三维运动声音在机载告警系统中的应用
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摘要
本文主要研究了三维运动声音在机载告警系统中应用的相关问题。三维声音告警技术具有简单、信息量大的特点,可以充分利用听觉及时地为飞行员提供大量具有空间感的告警信息,从而提高飞行安全。
用声音表现三维运动是以运动学、声学、人类生理声学、心理声学等研究成果为理论基础,以数字信号分析、处理、合成为实现手段,以耳机或扬声器为输出工具,实时合成能够反映等同三维真实空间中运动物体特性的声音信号。
对人类生理声学和心理声学的了解是研究三维声音技术的基础。因此,介绍了人耳听觉模型和听觉效应,分析了哈斯效应、耳廓效应、反射与混响等因素对听觉的影响。由于定位是三维声音技术的重点,所以,介绍了传统定位理论,并在分析其不足后引入了头部关联传递函数(Head-Related Transfer Function,HRTF)的定位理论。详细介绍了HRTF的获取方法,分析了HRTF的基本特性,从而进一步研究定位原理。不过,HRTF还是存在不足:数据不准确、不全面,无法提供足够的距离信息等。
三维运动声音的特性主要包括:距离、速度、方位。因此,在研究这三种特性的仿真原理的基础上提出相应的仿真算法。为了得到真实感的声音引入混响的概念,通过分析混响原理提出混响生成方法。加入混响的声音解决了距离判断的模糊问题,减小了“头中定位”效应,使处理后的声音更自然。经过实验验证了各仿真算法的可行性,在分析存在的问题之后提出了改进后的系统仿真方案。
The application of 3D moving sound in the warning system in fighter is studied in this dissertation. 3D sound warning technology is simple and can supply a lot of information, so the pilot can obtain enough warning information with spatial sense to improve the safety of flying.
Representing 3D movement by sound is on the basis of kinematics, acoustics, physiological acoustics, psychological acoustics and etc. By the means of analysis, processing and synthesis of digital signal, 3D sound is achieved and output by earphone or speaker. The goal of research is reflecting the moving characteristics of the object in the real world by processed sound in real time.
The knowledge of physiological acoustics and psychological acoustics is the basis of the research of 3D sound technology. Therefore, the model of human ear and the hearing effect are introduced, and the influence of Hass effect, pinnae effect, reflection and reverberation to the hearing is analyzed too. Since localization is the emphasis of 3D sound technology, traditional localization theory is discussed, after analyzing its shortage Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF) localization theory is presented. The acquirement and characteristics of HRTF is discussed in detail, thereby, the localization theory is studied further. However, HRTF has shortage too, for instance, it is not accurate and full-scale, and it can not supply sufficient information of distance.
The characteristics of 3D moving sound are distance, velocity and localization. Hence, on the bases of investigating the simulation principles, the corresponding simulation algorithms are proposed. For the sake of acquiring sound with third dimension, the concept of reverberation is presented. By analyzing the principle the method of creating reverberation is put forward. The faintness of judging distance is resolved, and Inside-the-Head Location effect is eased by adding reverberation. The feasibility of the simulation algorithms is validated through the experiment, and the improved simulation scheme is brought forward after analyzing existent problems.
用声音表现三维运动是以运动学、声学、人类生理声学、心理声学等研究成果为理论基础,以数字信号分析、处理、合成为实现手段,以耳机或扬声器为输出工具,实时合成能够反映等同三维真实空间中运动物体特性的声音信号。
对人类生理声学和心理声学的了解是研究三维声音技术的基础。因此,介绍了人耳听觉模型和听觉效应,分析了哈斯效应、耳廓效应、反射与混响等因素对听觉的影响。由于定位是三维声音技术的重点,所以,介绍了传统定位理论,并在分析其不足后引入了头部关联传递函数(Head-Related Transfer Function,HRTF)的定位理论。详细介绍了HRTF的获取方法,分析了HRTF的基本特性,从而进一步研究定位原理。不过,HRTF还是存在不足:数据不准确、不全面,无法提供足够的距离信息等。
三维运动声音的特性主要包括:距离、速度、方位。因此,在研究这三种特性的仿真原理的基础上提出相应的仿真算法。为了得到真实感的声音引入混响的概念,通过分析混响原理提出混响生成方法。加入混响的声音解决了距离判断的模糊问题,减小了“头中定位”效应,使处理后的声音更自然。经过实验验证了各仿真算法的可行性,在分析存在的问题之后提出了改进后的系统仿真方案。
The application of 3D moving sound in the warning system in fighter is studied in this dissertation. 3D sound warning technology is simple and can supply a lot of information, so the pilot can obtain enough warning information with spatial sense to improve the safety of flying.
