JPEG2000标准算法研究及改进
摘要
JPEG2000标准是国际标准组织(ISO)和国际电信联盟(ITU)联合制定的新一代静止图像压缩标准。与以往的压缩标准相比,JPEG2000标准具有很多的优点,如良好的低比特压缩性能、良好的复合图像压缩性能、信噪比和分辨率的可分级特性、感兴趣区域编码、更好的错误稳健性等。JPEG2000标准凭借良好的压缩性能和高度灵活的嵌入码流,广泛地应用于图像压缩和网络传输,逐渐成为静止图像压缩的主流标准。本文深入地研究了JPEG2000标准采用的主要算法,并对其中的两个部分进行了改进。
本文首先研究了JPEG2000标准的组织结构及其第一部分的编解码流程。其完整的编码流程包括预处理、小波变换、量化和熵编码几个部分。预处理包括片分割、直流电平平移和分量变换。然后再对每一个片进行小波变换,最后对量化后的小波系数进行熵编码,输出嵌入式码流。
小波变换是JPEG2000标准的主要特点之一。本文回顾了小波变换的发展历程,分析了多分辨分析理论,然后详细研究了JPEG2000标准采用的提升小波变换,分析其实现的基本方法,并对各种传统小波基转化为提升实现的问题作了详细讨论。
具有最优截断的嵌入式块编码算法(EBCOT)是JPEG2000中熵编码的核心部分。本文对它作了深入的研究,并改进了其量化部分。EBCOT采用分位数
JPEG2000 is a new standard for the compression of still image established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Compared with former standards, JPEG2000 provides a set of features, such as superior low bit-rate performance, excellent compound image performance, progressive transmission by pixel accuracy and resolution, Region of Interests coding, robustness of bit errors. Because of these features,JPEG2000 standard applies to many fields such as image compression and network transmission and gradually become major standard of still image compression. In this paper, we analyzed its major algorithms and improve two parts of them.Firstly, we studied the structure of the standard and codec procedure of its part one. The encoding procedure includes several parts: preprocessing, wavelet transform, quantization and entropy coding. Preprocessing includes tiling, DC level shifting and component transformation. After that, wavelet transform is used for the analysis of the tile components into different decomposition levels. Then quantized
wavelet coefficients are compressed using entropy coding and embedded bit stream is acquired.Wavelet transform is one feature of JPEG2000 standard. We have reviewed the history of wavelet transform and analyzed multi-resolution theory firstly, then we studied basic method of lifting scheme and discussed how to realize traditional wavelet transform using lifting scheme.EBCOT is the kernel part of entropy coding in JPEG2000. We proposed a new algorithm which can find the reconstruction point self-adaptively which based on EBCOT. Some features such as SNR and resolution scalability and "random access" are achieved through bit-plane coding, and excellent compression performance through PCRD-opt In order to overcome the disadvantage that the reconstruction point is fixed to the middle of quantization section in the step of anti-quantization, a new method is proposed. In this method, the reconstruction point can be selected self-adaptively at the cost of trivial bits increase so that reconstruction coefficients are closer to original coefficients. The result indicates that this method can increase PSNR and improve the quality of reconstructed image.At last, we focused on the ROI method in JPEG2000 standard: maxshift method and scaling based method and a new ROI method is proposed. The two traditional methods implements ROI through shifting background coefficients, which waste lots of time and resources. To overcome this problem, "S-twice coding" are proposed. In this method, the highest bit-planes are encoded twice instead of shifting the background coefficients, implementation complexity are reduced, and the decoder is simpler. The result shows that the encoding time shortens 5%-10%.
