无线通信系统中的智能天线
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摘要
近年来，无线通信技术迅速发展。CDMA作为实现第三代移动通信的关键技术，得到了广泛的应用。随着社会信息需求的急剧增加、个人移动通信的迅速普及，频谱已成为越来越宝贵的资源。为了在有限的频带上容纳更多的用户，有许多技术被提了出来，其中的一个研究热点就是智能天线。
智能天线采用空分多址，利用信号在传播方向上的差别，将同频率、同时隙的信号区分开来。它可以成倍地扩展通信容量，已经成为当今世界各国的重点研究对象。本文对无线通信系统主要是CDMA系统中的智能天线的技术特点做了详尽介绍，对智能天线对CDMA系统容量的影响做了细致分析。全文共分六章，安排如下：
第一章简述了无线通信的历史和三种CDMA标准，介绍了智能移动通信技术的一些内容。
第二章具体介绍了智能天线技术，包括两种类型的智能天线：切换波束系统和自适应天线系统。讨论了智能天线的空间处理接收机，介绍了几种典型的最优波束形成方案和自适应算法。
第三章分析了在基站使用智能天线来提高CDMA多小区系统的容量，给出了在更符合实际情况的模型下的计算公式。考虑了多径干扰、热噪声、路径损耗、处理增益和语音激活因子的影响；并介绍了与智能天线技术相结合的多用户检测技术。
第四章讨论了智能天线技术的一个重要组成部分：空时编码技术。将空时编码技术和盲自适应多用户检测技术相结合，进一步提高了系统容量。
第五章介绍了基于软件无线电的智能天线在CDMA通信系统中的应用。
第六章介绍了智能天线的研究现状，展望了智能天线的发展前景。
In recent years,the wireless communication technique has developed rapidly. CDMA becomes the key technique to realize the 3rd generation mobile communication,and has been widely used.With the rapid increase of social information demand and the fast popularization of individual mobile communication,frequency has become more and more valuable.In order to hold more users in a limited frequency,many technique is proposed,among which smart antenna is the research hotspot.
Smart antenna adopts SDMA, and in terms of the difference of transmission direction,it can distinguish signals of the same frequency and the same time interspace.Smart antenna can enlarge cacacity greatly ,and has become a key research topic of many countries nowdays.This dissertation makes a detailed introduction of smart antenna in the wireless communication system,mainly in the CDMA system,and the influence of smart antenna on CDMA system capacity is also analyzed.The dissertation is made up of six chapters:
Chapter 1 simply discusses the history of wireless communication and the three criteria of CDMA,and introduces smart mobile communication technique.
Chapter 2 embodies smart antenna technique.Two types of smart antenna are introduced:beam-switched system and adaptive antenna system.Then the spatial processor is discussed.Some classical optimization beamforming schemes and adaptive algorithms are also presented.
Chapter 3 investigates the capacity improvement in CDMA multi-cellular system with base-station smart antenna.We consider the effects of multipath interference, thermal noise, path loss, processing gain and voice activity factor.And introduces multiuser detection combined with smart antenna.
Chapter 4 discusses an important component of smart antenna technique: time-space coding.We combine time-space coding and blind adaptive multiuser detection to enhance system capacity further.
diaper 5 introduces the use of smart antenna based on software radio in CDMA communication system.
Chapter 6 narrates the status quo of smart antenna,and also expects its prospect.
智能天线采用空分多址，利用信号在传播方向上的差别，将同频率、同时隙的信号区分开来。它可以成倍地扩展通信容量，已经成为当今世界各国的重点研究对象。本文对无线通信系统主要是CDMA系统中的智能天线的技术特点做了详尽介绍，对智能天线对CDMA系统容量的影响做了细致分析。全文共分六章，安排如下：
第一章简述了无线通信的历史和三种CDMA标准，介绍了智能移动通信技术的一些内容。
第二章具体介绍了智能天线技术，包括两种类型的智能天线：切换波束系统和自适应天线系统。讨论了智能天线的空间处理接收机，介绍了几种典型的最优波束形成方案和自适应算法。
第三章分析了在基站使用智能天线来提高CDMA多小区系统的容量，给出了在更符合实际情况的模型下的计算公式。考虑了多径干扰、热噪声、路径损耗、处理增益和语音激活因子的影响；并介绍了与智能天线技术相结合的多用户检测技术。
第四章讨论了智能天线技术的一个重要组成部分：空时编码技术。将空时编码技术和盲自适应多用户检测技术相结合，进一步提高了系统容量。
第五章介绍了基于软件无线电的智能天线在CDMA通信系统中的应用。
第六章介绍了智能天线的研究现状，展望了智能天线的发展前景。
In recent years,the wireless communication technique has developed rapidly. CDMA becomes the key technique to realize the 3rd generation mobile communication,and has been widely used.With the rapid increase of social information demand and the fast popularization of individual mobile communication,frequency has become more and more valuable.In order to hold more users in a limited frequency,many technique is proposed,among which smart antenna is the research hotspot.
