《周易》单音节实词反义词研究
摘要
古汉语专书反义词研究是汉语反义词研究的重要方面,它可以为汉语反义词研究提供重要的语料依据,是汉语反义词研究的基础性工作,同时,对专书反义词进行深入研究还可以为汉语反义词研究的理论建设做出贡献。《周易》全篇以阴阳的对立统一和互相转化为基础来立论和叙述,因此在词汇反义关系的运用上十分频繁且具有高度自觉性的特点。本文试图在义位归纳统计的基础上,通过文本格式法、义素分析法和语境求释法等方法穷尽性地归纳《周易》单音节实词反义词,并进行辨析。在此基础上,通过对《周易》经传反义词的对比研究,探讨了反义词的历时性变化情况,还通过对反义双方存在范围的研究,探讨了《周易》反义词反义双方存在范围的特点和原因,以及反义词聚与同义词聚存在范围的相异性。全文共分四章。
第一章是绪论部分。在此,首先简单介绍了古汉语专书反义词研究的重要意义以及研究《周易》反义词的原因,总结了本课题的研究现状。然后确认本文认同义素定义法对反义词的界定,同时,在反义双方相反相成的基础上,本文提出两点相关要求,即反义双方应当语法功能一致以及在语境中共现。反义词的判定方法则主要可以归结为文本格式法、义素分析法和语境求释法。
第二章是对《周易》单音节实词反义词的具体辨析。可分为《易经》单音节实词反义词、《易传》单音节实词反义词以及经传间单音节实词反义词,《易经》单音节实词反义词包括形容词反义词、动词反义词和名词反义词;《易传》单音节实词反义词包括形容词反义词、动词反义词、名词反义词以及数词反义词;经传间单音节实词反义词只有形容词反义词。在反义词辨析过程中,既对反义双方的历时性存在状态作了研究,判定双方在各自词义发展中是本义还是引申义,而且对每组反义词所存在的例句内容进行了深入分析,论证了反义双方的关系及其特点。
第三章是《周易》经传反义词的对比研究。首先通过对《周易》经传中反义形容词所占比例的对比研究,并结合先秦两汉其它经典著作中的相关情况,作出了形容词反义词所占比例存在由小到大并最终占据主导地位的变化过程的论断,并进一步分析了产生这种现象的原因。其次,通过对《周易》经传反义词反义双方本义、引申义状况的对比研究,并结合《荀子》的相关情况,作出了先秦时期反义双方本义与本义相对的情况逐渐减少而引申义与引申义相对的情况逐渐增加的结论,同时简要分析了产生这种变化的原因。
第四章是对《周易》反义词反义双方存在范围的分析及相关理论探讨。通过分析《周易》中反义双方存在范围的特点,作出了《周易》中某些反义词反义双方的存在范围在形式上相对自由的论断,同时探讨了产生这种状况的原因。本章还进一步比较了专书中同义词和反义词的存在范围,认为它们的存在范围是很不相同的,同义词的判定是进行全书范围的系联,而反义词强调的是小范围内的系联,一般局限在一个单句或复句中。
Antonyms of ancient Chinese book is an important aspect on researching about Chinese antonyms. it can provide important language material for the studies of Chinese antonym, it is the basic works of the studies of Chinese antonym. and at the same time, we can contribute to the building of the theory, if we study deeply on Antonyms of ancient Chinese book. "Zhou Yi" sets forth it's views and recounts on the basis of unity and opposites of Yin and Yang , so it applied the opposing relation very frequently and consciously. This paper attempts to place in the justice statistics summarized on the basis of the text format defined by law, justice-seeking Context analysis and interpretative methods exhaustive summary of the antonyms of Monosyllabic Content Words with analysis. Though contrastively studying between the bible and biography of "Zhou Yi" , I analyzed the change of the Antonyms. With research of the range in both opposing righteousness of "Zhou Yi" ,I have discussed the difference of the range between aggregation of antonym and synonym. All the text was divided into four chapters.
The first chapters is the introduction . First of all, I though it was importance that the antonym studies. Then I showed why I would study the antonym of "Zhou Yi". I summed up the current situation about this problem. On the basis of previous achievement, I recognized the law of element word analysis to the antonym limits, simultaneously. thinking both sides are opposite yet complementary in the foundation, this article proposed that the grammatical function of both sides should be consistent ,as well as both sides should be present in the linguistic environment .The antonym function ought to be consistent. the method of Antonym decision can be attributed mainly to the law of defining the text format, the law of element word analysis and the law of context demand explaining .