本文首先研究了JPEG2000标准的组织结构及其第一部分的编解码流程。其完整的编码流程包括预处理、小波变换、量化和熵编码几个部分。预处理包括片分割、直流电平平移和分量变换。然后再对每一个片进行小波变换,最后对量化后的小波系数进行熵编码,输出嵌入式码流。
小波变换是JPEG2000标准的主要特点之一。本文回顾了小波变换的发展历程,分析了多分辨分析理论,然后详细研究了JPEG2000标准采用的提升小波变换,分析其实现的基本方法,并对各种传统小波基转化为提升实现的问题作了详细讨论。
具有最优截断的嵌入式块编码算法(EBCOT)是JPEG2000中熵编码的核心部分。本文对它作了深入的研究,并改进了其量化部分。EBCOT采用分位数
JPEG2000 is a new standard for the compression of still image established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Compared with former standards, JPEG2000 provides a set of features, such as superior low bit-rate performance, excellent compound image performance, progressive transmission by pixel accuracy and resolution, Region of Interests coding, robustness of bit errors. Because of these features,JPEG2000 standard applies to many fields such as image compression and network transmission and gradually become major standard of still image compression. In this paper, we analyzed its major algorithms and improve two parts of them.Firstly, we studied the structure of the standard and codec procedure of its part one. The encoding procedure includes several parts: preprocessing, wavelet transform, quantization and entropy coding. Preprocessing includes tiling, DC level shifting and component transformation. After that, wavelet transform is used for the analysis of the tile components into different decomposition levels. Then quantized
wavelet coefficients are compressed using entropy coding and embedded bit stream is acquired.Wavelet transform is one feature of JPEG2000 standard. We have reviewed the history of wavelet transform and analyzed multi-resolution theory firstly, then we studied basic method of lifting scheme and discussed how to realize traditional wavelet transform using lifting scheme.EBCOT is the kernel part of entropy coding in JPEG2000. We proposed a new algorithm which can find the reconstruction point self-adaptively which based on EBCOT. Some features such as SNR and resolution scalability and "random access" are achieved through bit-plane coding, and excellent compression performance through PCRD-opt In order to overcome the disadvantage that the reconstruction point is fixed to the middle of quantization section in the step of anti-quantization, a new method is proposed. In this method, the reconstruction point can be selected self-adaptively at the cost of trivial bits increase so that reconstruction coefficients are closer to original coefficients. The result indicates that this method can increase PSNR and improve the quality of reconstructed image.At last, we focused on the ROI method in JPEG2000 standard: maxshift method and scaling based method and a new ROI method is proposed. The two traditional methods implements ROI through shifting background coefficients, which waste lots of time and resources. To overcome this problem, "S-twice coding" are proposed. In this method, the highest bit-planes are encoded twice instead of shifting the background coefficients, implementation complexity are reduced, and the decoder is simpler. The result shows that the encoding time shortens 5%-10%.
引文
[1] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29 WG1 N1646R, JPEG2000 Partl Final Committee Draft Version 1, Mar. 16, 2000.
[2] ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC29 WG1 N2000, JPEG2000 Part Ⅱ Final Committee Draft, Dec. 7, 2000.
[3] A. N. Skodras, C. A. Christopoulos and T. Ebrahimi, JPEG2000:The Upcoming Still Image Compression Standard, the 11th Portuguese Conference on Pattern Recognition, Porto, Portugal, May 11th-12th, pp.359-366, 2000.
[4] Michael W. Marcellin, Michael J. Gormish, Ali Bilgin, Martin P. Boliek, An Overview of JPEG-2000, Proc. of IEEE Data Compression Conference, pp. 523-541, 2000.
[5] Athanassios Skadras, Charilaos Christopoulos, and Touradj Ebrahimi, The JPEG2000 Still Image Compression Standard, IEEE Signal Procession Magazine pp. 36-58, September 2001.
[6] Daubechies I., Sweldens W., Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting steps, Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications, 4(3), pp. 245-267, 1998.
[7] W. Sweldens, The lifting scheme: A new philosophy in biorthogonal wavelet construction, http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/wim/papers/index.html
[8] W. Sweldens., The lifting scheme: A custom-design construction of bionhogonal wavelets. Journal of Applied. and Computational Harmonic Analysis, vol. 3(2): 186-200, 1996.
[9] W. Sweldens., The lifting scheme: A construction of second generation wavelets. Technical Report 1995: 6, Industrial Mathematics Initiative, Department of Mathematics, University of South Carolina, 1995.
