酒精废水综合处理技术及工程启动研究
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摘要
经济有效地处理酒精废水是目前废水处理领域面临的难题之一。本文以新乡市酒精厂的酒精废水综合处理工程为研究对象，通过查阅国内外大量文献，对酒精废水的生产工艺、酒精废水的特点作了简要论述，对厌氧消化技术及其理论、UBF反应器、CASS技术作了简要的分析。开发了一条高效、低耗、运行稳定并且有经济效益的工艺路线，并讨论整个工程的工艺技术参数的确定方法，最后将整个工程调试成功。本文重点是研究UBF反应器处理高浓度酒精废水的生产性启动规律，制定了进料有机负荷模型和容积负荷模型，并找到了适合酒精废水的模型参数，同时也对UBF反应器中污泥浓度的变化、颗粒污泥的形成、进水PH值的影响以及填料的作用作了研究，并进行了经济分析，研究表明：
1．高浓度的酒精废醪通过板框压滤机进行固液分离后，再采用UBF+CASS为主的厌氧好氧处理工艺是一条高效低耗、行之有效的路线，总COD去除率在99％以上，大幅度削减了废水中有机物的排放量，用它来代替传统的酒精废水处理方法具有广阔的应用前景。
2．对于生物化学法处理酒精废水，有效的预处理是十分重要的。除去废水中的悬浮物，降低后续处理的难度，对生物处理系统尤其是厌氧系统的稳定性是非常重要的，而且能带来可观的经济效益。
3．UBF反应器用好氧污泥接种，接种浓度为20kgSS／m~3，经过较长时间的驯化培养，最后也能形成颗粒污泥，粒径在1.0mm以下，其活性与厌氧污泥接种形成的颗粒污泥相当。
4．接种污泥的数量和质量是厌氧系统启动的一个至关重要的因素，用厌氧消化污泥接种UBF反应器，在启动初期接种污泥要经过筛选，相当一部分被淘汰，适量的种泥有利于启动过程中的污泥优选。10kgSS／m~3的接种污泥量对处理酒精废水的UBF反应器是比较合适的数量。
5．根据反应器中有机物的降解和细胞合成关系，建立了进料有机负荷模型M_n=(1+k)~(n-1)M_1和容积负荷模型N_n=(1+k)~(n-1)N_1。并根据实际的进料情况确定了适合酒精废水处理的参数k值，k取0.03是可靠的。
6．根据厌氧复合床反应器(UBF)中细菌的生长特性和进料负荷模型，提出了厌氧复合床反应器启动运行的进料负荷方案。
郑州人_学硕_1学位论交
酒精比水综合处理技术及工程启动运行
7.依据进料负荷模型和进料负荷方案成功进行了厌氧复合床UBF的生产性启动，反
应器中均形成了颗粒污泥，启动运行结果表明该进料负荷模型是正确的，进料负
荷方案是切实可行的。
8.酒精废水酸度较大，进水在不加碱性物质的情况下，反应器依然能启动成功。反
应器中的PH值比实际测定的要低，并且随着反应器高度的增加，PH值先增加然
后降低。
9.UBF反应器处理酒精废水培养的颗粒污泥，颜色为黑色，球形，边缘光滑，密度
较大。
Nowadays it is one of the difficult problems in our country and abroad wastewater treatment fields, that how to treat the alcoholic mill wastewater economically and efficiently. The alcoholic wastewater treatment project in alcohol factory of Xinxiang City was studied in this paper. The process technics and characteristics of alcoholic wastewater were simply discussed, and the theory and technology of anaerobic fermentation, the Upflow Blanket Filter (UBF) reactor, the Cyclic Activated Sludge System (CASS) technology were simply analysed through quantities of literature. A high efficiency and low cost technics route was explored which can steadily run and bring considerable economic profits. The technical parameters of the entire engineering were mentioned and which was successfully started-up at last. The paper mainly studied the start-up performance of the full-scale UBF reactors treating high strength alcoholic wastes, and established an influent model on organic loads and space loads, and found out the m
odel parameters fit for alcoholic wastewater. At the same time the paper also investigated the change of the activated sludge concentration, the forming of the granular sludge, the influence of the feed's PH, and the effect of the padding inside the UBF reactors, moreover analyzed the economic problems. The experimental results demonstrated:
1. After solid-liquid separating through board frame percolators, the high strength alcoholic wastes could be treated effectively by UBF+CASS. It was a high efficiency and low consumption way of technology. The total removal rate exceeded 99%, which could notably reduce the quantity of organic waste in effluent. With it substituting for conventional technology would be very promising.
