exterior sound field quickly and accurately when the vehicle is movinghave very practical significance.
First, the mathematical descriptions are created for all kinds of the engineeringobjects in the identification of exterior sound field of automobile assembly, includingthe coordinate systems for the spatial postions, and their transformations. The soundfields are defined, such as the source field, the measurement field, the array field, theholography field and the reconstruction field, and their temporal and spatialrelationships are desribed.
According to the researching of the operational transfer path analysis of pass-bynoise, the transmission of each impact source signal of the vehicle and response pointhas been analyzed, and the mathematical description of the transmission has been builtas well. Comparing of the transfer function of traditional transfer path analysis and thecorrelation coefficient of signal processing, the physical significance of operationaltransfer path analysi has been completed. The principal component analysis andnormalization preprocessing of signal matrix are used to calculate the transfer functionmatrix, which has improved the accuracy of the transfer function calculation andresponse signal fitting.
The time domain transfer path analysis method is proposed, and the normalfrequency analysis method is instead of time domain signal analysis of the sameposition. The impulse response function of the system composed by vehicle, road and response point is used to instead of transfer function to calculate the systemcharacteristics to reduce the error of the Fourier Transform for the deficiency ofsampling number when the vehicle is moving. The calculation is simplified for thespatial characteristics of noise sources and the impulse response function.
A transfer path acoustic holography analysis method is proposed to decompose andidentify each incoherent independent impact sources and the noise characteristics of theautomobile assemblies. Affter the time domain transfer path analysis, the responsesignals of the array microphones are decomposed into the noise components of theseindependent impact sources, and then the sound field on the surface of vehicle can bereconstructed by these signals and acoustic holography method.
The simulation of multi-sound sources has proved the transfer path acousticholography analysis method can decompose the sound field and identify the position ofnoise sources. The result shows that, this method has more accuracy than traditionalacoustic holography method for the identification of main noise sources and minimumamplitude sources. The application of this method shows that it can identify the effect ofdifferent noise component for the pass-by noise more accuracyly, and decompose thesurface sound field of vehicle, which can be used to propose the noise control plan.
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