Chapter II is about the monosyllabic analysis of the specific Content words antonyms in "Zhou Yi" .Firstly, it can be divided into specific Content word antonyms of the bible and the biography, at the same time, some antonyms are between the bible and the biography. Then their respective antonyms can be divided into adjectives, nouns, verbs and numeral antonyms. Antonyms in the process is only adjectives. At first, I studied the lasted existence of the two sides in the development, and estimated that it was belong to primal meaning or extended meaning. Then I analyzed the sentence that included antonyms, so I can discussed their relationship and characteristics.
Chapter III is the Comparative Study between the bible and the biography. First of all, through the comparative studies about the adjective antonyms ,at the same time thinking the relevant circumstances on the classics before Han Dynasty, I posited that the presence of adjective antonyms growed and eventually dominate the process of change. Further more, I analyzed the causes of the phenomenon. Secondly, though the comparative study between the two sides-antonyms ,thinking the relevant circumstances of "XunZi", I posited that the antonyms of two extended meaning increased gradually with the decreasing of the antonyms of two primal meaning before Qin Dynasty. Then I analyzed briefly the reasons for this change.
Chapter IV is about the discussion on the research of the range on opposing righteousness. By analyzing the characteristics about the range of the two sides, I posited that it was in the form of relatively free of the range of opposing righteousness in "ZhouYi". At the same time, I have discussed the reasons for this situation. This chapter also compares the range of their existence of synonyms and antonyms, it is very different .One assemblage of synonym existed in all over book ,whereas one assemblage of antonyms existed in a small scope of the department, and generally it was confined in a single sentence or a complex sentence.
第一章是绪论部分。在此,首先简单介绍了古汉语专书反义词研究的重要意义以及研究《周易》反义词的原因,总结了本课题的研究现状。然后确认本文认同义素定义法对反义词的界定,同时,在反义双方相反相成的基础上,本文提出两点相关要求,即反义双方应当语法功能一致以及在语境中共现。反义词的判定方法则主要可以归结为文本格式法、义素分析法和语境求释法。
第二章是对《周易》单音节实词反义词的具体辨析。可分为《易经》单音节实词反义词、《易传》单音节实词反义词以及经传间单音节实词反义词,《易经》单音节实词反义词包括形容词反义词、动词反义词和名词反义词;《易传》单音节实词反义词包括形容词反义词、动词反义词、名词反义词以及数词反义词;经传间单音节实词反义词只有形容词反义词。在反义词辨析过程中,既对反义双方的历时性存在状态作了研究,判定双方在各自词义发展中是本义还是引申义,而且对每组反义词所存在的例句内容进行了深入分析,论证了反义双方的关系及其特点。
第三章是《周易》经传反义词的对比研究。首先通过对《周易》经传中反义形容词所占比例的对比研究,并结合先秦两汉其它经典著作中的相关情况,作出了形容词反义词所占比例存在由小到大并最终占据主导地位的变化过程的论断,并进一步分析了产生这种现象的原因。其次,通过对《周易》经传反义词反义双方本义、引申义状况的对比研究,并结合《荀子》的相关情况,作出了先秦时期反义双方本义与本义相对的情况逐渐减少而引申义与引申义相对的情况逐渐增加的结论,同时简要分析了产生这种变化的原因。
第四章是对《周易》反义词反义双方存在范围的分析及相关理论探讨。通过分析《周易》中反义双方存在范围的特点,作出了《周易》中某些反义词反义双方的存在范围在形式上相对自由的论断,同时探讨了产生这种状况的原因。本章还进一步比较了专书中同义词和反义词的存在范围,认为它们的存在范围是很不相同的,同义词的判定是进行全书范围的系联,而反义词强调的是小范围内的系联,一般局限在一个单句或复句中。
Antonyms of ancient Chinese book is an important aspect on researching about Chinese antonyms. it can provide important language material for the studies of Chinese antonym, it is the basic works of the studies of Chinese antonym. and at the same time, we can contribute to the building of the theory, if we study deeply on Antonyms of ancient Chinese book. "Zhou Yi" sets forth it's views and recounts on the basis of unity and opposites of Yin and Yang , so it applied the opposing relation very frequently and consciously. This paper attempts to place in the justice statistics summarized on the basis of the text format defined by law, justice-seeking Context analysis and interpretative methods exhaustive summary of the antonyms of Monosyllabic Content Words with analysis. Though contrastively studying between the bible and biography of "Zhou Yi" , I analyzed the change of the Antonyms. With research of the range in both opposing righteousness of "Zhou Yi" ,I have discussed the difference of the range between aggregation of antonym and synonym. All the text was divided into four chapters.
