交互式屏幕共享的低复杂度压缩和低延时传输方法
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摘要
近年来,随着个人电脑、智能手机和智能电视机等数字设备的发展,融合多个数字设备,以获得更好的用户体验的需求逐渐增加。而交互式计算机屏幕共享技术就是实现这种需求的一种重要技术。本文对于交互式屏幕共享中的一些关键技术进行了研究。交互式计算机屏幕共享需要做到以很低的端到端延时实现屏幕内容共享。一方面,这需要做到低复杂度的屏幕编解码,另一方面,这需要实现低延时传输。本文对于这两个方面进行了研究。此外,万维网上广泛存在的复合图像,是一种特殊类型的计算机屏幕内容,但是有着不同的需求和处理方法,因此本文也做了相应研究。最后,基于对交互式计算机屏幕共享的研究,本文提出多设备协作的浏览器系统以改善客厅环境中的网页浏览体验。
具体而言,本文的研究工作和创新之处包括以下方面。
首先,针对交互式屏幕共享对于压缩算法的需求,本文提出了一种基于块的低复杂度计算机屏幕序列压缩方法。这个方法通过检测相邻帧之间相同内容的区域来进行帧间编码,而将其余部分分类为图像块和文本块进行帧内编码。块分类算法利用了图像内容和文本内容的块级别的统计特性。本文设计了一种低复杂度并且有效的文本块压缩算法,包括量化方法和熵编码方法。实验结果显示,这个方法编码720P图像的时间小于30ms,同时在编码典型的屏幕图像时获得了与JPEG2000和X264帧内编码可比或者更高的编码效率(甚至高达13～15dB),并且有更好的视觉质量。此外,与X264相比,本文方法在压缩阅读文档等典型的屏幕序列时最低只产生了其32%的比特率。
其次,万维网上的复合图像是一种特殊的屏幕内容,本文描述了一种浏览器友好的复合图像编码器以应对它们区别于一般屏幕内容的需求。这里首先提出一种简单而有效的块分类方法将编码块分类为图像块和文本块,进而将原始图像分为图像层和文本层。接下来提出有效的量化方法等对文本层内容进行预处理,然后采用PNG作为熵编码方法。由于图像层和文本层具有不同的量化方法和量化步长,这里提出了联合质量控制方法来平衡二者的量化误差。测试结果显示,本文提出的方法在压缩效率方面比JPEG2000高最多达16dB,大幅优于JPEG和PNG,而且在视觉质量方面的性能优于JPEG, JPEG2000和DjVu。
再次,本文研究了计算机屏幕的低延时传输方法,以满足用户对于屏幕共享系统的交互性需求。本文首先提出了一种低延时传输框架。接下来,分析了视频编码方法和屏幕编码方法的差异,并在此基础上分析了屏幕传输中采用不同传输差错控制方法所导致的延时。最后,提出了一种改进的ARQ方法以降低传输延时。实验结果表明,本文方法的延时比RDP等广泛使用的计算机屏幕共享系统低40%～70%。
最后,基于对交互式计算机屏幕共享技术的研究,本文提出了一种多设备协作浏览系统来改善网页浏览体验。本文首先提出了一种基于代理服务器的瘦客户端网页浏览器框架,并且以这个相同的框架支持PC、移动设备和智能电视机上的丰富体验的网页浏览。接下来,本文设计了一种基于智能手机的触屏控制器,并且提出了一种可伸缩屏幕编码方法使得可以在单一码流中支持控制器和浏览器对于网页图像压缩的不同需求。最后,本文提出了一种浏览进程迁移机制以充分发挥多种设备的优势,这个方法可以保持迁移过程中网页内容的连续性。测试结果表明,首先,基于瘦客户端浏览器框架的手机浏览器的载入延时只有IE Mobile的1/4,同时有较低的网络带宽占用和比Skyfire更好的视觉质量；其次,可伸缩编码方法所带来的编码效率和编码复杂度方面的额外开销很小,可以忽略；最后,网页浏览进程迁移方法可以在最多0.8秒内实现浏览内容连续的浏览进程迁移。
With the fast development of the digital devices, such as PC, smart phone and smart TV, the requirement to combine multiple devices to achieve excellent user experience is increasing. Interactive screen sharing is a technology to fulfill such requirements. Some key technologies of interactive screen sharing are studied in this paper. Extremely low end-to-end latency is required in interactive screen sharing systems. Therefore, the screen compression algorithms with very low complexity, as well as the low-latency screen transmission methods are required. These two aspects are studied in this paper. In addition, the compound images spread over the World Wide Web can be considered as a special type of the computer screen. However there are some different requirements of them from the screen. Thus the compression method of such images is studied in this paper. What's more, based on the work about interactive screen sharing, a multi-device cooperative browsing system is proposed to improve the web experience in living room.