Smart antenna adopts SDMA, and in terms of the difference of transmission direction,it can distinguish signals of the same frequency and the same time interspace.Smart antenna can enlarge cacacity greatly ,and has become a key research topic of many countries nowdays.This dissertation makes a detailed introduction of smart antenna in the wireless communication system,mainly in the CDMA system,and the influence of smart antenna on CDMA system capacity is also analyzed.The dissertation is made up of six chapters:
Chapter 1 simply discusses the history of wireless communication and the three criteria of CDMA,and introduces smart mobile communication technique.
Chapter 2 embodies smart antenna technique.Two types of smart antenna are introduced:beam-switched system and adaptive antenna system.Then the spatial processor is discussed.Some classical optimization beamforming schemes and adaptive algorithms are also presented.
Chapter 3 investigates the capacity improvement in CDMA multi-cellular system with base-station smart antenna.We consider the effects of multipath interference, thermal noise, path loss, processing gain and voice activity factor.And introduces multiuser detection combined with smart antenna.
Chapter 4 discusses an important component of smart antenna technique: time-space coding.We combine time-space coding and blind adaptive multiuser detection to enhance system capacity further.
diaper 5 introduces the use of smart antenna based on software radio in CDMA communication system.
Chapter 6 narrates the status quo of smart antenna,and also expects its prospect.
引文
[1] 张磊，张银华．不断发展的无线移动通信技术．电子机械工程，2002年第18卷第五期．
[2] S. Millman, Ed.A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System-Communications Sciences. AT&T Bell Labs, 1984.
[3] R.Prasad, W. Konhauser, W. Mohr. Third Generations Mobile Communication systems. Artech House, Mar. 2000.
[4] Khaled Ben Letaief. Broadband Woreless Communication-3G and Beyond. Center for Wireless Information Technology, 2003.
[5] 韦岗，王一歌．第三代移动通信系统的研究与仿真．华南理工大学学报，2002年第30卷笫11期．
[6] 祈玉生，邵世祥．现在移动通信系统[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，1999．1．
[7] Tero Ojanpera，Ramjee Prasad著，朱旭红，卢学军，卓天真译．宽带CDMA：第三代移动通信技术[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2000．1．
[8] 周寰．TD-SCDMA—第三代移动通信技术[J]．移动通信，2000，5：9-12．
[9] 吴伟陵．移动通信中的关键技术．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2000．
[10] 孙立新，尤肖虎，张萍等．第三代移动通信技术．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001．
[11] 施志康．移动通信系统与智能通信技术．苏州大学学报，2002年第22卷第5期．
[12] Jhong Sam Lee，Leonard E．Miller著，许希斌，周世东，赵明等译．CDMA系统工程手册．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001．
[13] Widrow B,Mantey P E,Griffiths L J. Adapttive Antenna Systems. Proc. IEEE. 1967, 55 (12).
[14] 王大庆，张惠民，吴伟陵．CDMA中智能天线的接收准则及自适应算法研究．通信学报，1998，19(6)．
[15] 王文博等．时分双工CDMA移动通信技术．北京邮电大学出版社，2001，3．
[16] 李方伟，梅国宇，魏春．智能天线对CDMA蜂窝系统容量的影响[J]．数字通信，2000，(2)．
[17] Zhang Yong, Feng Zhenghe. Capacity analysis of CDMA networks with smart antenna. Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
[18] Naguib A F, Paulrag A, Kailath T. Capacity improvement with base-station antenna arrays in cellular CDMA[J].IEEE Trans Vehicular Technology. 1994,43(3).