2. Effective pretreatment was necessary to treating alcoholic effluent by biochemical technology. Because it could almost eliminate all the Suspended Solids in the wastewater and therefore reduce the difficulty of the posterior treatment process which was very important to keep the steady of the anaerobic system. Furthermore considerable economic profits can be produced.
3. Inoculated with aerobic sludge that its concentration was 20kgSS/m3, the UBF reactors also formed granular sludge through long domestication and cultivation. The diameter of
the granular sludge was below 1 .0mm and its vigor was the same as the anaerobic sludge.
4. Quantity and quality of inoculating sludge was very important to the start-up of anaerobic system. Considerable anaerobic digestive sludge inoculated in the UBF reactors were washed out by waterpower load in early start-up. lOkgSS/ anaerobic sludge was an appropriate quantity to UBF reactors treating alcoholic wastes.
5. Basing on the connection of the organism degradation and cellular compose in the UBF, an influent model on organic loads Mn=(1+k)n-1M1 and space loads Nn=(1+k)n-1N1 were established. And the right parameter k was determined as 0.03 which should be reliable.
6. Basing on the growth character of the bacteria and feeds loading model inside the UBF, a scheme of the influent was designed.
7. The full-scale UBF reactors were triumphantly started-up according to the feed loading model and scheme, and the granular sludge came into being in all reactors. The result of the start-up indicated that the model was correct and the scheme was reliable.
8. The acidity of the alcoholic wastewater was very high, but the UBF reactors were still favorably started-up under the circumstances of the influent without putting any antalkali. The PH of the reactors was smaller than that practically determined, and along with the height, the PH was increased at first and then reduced.
9. The granular sludge in UBF was black and spherical, with smooth edge and high density.
1．高浓度的酒精废醪通过板框压滤机进行固液分离后，再采用UBF+CASS为主的厌氧好氧处理工艺是一条高效低耗、行之有效的路线，总COD去除率在99％以上，大幅度削减了废水中有机物的排放量，用它来代替传统的酒精废水处理方法具有广阔的应用前景。
2．对于生物化学法处理酒精废水，有效的预处理是十分重要的。除去废水中的悬浮物，降低后续处理的难度，对生物处理系统尤其是厌氧系统的稳定性是非常重要的，而且能带来可观的经济效益。
3．UBF反应器用好氧污泥接种，接种浓度为20kgSS／m~3，经过较长时间的驯化培养，最后也能形成颗粒污泥，粒径在1.0mm以下，其活性与厌氧污泥接种形成的颗粒污泥相当。
4．接种污泥的数量和质量是厌氧系统启动的一个至关重要的因素，用厌氧消化污泥接种UBF反应器，在启动初期接种污泥要经过筛选，相当一部分被淘汰，适量的种泥有利于启动过程中的污泥优选。10kgSS／m~3的接种污泥量对处理酒精废水的UBF反应器是比较合适的数量。
5．根据反应器中有机物的降解和细胞合成关系，建立了进料有机负荷模型M_n=(1+k)~(n-1)M_1和容积负荷模型N_n=(1+k)~(n-1)N_1。并根据实际的进料情况确定了适合酒精废水处理的参数k值，k取0.03是可靠的。
6．根据厌氧复合床反应器(UBF)中细菌的生长特性和进料负荷模型，提出了厌氧复合床反应器启动运行的进料负荷方案。
郑州人_学硕_1学位论交
酒精比水综合处理技术及工程启动运行
7.依据进料负荷模型和进料负荷方案成功进行了厌氧复合床UBF的生产性启动，反
应器中均形成了颗粒污泥，启动运行结果表明该进料负荷模型是正确的，进料负
荷方案是切实可行的。
8.酒精废水酸度较大，进水在不加碱性物质的情况下，反应器依然能启动成功。反
应器中的PH值比实际测定的要低，并且随着反应器高度的增加，PH值先增加然
后降低。
9.UBF反应器处理酒精废水培养的颗粒污泥，颜色为黑色，球形，边缘光滑，密度
较大。