The first chapters is the introduction . First of all, I though it was importance that the antonym studies. Then I showed why I would study the antonym of "Zhou Yi". I summed up the current situation about this problem. On the basis of previous achievement, I recognized the law of element word analysis to the antonym limits, simultaneously. thinking both sides are opposite yet complementary in the foundation, this article proposed that the grammatical function of both sides should be consistent ,as well as both sides should be present in the linguistic environment .The antonym function ought to be consistent. the method of Antonym decision can be attributed mainly to the law of defining the text format, the law of element word analysis and the law of context demand explaining .
Chapter II is about the monosyllabic analysis of the specific Content words antonyms in "Zhou Yi" .Firstly, it can be divided into specific Content word antonyms of the bible and the biography, at the same time, some antonyms are between the bible and the biography. Then their respective antonyms can be divided into adjectives, nouns, verbs and numeral antonyms. Antonyms in the process is only adjectives. At first, I studied the lasted existence of the two sides in the development, and estimated that it was belong to primal meaning or extended meaning. Then I analyzed the sentence that included antonyms, so I can discussed their relationship and characteristics.
Chapter III is the Comparative Study between the bible and the biography. First of all, through the comparative studies about the adjective antonyms ,at the same time thinking the relevant circumstances on the classics before Han Dynasty, I posited that the presence of adjective antonyms growed and eventually dominate the process of change. Further more, I analyzed the causes of the phenomenon. Secondly, though the comparative study between the two sides-antonyms ,thinking the relevant circumstances of "XunZi", I posited that the antonyms of two extended meaning increased gradually with the decreasing of the antonyms of two primal meaning before Qin Dynasty. Then I analyzed briefly the reasons for this change.
Chapter IV is about the discussion on the research of the range on opposing righteousness. By analyzing the characteristics about the range of the two sides, I posited that it was in the form of relatively free of the range of opposing righteousness in "ZhouYi". At the same time, I have discussed the reasons for this situation. This chapter also compares the range of their existence of synonyms and antonyms, it is very different .One assemblage of synonym existed in all over book ,whereas one assemblage of antonyms existed in a small scope of the department, and generally it was confined in a single sentence or a complex sentence.
引文
①许慎《说文解字》,天津古籍出版社, 1991 年版。简称《说文》,下同。
②孙星衍《周易集解》,上海书店出版社, 1988 年版。简称《集解》,下同。
③段玉裁《说文解字注》,上海古籍出版社,1988 年版。简称段注,下同。
④李道平《周易集解纂疏》,中华书局,1994 年版,简称《纂疏》,下同。
⑤程颐《伊川易传》,上海古籍出版社,1989 年版。简称《程传》,下同。
⑥李光地《周易折中》,九州出版社 ,2002 年版,简称《折中》,下同。
[1]孙常叙.汉语词汇[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1957.257.
[2]蒋绍愚.古汉语词汇纲要[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1989.127.
[3]高守纲.古代汉语词义通论[M].北京:北京语文出版社,1994.99.
[4]陈伟武.甲骨文反义祠研究[J].中山大学学报,1996,(3):93.
[5]杨荣祥.《世说新语》中的反义词聚合及其历史演变[G].语言学论丛第 24 辑.北京:商务印书馆,2001.196.
[6]周祖谟.汉语词汇讲话[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006.47.
[7]朱 星.汉语词义简析[M].武汉:湖北人民出版社,1981.34.
[9]石毓智.同义词和反义词的区别和联系[J].汉语学习,1992,(1):28-31.
[10]陈满华.词义之间的关系与同义词、反义词的构成[J].汉语学习,1994,(2):32-36.
[11]张志毅,张庆云.反义词词典收的应是词的最佳反义类聚[J].中国语文,1984,(4):273.
[12][34]何九盈,蒋绍愚.古汉语词汇讲话[M].北京:北京出版社,1980.90.
[13]蒋绍愚.古汉语词汇纲要[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1989.127.
[14][15]苏宝荣.词义研究与辞书释义[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000.224-225、226-227.
[16][17]王 宁.训诂学原理[M].北京:中国国际广播出版社,1996.237、238.