[19] 朱明华，刘元安．基于智能天线的移动通信系统容量分析．北京邮电大学学报，2002年第25卷第1期．
[20] T.S. Rappaport and L.B. Milstein. Effects of Radio Propagation Path Loss on DS-CDMA Cellular Frequency Reuse Efficiency for the Reverse Channel. IEEE trans, on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 41, No. 3, Aug. 1992.
[21] Joseph C. Liberti, Theodore S. Rappaport. Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications:IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Applications. Pearson Education North Asia Limited and China Machine Press, 2002.
[22] Li Xiaoqiang and Hu Jiandong. System analysis of SA/CDMA employing smart antenna. Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Vol. 22, No. 3,1999.
[23] 胡昌华，周涛，夏启兵，张伟．基于matlab的系统分析和设计——时频分析．西安：电子科技大学出版社，2002．
[24] 王沫然．MATLAB6．0与科学计算．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．9．
[25] Z. Rong. Simulation of Adaptive Array Algorithms for CDMA Systems. Mobile&Portable Radio Research Group, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, Sept, 1996.
[26] Lupas R, Verdu S. Linear multi-user detectors for synchronous code-division multiple-access channels[J].IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, 1989.
[27] Moshavi S. Multi-user detection for DS-CDMA communication[J]. IEEE Commun Mag, 1996.
[28] NAGUID AF, PAULHAJA. Compacity improvement with base-station antenna arrays in cellular CDMA. IEEE Trans on VT, 1994, 43(3):691～699.
[29] 王庆扬，张青，韦岗．CDMA移动通信系统中的多用户检测技术[J]．移动通信，2000，(2)．
[30] 丁家昕，郑宝玉．CDMA中智能天线与多用户检测联合抗MAI的研究．南京邮电学院学报(自然科学版)，1999年第19卷第4期．
[31]龚耀寰．多入多出智能天线技术．中兴通讯技术，2002年第6期．
[32]Bevan D, Tanner R. Performance comparison of space-time coding techniques. Electronics Letters 30~(th),Sept 1999.
[33]Ayman F, Naguib, Vahid Tarokh. A space-time coding modem for high-data-rate wireless communication. IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, 1998.
[34]Carmela Cozzo and Brian L Hughes. Joint detection and estimation in space-time coding and modulation. IEEE,1999.
[35]隗炜，杨恒，张贤达．CDMA系统中一种结合空时编码的盲自适应接收器．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，2002年第42卷第3期．
[36]葛利嘉．智能天线及其在军用软件无线电中的应用．军用通信技术，1997年第18期．
[37]Mitola J. The Software Radio Architecture[J].IEEE Com, Mag, 1995.
[38]J Razavilar, F Rashid-Farrokhoi,K J Ray Liu. Software Radio Architecture with Smart Antennas:A Tutorial on Algorithms and Complexity. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, 1999,17(4):662～676.
[39]路军，张效文等．软件无线电结构的智能天线在CDMA系统中的应用．铁道学报，1999年第21卷第2期．
[40] 钮心忻，杨义先．软件无线电技术与应用．北京：邮电大学出版社，2000．9．
[41] Kyoung Ⅱ Kim著，刘晓宇，杜志敏译．CDMA系统设计与优化．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001．9．
[42] Jiangzhou Wang，Tung-Sang Ng著，闵范保，聂敏，朱畅华译．第三代移动通信系统无线增强技术．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．1．
[2] S. Millman, Ed.A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System-Communications Sciences. AT&T Bell Labs, 1984.
[3] R.Prasad, W. Konhauser, W. Mohr. Third Generations Mobile Communication systems. Artech House, Mar. 2000.
[4] Khaled Ben Letaief. Broadband Woreless Communication-3G and Beyond. Center for Wireless Information Technology, 2003.
[5] 韦岗，王一歌．第三代移动通信系统的研究与仿真．华南理工大学学报，2002年第30卷笫11期．
[6] 祈玉生，邵世祥．现在移动通信系统[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，1999．1．
[7] Tero Ojanpera，Ramjee Prasad著，朱旭红，卢学军，卓天真译．宽带CDMA：第三代移动通信技术[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2000．1．
[8] 周寰．TD-SCDMA—第三代移动通信技术[J]．移动通信，2000，5：9-12．
[9] 吴伟陵．移动通信中的关键技术．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2000．
[10] 孙立新，尤肖虎，张萍等．第三代移动通信技术．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001．
[11] 施志康．移动通信系统与智能通信技术．苏州大学学报，2002年第22卷第5期．
[12] Jhong Sam Lee，Leonard E．Miller著，许希斌，周世东，赵明等译．CDMA系统工程手册．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001．
[13] Widrow B,Mantey P E,Griffiths L J. Adapttive Antenna Systems. Proc. IEEE. 1967, 55 (12).