Representing 3D movement by sound is on the basis of kinematics, acoustics, physiological acoustics, psychological acoustics and etc. By the means of analysis, processing and synthesis of digital signal, 3D sound is achieved and output by earphone or speaker. The goal of research is reflecting the moving characteristics of the object in the real world by processed sound in real time.
The knowledge of physiological acoustics and psychological acoustics is the basis of the research of 3D sound technology. Therefore, the model of human ear and the hearing effect are introduced, and the influence of Hass effect, pinnae effect, reflection and reverberation to the hearing is analyzed too. Since localization is the emphasis of 3D sound technology, traditional localization theory is discussed, after analyzing its shortage Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF) localization theory is presented. The acquirement and characteristics of HRTF is discussed in detail, thereby, the localization theory is studied further. However, HRTF has shortage too, for instance, it is not accurate and full-scale, and it can not supply sufficient information of distance.
The characteristics of 3D moving sound are distance, velocity and localization. Hence, on the bases of investigating the simulation principles, the corresponding simulation algorithms are proposed. For the sake of acquiring sound with third dimension, the concept of reverberation is presented. By analyzing the principle the method of creating reverberation is put forward. The faintness of judging distance is resolved, and Inside-the-Head Location effect is eased by adding reverberation. The feasibility of the simulation algorithms is validated through the experiment, and the improved simulation scheme is brought forward after analyzing existent problems.
引文
[1] 罗福元,王行仁,彭晓源.声音渲染技术及其在虚拟环境中的应用.系统仿真学报,1999,11(5):364-367
[2] 刘宝善,武国城,郭小朝,等.战斗机汉语合成话音告警用语设计参数的测定.中华航空医学杂志,1995,6(3):176-180
[3] 奥古斯特.戈尔登 Jr.雷达电子战(全寿文,付大毛,李春玉翻译).北京:总参谋部第五十四研究所出版,1992.176
[4] 高志国,崔乃刚,刘文叶.反辐射导弹综合对抗技术研究.飞航导弹,2001,(2):46-50
[5] 张三慧主编.大学物理学(第四册)――波动与光学(第二版).北京:清华大学出版社,2000
[6] Wallach. h., Newman. E.B. and Rosenzweig. M.R. The Precedence Effect in Sound Localization. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 1973,21:817-826
[7] 王炳锡编著.语音编码.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.18-23
[8] Durand. R. Begault. 3-D sound for Virtual Reality and Multimedia. United Kingdom Edition. Academic Press Inc, 1994
[9] 何大龙,汤新,王晓飞.典型作战剖面下的紫外告警对抗有效性分析.光电技术应用,2005,20(3):4-6
[10] 吕长水.美军第三代机载红外导弹告警器研发概况.航天电子对抗,2003,(2):20-23
[11] 付伟.紫外型导弹逼近告警系统的发展.光电子技术与信息,1997,10(2):1-5
[12] 魏国柱,李林,杜安.普通情况下的多普勒效应表达式.东北大学学报,2004,25(6):602-605
[13] Blauert J. Spatial Hearing—The Psychophysics of Human Sound Localization [M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: the MIT Press, 1997
[14] 曾芬芳.虚拟现实技术.上海:上海交通大学出版社,2000,55-60
[15] Langendijk E H A, Bronkhorst A W. Contribution of spectral cues to human sound localization. J Acoust Soc Am, 2002, 112(4):1583-1596
[16] 刘光明,刘矽.对虚拟环绕声产生的研究与简单实现.电声技术,2003,(4):43-46
[17] 钟小丽,谢菠荪.头相关传输函数的研究进展(一).电声技术,2004,(12):44-46
[18] 任玉春.音频定位相关技术研究:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2004