[18]郭沫若.甲骨文字研究[M].北京:科学出版社, 1962.35.
[19]裘锡圭.殷墟甲骨文在文字学上的重要性[G].古文字学论集第一辑·甲骨学特集,1995.134.
[20]黄运明.甲骨刻辞的反义词探讨[J].江西教育学院学报, 2000,21(5):19.
[21]廖扬敏.《老子》专书反义词研究[D].四川大学博士论文,2003:182.
[22]孙占林.《论语》《孟子》《老子》中的反义词[J]. 蒙自师专学报,1990,7(3):7.
[23]李占平.《庄子》单音节实词反义关系研究[D].四川大学博士论文,2004:48.
[24]李永芳.《荀子》单音节反义词研究[D].吉林大学硕士论文,2006:13.
[25]刘绽霞.《淮南子》反义词语研究[D].广西师范大学硕士论文, 2006:6-9.
[26]王 冰.《论衡》单音节反义词研究[D].吉林大学硕士论文,2005:18.
[27]张永言.词汇学简论[M].武汉:华中工学院出版社,1982.112.
[28]刘金荣,崔芸. 浅议区别字本义与词本义[J].安康师专学报,2002,14(1):89.
[29]章太炎.章氏丛书卷二·文始[M].上海:上海古书流通处,1924.3.
[30]刘献琦.《荀子》反义词研究[D]. 山东师范大学硕士论文,2006:50.
[31]刘叔新.汉语反义词语的类别和特点[J].世界汉语教学,1988,(3):135.
[32]华 旭.反义词判定标准研究述评[J].山东师大学报, 1992,(1):72.
[33]周文德.古汉语同义词的认定方法[J].西南民族学院学报,2002,23(3):94-96.
②孙星衍《周易集解》,上海书店出版社, 1988 年版。简称《集解》,下同。
③段玉裁《说文解字注》,上海古籍出版社,1988 年版。简称段注,下同。
④李道平《周易集解纂疏》,中华书局,1994 年版,简称《纂疏》,下同。
⑤程颐《伊川易传》,上海古籍出版社,1989 年版。简称《程传》,下同。
⑥李光地《周易折中》,九州出版社 ,2002 年版,简称《折中》,下同。
[1]孙常叙.汉语词汇[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1957.257.
[2]蒋绍愚.古汉语词汇纲要[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1989.127.
[3]高守纲.古代汉语词义通论[M].北京:北京语文出版社,1994.99.
[4]陈伟武.甲骨文反义祠研究[J].中山大学学报,1996,(3):93.
[5]杨荣祥.《世说新语》中的反义词聚合及其历史演变[G].语言学论丛第 24 辑.北京:商务印书馆,2001.196.
[6]周祖谟.汉语词汇讲话[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006.47.
[7]朱 星.汉语词义简析[M].武汉:湖北人民出版社,1981.34.
[9]石毓智.同义词和反义词的区别和联系[J].汉语学习,1992,(1):28-31.
[10]陈满华.词义之间的关系与同义词、反义词的构成[J].汉语学习,1994,(2):32-36.
[11]张志毅,张庆云.反义词词典收的应是词的最佳反义类聚[J].中国语文,1984,(4):273.
[12][34]何九盈,蒋绍愚.古汉语词汇讲话[M].北京:北京出版社,1980.90.
[13]蒋绍愚.古汉语词汇纲要[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1989.127.
[14][15]苏宝荣.词义研究与辞书释义[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000.224-225、226-227.
[16][17]王 宁.训诂学原理[M].北京:中国国际广播出版社,1996.237、238.
[18]郭沫若.甲骨文字研究[M].北京:科学出版社, 1962.35.
[19]裘锡圭.殷墟甲骨文在文字学上的重要性[G].古文字学论集第一辑·甲骨学特集,1995.134.
[20]黄运明.甲骨刻辞的反义词探讨[J].江西教育学院学报, 2000,21(5):19.
[21]廖扬敏.《老子》专书反义词研究[D].四川大学博士论文,2003:182.
[22]孙占林.《论语》《孟子》《老子》中的反义词[J]. 蒙自师专学报,1990,7(3):7.
[23]李占平.《庄子》单音节实词反义关系研究[D].四川大学博士论文,2004:48.
[24]李永芳.《荀子》单音节反义词研究[D].吉林大学硕士论文,2006:13.
[25]刘绽霞.《淮南子》反义词语研究[D].广西师范大学硕士论文, 2006:6-9.
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