[14] 王大庆，张惠民，吴伟陵．CDMA中智能天线的接收准则及自适应算法研究．通信学报，1998，19(6)．
[15] 王文博等．时分双工CDMA移动通信技术．北京邮电大学出版社，2001，3．
[16] 李方伟，梅国宇，魏春．智能天线对CDMA蜂窝系统容量的影响[J]．数字通信，2000，(2)．
[17] Zhang Yong, Feng Zhenghe. Capacity analysis of CDMA networks with smart antenna. Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
[18] Naguib A F, Paulrag A, Kailath T. Capacity improvement with base-station antenna arrays in cellular CDMA[J].IEEE Trans Vehicular Technology. 1994,43(3).
[19] 朱明华，刘元安．基于智能天线的移动通信系统容量分析．北京邮电大学学报，2002年第25卷第1期．
[20] T.S. Rappaport and L.B. Milstein. Effects of Radio Propagation Path Loss on DS-CDMA Cellular Frequency Reuse Efficiency for the Reverse Channel. IEEE trans, on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 41, No. 3, Aug. 1992.
[21] Joseph C. Liberti, Theodore S. Rappaport. Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications:IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Applications. Pearson Education North Asia Limited and China Machine Press, 2002.
[22] Li Xiaoqiang and Hu Jiandong. System analysis of SA/CDMA employing smart antenna. Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Vol. 22, No. 3,1999.
[23] 胡昌华，周涛，夏启兵，张伟．基于matlab的系统分析和设计——时频分析．西安：电子科技大学出版社，2002．
[24] 王沫然．MATLAB6．0与科学计算．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．9．
[25] Z. Rong. Simulation of Adaptive Array Algorithms for CDMA Systems. Mobile&Portable Radio Research Group, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, Sept, 1996.
[26] Lupas R, Verdu S. Linear multi-user detectors for synchronous code-division multiple-access channels[J].IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, 1989.
[27] Moshavi S. Multi-user detection for DS-CDMA communication[J]. IEEE Commun Mag, 1996.
[28] NAGUID AF, PAULHAJA. Compacity improvement with base-station antenna arrays in cellular CDMA. IEEE Trans on VT, 1994, 43(3):691～699.
[29] 王庆扬，张青，韦岗．CDMA移动通信系统中的多用户检测技术[J]．移动通信，2000，(2)．
[30] 丁家昕，郑宝玉．CDMA中智能天线与多用户检测联合抗MAI的研究．南京邮电学院学报(自然科学版)，1999年第19卷第4期．
[31]龚耀寰．多入多出智能天线技术．中兴通讯技术，2002年第6期．
[32]Bevan D, Tanner R. Performance comparison of space-time coding techniques. Electronics Letters 30~(th),Sept 1999.
[33]Ayman F, Naguib, Vahid Tarokh. A space-time coding modem for high-data-rate wireless communication. IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, 1998.
[34]Carmela Cozzo and Brian L Hughes. Joint detection and estimation in space-time coding and modulation. IEEE,1999.
[35]隗炜，杨恒，张贤达．CDMA系统中一种结合空时编码的盲自适应接收器．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，2002年第42卷第3期．
[36]葛利嘉．智能天线及其在军用软件无线电中的应用．军用通信技术，1997年第18期．
[37]Mitola J. The Software Radio Architecture[J].IEEE Com, Mag, 1995.
[38]J Razavilar, F Rashid-Farrokhoi,K J Ray Liu. Software Radio Architecture with Smart Antennas:A Tutorial on Algorithms and Complexity. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, 1999,17(4):662～676.
[39]路军，张效文等．软件无线电结构的智能天线在CDMA系统中的应用．铁道学报，1999年第21卷第2期．
[40] 钮心忻，杨义先．软件无线电技术与应用．北京：邮电大学出版社，2000．9．
[41] Kyoung Ⅱ Kim著，刘晓宇，杜志敏译．CDMA系统设计与优化．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001．9．
[42] Jiangzhou Wang，Tung-Sang Ng著，闵范保，聂敏，朱畅华译．第三代移动通信系统无线增强技术．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．1．