[19] Morse P M, Ingard K U 著.理论声学(吕如榆等著).北京:科学出版社,1984
[20] Chang C T, et al. A 3D Sound Using the Adaptive Head Model and Measured Pinna Data. Proceedings of 2000 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. 2000, 2:807-810
[21] Gardner W G, Martin K D. HRTF measurement of a KEMAR [J]. Journal of Acoustical Society in America, 1995, 97 (6):3907-3908
[22] Rife D D, Vanderkooy J. Transfer-function measurements using maximum-length sequences. J Audio Eng Soc, 1989, 37 (6):419-444
[23] Zahorik P. Limitations in Using Golay Codes for Head-related Transfer Function Measurement. J Acoust Soc Am, 2000, 107(3):1793-1796
[24] http://interface.cipic.ucdavis.edu/
[25] Shaw E A G. External ear response and sound localization. In: Gatehouse R, Amphora Groton CT, eds. Localization of sound: theory and application. 1982. 30-41
[26] 吴振扬.与头相关联的传递函数的测量及数据分析.数据采集与处理,1996,11(4)315-318
[27] Algazi V.R. et al. Elevation Localization and Head-related Transfer Function Analysis at Low Frequencies, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, 2001, 109(3):1110-1122
[28] Riederer K A J. Effects of Eye-glasses, Hair, Head-gear, and Clothing on Measured Head-related Transfer Function Part Ⅰ b. J. Acoust. Soc. Am, 2003, 114(4):2388
[29] Perrett S, Noble W. The effect of head rotations on vertical plane sound localization. J Acoust Soc Am, 1997, 102(4): 2325-2332
[30] 马大猷.声学手册.北京:科学出版社,1983
[31] 韩桂珍.混响及其应用.电声技术,1996,(1):35-37
[32] Begault D.R. Perceptual Effects of Synthetic Reverberation on Three-Dimensional Audio Systems. J.A.E.S. 1992, 40:895-904 ,
[33] Udo Zêler. Digital Audio Signal Processing. John Wiley&Sons Ltd.1997:181-202
[34] M. R. Schroeder and B. F. Logan. “Colorless”Artificial Reverberation. J. Audio Eng. Soc ,1961 ,9(3) :192-197
[35] M. R. Schroeder. Natural Sounding Artificial Reverberation. J. Audio Eng. Soc. ,1961 ,10 (3) :219-233
[36] 王兴国,蒋伟峰,马洪庆,等.数字混响器设计.电子学报,2000,28(7):84-87
[37] Norbert Toma, Marina Topa, Erwin Szopos. Design and Simulation of Reverberation Algorithms. Proceedings of the 6th COST 276 Workshop on Information and KnowledgeManagement for Integrated Media Communication, May 6-7, 2004, Thessaloniki, Greece, pp.139-144
[38] Norbert Toma, Marina Topa, Erwin Szopos. On Improved Reverberation Algorithms. 47th International Symposium ELMAR-2005, Zadar, Croatia, 217-220
[39] 张琼,石教英.分布式虚拟环境中的三维音频支持.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2002,14(12):1152-1155
[40] 张承云,谢菠荪,谢志文.立体声耳机重发中头中定位效应的消除.电声技术,2000,(8):4-6
[41] 赵自力,黄成伟,黄宏,等.HRTF 在虚拟 3D 立体声中的应用及实验.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,41(11):74-76
[2] 刘宝善,武国城,郭小朝,等.战斗机汉语合成话音告警用语设计参数的测定.中华航空医学杂志,1995,6(3):176-180
[3] 奥古斯特.戈尔登 Jr.雷达电子战(全寿文,付大毛,李春玉翻译).北京:总参谋部第五十四研究所出版,1992.176
[4] 高志国,崔乃刚,刘文叶.反辐射导弹综合对抗技术研究.飞航导弹,2001,(2):46-50
[5] 张三慧主编.大学物理学(第四册)――波动与光学(第二版).北京:清华大学出版社,2000
[6] Wallach. h., Newman. E.B. and Rosenzweig. M.R. The Precedence Effect in Sound Localization. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 1973,21:817-826
[7] 王炳锡编著.语音编码.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.18-23
[8] Durand. R. Begault. 3-D sound for Virtual Reality and Multimedia. United Kingdom Edition. Academic Press Inc, 1994
[9] 何大龙,汤新,王晓飞.典型作战剖面下的紫外告警对抗有效性分析.光电技术应用,2005,20(3):4-6