First, interactive screen sharing systems require low-complexity screen compres-sion method. This paper presents a block-based screen compression method. The iden-tical regions between two successive frames are detected for inter-frame coding, and the rest of the frame is classified as pictorial blocks and textual blocks for intra-frame coding. The block classification method utilizes the block-level statistical features. We propose a low-complexity and efficient textual block compression method, including a quantization method and an entropy-coding method. Experimental results show that this codec can encode a720P image within30ms. It achieves comparable or higher (by at most13～15dB) coding efficiency than JPEG2000and X264intra coding on typical screen images, while it achieves better visual quality. Besides, it only consumes about32%bits of X264when compressing the sequence of reading a document.
Second, the compound images spread over the World Wide Web can be considered as a special type of screen content. This paper proposes a browser-friendly compound image compression method. A simple and efficient classification method is proposed to classify the blocks as pictorial blocks and textual blocks. The compound image is then s-plit into two layers, a pictorial layer and a textual layer, based on the block-classification result. The textual layer is preprocessed with proposed quantization scheme, followed by PNG as entropy coder. A joint quality control method is proposed to balance the quantization errors of the pictorial layer and the textual layer. The evaluation results show that the codec outperforms JPEG2000by at most16dB in coding efficiency, and its visual quality is better than JPEG, JPEG2000and PNG at the same time.
Third, this paper studies the low-latency screen transmission method to achieve in-teractive screen sharing. A low-latency transmission framework is proposed first. Then the latency caused by different transmission error control methods in screen sharing s-cenario is analyzed. An improved ARQ method is proposed to decrease the latency. The experimental results show that the latency of the proposed method is lower than the popular screen sharing systems, such as RDP, by40%-70%.
Finally, this paper proposes a multi-device cooperative browsing system based on our work about interactive screen sharing. A proxy-based thin-client browser frame-work is presented, which enables full-feature web browsing in the devices of TV and mobile browser. A touch controller based on smart phone for TV browser is then p-resented, and a scalable screen compression scheme is proposed to provide multiple screen resolutions and frame rates in single bit stream. To leverage the strength of multiple devices, a browsing session migration scheme is proposed, and the browsing states can be fully preserved. The evaluation results show that the page-loading laten-cy of the thin-client-based mobile browser is about1/4of IE Mobile, and it consumes less bandwidth and provides better visual quality against Skyfire. Also the overhead of compression efficiency and complexity from scalable coding is ignorable. Besides, the browsing session can be migrated among different devices seamlessly within0.8s, while the web browsing experience is not broken down during migration.
具体而言,本文的研究工作和创新之处包括以下方面。
首先,针对交互式屏幕共享对于压缩算法的需求,本文提出了一种基于块的低复杂度计算机屏幕序列压缩方法。这个方法通过检测相邻帧之间相同内容的区域来进行帧间编码,而将其余部分分类为图像块和文本块进行帧内编码。块分类算法利用了图像内容和文本内容的块级别的统计特性。本文设计了一种低复杂度并且有效的文本块压缩算法,包括量化方法和熵编码方法。实验结果显示,这个方法编码720P图像的时间小于30ms,同时在编码典型的屏幕图像时获得了与JPEG2000和X264帧内编码可比或者更高的编码效率(甚至高达13～15dB),并且有更好的视觉质量。此外,与X264相比,本文方法在压缩阅读文档等典型的屏幕序列时最低只产生了其32%的比特率。
其次,万维网上的复合图像是一种特殊的屏幕内容,本文描述了一种浏览器友好的复合图像编码器以应对它们区别于一般屏幕内容的需求。这里首先提出一种简单而有效的块分类方法将编码块分类为图像块和文本块,进而将原始图像分为图像层和文本层。接下来提出有效的量化方法等对文本层内容进行预处理,然后采用PNG作为熵编码方法。由于图像层和文本层具有不同的量化方法和量化步长,这里提出了联合质量控制方法来平衡二者的量化误差。测试结果显示,本文提出的方法在压缩效率方面比JPEG2000高最多达16dB,大幅优于JPEG和PNG,而且在视觉质量方面的性能优于JPEG, JPEG2000和DjVu。
再次,本文研究了计算机屏幕的低延时传输方法,以满足用户对于屏幕共享系统的交互性需求。本文首先提出了一种低延时传输框架。接下来,分析了视频编码方法和屏幕编码方法的差异,并在此基础上分析了屏幕传输中采用不同传输差错控制方法所导致的延时。最后,提出了一种改进的ARQ方法以降低传输延时。实验结果表明,本文方法的延时比RDP等广泛使用的计算机屏幕共享系统低40%～70%。
最后,基于对交互式计算机屏幕共享技术的研究,本文提出了一种多设备协作浏览系统来改善网页浏览体验。本文首先提出了一种基于代理服务器的瘦客户端网页浏览器框架,并且以这个相同的框架支持PC、移动设备和智能电视机上的丰富体验的网页浏览。接下来,本文设计了一种基于智能手机的触屏控制器,并且提出了一种可伸缩屏幕编码方法使得可以在单一码流中支持控制器和浏览器对于网页图像压缩的不同需求。最后,本文提出了一种浏览进程迁移机制以充分发挥多种设备的优势,这个方法可以保持迁移过程中网页内容的连续性。测试结果表明,首先,基于瘦客户端浏览器框架的手机浏览器的载入延时只有IE Mobile的1/4,同时有较低的网络带宽占用和比Skyfire更好的视觉质量；其次,可伸缩编码方法所带来的编码效率和编码复杂度方面的额外开销很小,可以忽略；最后,网页浏览进程迁移方法可以在最多0.8秒内实现浏览内容连续的浏览进程迁移。