Nowadays it is one of the difficult problems in our country and abroad wastewater treatment fields, that how to treat the alcoholic mill wastewater economically and efficiently. The alcoholic wastewater treatment project in alcohol factory of Xinxiang City was studied in this paper. The process technics and characteristics of alcoholic wastewater were simply discussed, and the theory and technology of anaerobic fermentation, the Upflow Blanket Filter (UBF) reactor, the Cyclic Activated Sludge System (CASS) technology were simply analysed through quantities of literature. A high efficiency and low cost technics route was explored which can steadily run and bring considerable economic profits. The technical parameters of the entire engineering were mentioned and which was successfully started-up at last. The paper mainly studied the start-up performance of the full-scale UBF reactors treating high strength alcoholic wastes, and established an influent model on organic loads and space loads, and found out the m
odel parameters fit for alcoholic wastewater. At the same time the paper also investigated the change of the activated sludge concentration, the forming of the granular sludge, the influence of the feed's PH, and the effect of the padding inside the UBF reactors, moreover analyzed the economic problems. The experimental results demonstrated:
1. After solid-liquid separating through board frame percolators, the high strength alcoholic wastes could be treated effectively by UBF+CASS. It was a high efficiency and low consumption way of technology. The total removal rate exceeded 99%, which could notably reduce the quantity of organic waste in effluent. With it substituting for conventional technology would be very promising.
2. Effective pretreatment was necessary to treating alcoholic effluent by biochemical technology. Because it could almost eliminate all the Suspended Solids in the wastewater and therefore reduce the difficulty of the posterior treatment process which was very important to keep the steady of the anaerobic system. Furthermore considerable economic profits can be produced.
3. Inoculated with aerobic sludge that its concentration was 20kgSS/m3, the UBF reactors also formed granular sludge through long domestication and cultivation. The diameter of
the granular sludge was below 1 .0mm and its vigor was the same as the anaerobic sludge.
4. Quantity and quality of inoculating sludge was very important to the start-up of anaerobic system. Considerable anaerobic digestive sludge inoculated in the UBF reactors were washed out by waterpower load in early start-up. lOkgSS/ anaerobic sludge was an appropriate quantity to UBF reactors treating alcoholic wastes.
5. Basing on the connection of the organism degradation and cellular compose in the UBF, an influent model on organic loads Mn=(1+k)n-1M1 and space loads Nn=(1+k)n-1N1 were established. And the right parameter k was determined as 0.03 which should be reliable.
6. Basing on the growth character of the bacteria and feeds loading model inside the UBF, a scheme of the influent was designed.
7. The full-scale UBF reactors were triumphantly started-up according to the feed loading model and scheme, and the granular sludge came into being in all reactors. The result of the start-up indicated that the model was correct and the scheme was reliable.
8. The acidity of the alcoholic wastewater was very high, but the UBF reactors were still favorably started-up under the circumstances of the influent without putting any antalkali. The PH of the reactors was smaller than that practically determined, and along with the height, the PH was increased at first and then reduced.