[10] 吕长水.美军第三代机载红外导弹告警器研发概况.航天电子对抗,2003,(2):20-23
[11] 付伟.紫外型导弹逼近告警系统的发展.光电子技术与信息,1997,10(2):1-5
[12] 魏国柱,李林,杜安.普通情况下的多普勒效应表达式.东北大学学报,2004,25(6):602-605
[13] Blauert J. Spatial Hearing—The Psychophysics of Human Sound Localization [M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: the MIT Press, 1997
[14] 曾芬芳.虚拟现实技术.上海:上海交通大学出版社,2000,55-60
[15] Langendijk E H A, Bronkhorst A W. Contribution of spectral cues to human sound localization. J Acoust Soc Am, 2002, 112(4):1583-1596
[16] 刘光明,刘矽.对虚拟环绕声产生的研究与简单实现.电声技术,2003,(4):43-46
[17] 钟小丽,谢菠荪.头相关传输函数的研究进展(一).电声技术,2004,(12):44-46
[18] 任玉春.音频定位相关技术研究:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2004
[19] Morse P M, Ingard K U 著.理论声学(吕如榆等著).北京:科学出版社,1984
[20] Chang C T, et al. A 3D Sound Using the Adaptive Head Model and Measured Pinna Data. Proceedings of 2000 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. 2000, 2:807-810
[21] Gardner W G, Martin K D. HRTF measurement of a KEMAR [J]. Journal of Acoustical Society in America, 1995, 97 (6):3907-3908
[22] Rife D D, Vanderkooy J. Transfer-function measurements using maximum-length sequences. J Audio Eng Soc, 1989, 37 (6):419-444
[23] Zahorik P. Limitations in Using Golay Codes for Head-related Transfer Function Measurement. J Acoust Soc Am, 2000, 107(3):1793-1796
[24] http://interface.cipic.ucdavis.edu/
[25] Shaw E A G. External ear response and sound localization. In: Gatehouse R, Amphora Groton CT, eds. Localization of sound: theory and application. 1982. 30-41
[26] 吴振扬.与头相关联的传递函数的测量及数据分析.数据采集与处理,1996,11(4)315-318
[27] Algazi V.R. et al. Elevation Localization and Head-related Transfer Function Analysis at Low Frequencies, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, 2001, 109(3):1110-1122
[28] Riederer K A J. Effects of Eye-glasses, Hair, Head-gear, and Clothing on Measured Head-related Transfer Function Part Ⅰ b. J. Acoust. Soc. Am, 2003, 114(4):2388
[29] Perrett S, Noble W. The effect of head rotations on vertical plane sound localization. J Acoust Soc Am, 1997, 102(4): 2325-2332
[30] 马大猷.声学手册.北京:科学出版社,1983
[31] 韩桂珍.混响及其应用.电声技术,1996,(1):35-37
[32] Begault D.R. Perceptual Effects of Synthetic Reverberation on Three-Dimensional Audio Systems. J.A.E.S. 1992, 40:895-904 ,
[33] Udo Zêler. Digital Audio Signal Processing. John Wiley&Sons Ltd.1997:181-202
[34] M. R. Schroeder and B. F. Logan. “Colorless”Artificial Reverberation. J. Audio Eng. Soc ,1961 ,9(3) :192-197
[35] M. R. Schroeder. Natural Sounding Artificial Reverberation. J. Audio Eng. Soc. ,1961 ,10 (3) :219-233
[36] 王兴国,蒋伟峰,马洪庆,等.数字混响器设计.电子学报,2000,28(7):84-87
[37] Norbert Toma, Marina Topa, Erwin Szopos. Design and Simulation of Reverberation Algorithms. Proceedings of the 6th COST 276 Workshop on Information and KnowledgeManagement for Integrated Media Communication, May 6-7, 2004, Thessaloniki, Greece, pp.139-144
[38] Norbert Toma, Marina Topa, Erwin Szopos. On Improved Reverberation Algorithms. 47th International Symposium ELMAR-2005, Zadar, Croatia, 217-220
[39] 张琼,石教英.分布式虚拟环境中的三维音频支持.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2002,14(12):1152-1155
[40] 张承云,谢菠荪,谢志文.立体声耳机重发中头中定位效应的消除.电声技术,2000,(8):4-6
[41] 赵自力,黄成伟,黄宏,等.HRTF 在虚拟 3D 立体声中的应用及实验.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,41(11):74-76