With the fast development of the digital devices, such as PC, smart phone and smart TV, the requirement to combine multiple devices to achieve excellent user experience is increasing. Interactive screen sharing is a technology to fulfill such requirements. Some key technologies of interactive screen sharing are studied in this paper. Extremely low end-to-end latency is required in interactive screen sharing systems. Therefore, the screen compression algorithms with very low complexity, as well as the low-latency screen transmission methods are required. These two aspects are studied in this paper. In addition, the compound images spread over the World Wide Web can be considered as a special type of the computer screen. However there are some different requirements of them from the screen. Thus the compression method of such images is studied in this paper. What's more, based on the work about interactive screen sharing, a multi-device cooperative browsing system is proposed to improve the web experience in living room.
First, interactive screen sharing systems require low-complexity screen compres-sion method. This paper presents a block-based screen compression method. The iden-tical regions between two successive frames are detected for inter-frame coding, and the rest of the frame is classified as pictorial blocks and textual blocks for intra-frame coding. The block classification method utilizes the block-level statistical features. We propose a low-complexity and efficient textual block compression method, including a quantization method and an entropy-coding method. Experimental results show that this codec can encode a720P image within30ms. It achieves comparable or higher (by at most13～15dB) coding efficiency than JPEG2000and X264intra coding on typical screen images, while it achieves better visual quality. Besides, it only consumes about32%bits of X264when compressing the sequence of reading a document.
Second, the compound images spread over the World Wide Web can be considered as a special type of screen content. This paper proposes a browser-friendly compound image compression method. A simple and efficient classification method is proposed to classify the blocks as pictorial blocks and textual blocks. The compound image is then s-plit into two layers, a pictorial layer and a textual layer, based on the block-classification result. The textual layer is preprocessed with proposed quantization scheme, followed by PNG as entropy coder. A joint quality control method is proposed to balance the quantization errors of the pictorial layer and the textual layer. The evaluation results show that the codec outperforms JPEG2000by at most16dB in coding efficiency, and its visual quality is better than JPEG, JPEG2000and PNG at the same time.
Third, this paper studies the low-latency screen transmission method to achieve in-teractive screen sharing. A low-latency transmission framework is proposed first. Then the latency caused by different transmission error control methods in screen sharing s-cenario is analyzed. An improved ARQ method is proposed to decrease the latency. The experimental results show that the latency of the proposed method is lower than the popular screen sharing systems, such as RDP, by40%-70%.
Finally, this paper proposes a multi-device cooperative browsing system based on our work about interactive screen sharing. A proxy-based thin-client browser frame-work is presented, which enables full-feature web browsing in the devices of TV and mobile browser. A touch controller based on smart phone for TV browser is then p-resented, and a scalable screen compression scheme is proposed to provide multiple screen resolutions and frame rates in single bit stream. To leverage the strength of multiple devices, a browsing session migration scheme is proposed, and the browsing states can be fully preserved. The evaluation results show that the page-loading laten-cy of the thin-client-based mobile browser is about1/4of IE Mobile, and it consumes less bandwidth and provides better visual quality against Skyfire. Also the overhead of compression efficiency and complexity from scalable coding is ignorable. Besides, the browsing session can be migrated among different devices seamlessly within0.8s, while the web browsing experience is not broken down during migration.
引文
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