9. The granular sludge in UBF was black and spherical, with smooth edge and high density.
引文
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[2]买文宁．生物化工废水处理技术及工程实例．北京：化学工业出版社，2002．180-182
[3]江鸿等．酒精糟废水的回收利用与净化研究．工业水处理，1998，18(3)：43-44
[4]顾夏声．废水生物处理数学模式．北京：清华大学出版社，1993．64-67
[5]赵立军，粟毅等．废水厌氧生物处理技术综述与研究进展．环境污染治理技术与设备，2001，2(5)：58-66
[6]张自杰．排水工程(下册)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1996．543-544
[7][美]R．E．斯皮思．工业废水的厌氧生物技术．李亚新译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001．3，97-98
[8]Rekune, S. et al. Wat. Sci. Techol. 1985, (17): 133-144
[9]Guiot. S.R. and Van den Berg L.. Performance and biomass retention of an upflow anaerobic reactor combining a sludge blanket and filter. Biotechnol. Lett., 1984, (6): 161-164
[10]孙剑辉，倪利晓．新型高效厌氧反应器UBF的研究进展．环境污染治理技术与设备，2000，1(6)：20-24
[11]K. J. Kennedy et al.. Media Effects on performance of an Anaerobic Hybrid Reactors. Wat. Res., 1989, 23(11): 1397-1405
[12]Huysman., P. et al.. Factors affecting the colonization of non porous packing materials in model upflow methane reactors. Biotechnol. Lett., 1983, 5(9):643-648
[13]Tilche, A. and Vieira, S. M. M.. Discussion report on reactor design of anaerobic filters and sludge bed reactors. Wat. Sci. Tech., 1991, 24(8): 193-206
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[18]Rafael Borja et al..Anaerobic digestion of Slaughterhouse Wastewater using a combination Sludge Blanket and Filter arrangement in a single reactor. Biorecour. Tech.,
1998,65: 125-133
[19]Vincent O'Flaherty et al.. Effect of sulphate addition on Volatile Fatty acid and ethanol degradation in unaccli matised anaerobic hybrid reactor 1 :process disturbance and remediation. Biorecour. Tech., 1999, 68:101-107
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[21]Peter J. Keenan et al.. Inorganic solids devolopment in a pilot-scale anaerobic reactor treating municipal solid waste landfill leachate. Wat. Environ. Res., 1993,65: 181-188
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[2]买文宁．生物化工废水处理技术及工程实例．北京：化学工业出版社，2002．180-182
[3]江鸿等．酒精糟废水的回收利用与净化研究．工业水处理，1998，18(3)：43-44
[4]顾夏声．废水生物处理数学模式．北京：清华大学出版社，1993．64-67
[5]赵立军，粟毅等．废水厌氧生物处理技术综述与研究进展．环境污染治理技术与设备，2001，2(5)：58-66
[6]张自杰．排水工程(下册)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1996．543-544
[7][美]R．E．斯皮思．工业废水的厌氧生物技术．李亚新译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001．3，97-98
[8]Rekune, S. et al. Wat. Sci. Techol. 1985, (17): 133-144
[9]Guiot. S.R. and Van den Berg L.. Performance and biomass retention of an upflow anaerobic reactor combining a sludge blanket and filter. Biotechnol. Lett., 1984, (6): 161-164
[10]孙剑辉，倪利晓．新型高效厌氧反应器UBF的研究进展．环境污染治理技术与设备，2000，1(6)：20-24
[11]K. J. Kennedy et al.. Media Effects on performance of an Anaerobic Hybrid Reactors. Wat. Res., 1989, 23(11): 1397-1405
[12]Huysman., P. et al.. Factors affecting the colonization of non porous packing materials in model upflow methane reactors. Biotechnol. Lett., 1983, 5(9):643-648
[13]Tilche, A. and Vieira, S. M. M.. Discussion report on reactor design of anaerobic filters and sludge bed reactors. Wat. Sci. Tech., 1991, 24(8): 193-206
[14]刘忠生等．上流式厌氧污泥床-滤层反应器处理精对苯二甲酸废水液体流态及基质降解动力学的研究．石油学报(石油化工)，1996，12(4)：13-19
[15]曾令斌．抗生素废水的处理工程及生产性启动研究：硕士学位论文，1998．
[16]Huub J. Gijzen et al.. Compasion of start-up of an anaerobic sludge blanket reactor and a polyurethane cardor reactor. Wat. Sci. Tech., 1996, 34(5～6): 509-515
[17]S. V. Kalyozhnyi et al.. The Anaerobic Treatment of Soft Duink Wastewater in UASB and Hybrid Reactors. Biochem. Biotech., 1997, 66: 291-301
[18]Rafael Borja et al..Anaerobic digestion of Slaughterhouse Wastewater using a combination Sludge Blanket and Filter arrangement in a single reactor. Biorecour. Tech.,
1998,65: 125-133
[19]Vincent O'Flaherty et al.. Effect of sulphate addition on Volatile Fatty acid and ethanol degradation in unaccli matised anaerobic hybrid reactor 1 :process disturbance and remediation. Biorecour. Tech., 1999, 68:101-107
[20]Vincent O'Flaherty et al.. Effect of sulphate addition on Volatile Fatty acid and ethanol degradation in an anaerobic hybrid reactor 11:microbial interactions and toxic effects. Biorecour. Tech., 1999, 68: 109-120
[21]Peter J. Keenan et al.. Inorganic solids devolopment in a pilot-scale anaerobic reactor treating municipal solid waste landfill leachate. Wat. Environ. Res., 1993,65: 181-188
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