[10] J. M. Shapiro, An embedded hierarchical image coder using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients, in IEEE Data Compression Conf., Snowbird, UT, 1993, pp. 214-223.
[11] David Taubman, Avideh Zakhor, Multirate 3-D Subband Coding of Video, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 3(5), September 1994.
[12] A. R. Calderbank, I. Daubechies, W. Sweldens etc, Lossless Image Compression Using Integer to Integer Wavelet Transforms, Proc. ICIP-97, Santa Barbara, USA, Oct. 1997.
[13] J. Shapiro, Embedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients, IEEE Trans. on Sig. Proc., vol. 41(12), pp. 3445-3462, Dec. 1993.
[ 14]David Taubman, High Performance Scalable Image Compression with EBCOT, IEEE transactions on image processing, vol. 9(7), JULY 2000.
[ 15]David Taubman, Erik Ordentlich, Marcelo Weiberger, Embedded Block Coding in JPEG2000, Image Processing 2000. Proceedings. 2000 International Conference on, Vol. 2 pp.33-36, 2000.
[ 16]Te-Hao Chang, Li-Lin Chen, Chung-Jr Lian etc. computation reduction technique for lossy JPEG2000 encoding through EBCOT tier-2 feedback processing, Image Processing. 2002. Proceedings. International Conference on, Vol. 3, 24-28 June 2002.
[ 17]Amir Said, William A. Pearlman, A New ,Fast, and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 6(3),June 1996.
[18] J. Li and S. Lei, Rate-distortion optimized embedding, Proc. of Picture Coding Symposium, pp. 201-206, 1997.
[ 19]Marc Antonnini, Michel Barlaud, Pierre Mathieu etc, Image Coding Using Wavelet Transform, IEEE Trans. On Image Processing, Vol. 1(2), pp.205-220, April 1992.
[20]D. Santa Cruz, M. Larsson, T. Ebrahimi etc. region of interest coding in jpeg2000 for interactive client/server applications, IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, Copenhagen, Denmark, 13-15 September 1999.
[21] Charilaos Christopoulos, Joel Askelof etc. efficient methods for encoding regions of interest in the upcoming jpeg2000 still image coding standard, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol. 7(9), pp.247-249, September 2000.
[22]David Nister, Charilaos Christopoulos, lossless region of interest with a naturally progressive still image coding algorithm, Proc. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 98), pp. 856-860, 4-7 October 1998, Chicago, Illinois.
[23]Raphael Grosbois, Diego Santa-Cruz, Touradj Ebrahimi, New approach to JPEG2000 compliant Region of Interest coding, SPIE's 46th annual meeting, Applications of Digital Image Processing XXIV, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 4472, pp. 267-275, San Diego, CA, USA, Jul. 29 -Aug. 3, 2001.
[24] E. Atsumi and N. Farvardin, Lossy/lossless region-of-interest image coding based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees, Proc. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP-98), pp. 87-91, October 4-7, 1998 Chicago, Illinois, USA.
[25] Lijie Liu, Guoliang Fan, A New JPEG2000 Region-of-Interest Image Coding method: Partial Significant Bitplanes Shift, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 35-38, Feb. 2003.
[26] Zhou Wang, Serene Banerjee, Brian L. Evans, Alan C. Bovik, GENERALIZED BITPLANE-BY-BITPLANE SHIFT METHOD FOR JPEG2000 ROI CODING, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, Apr. 22—25, 2002, vol. Ⅲ, pp. 81—84, Rochester, NY.
[27] Men Long, Heng-Ming Tai, region of interest coding for image compression, Circuits and Systems, 2002. MWSCAS-2002. The 2002 45th Midwest Symposium on, Volume 2, 4-7 Aug. 2002 Page(s):Ⅱ-172-Ⅱ-175 vol. 2
[28] Hongjuan Zheng, Bo liu, Hongbin Zhang, Region-of-Interest Coding of 3D Mesh Based on Wavelet Transform, Image and Graphics, 2004. Proceedings. Third International Conference on 18-20 Dec. 2004 Page(s): 438-441
[29] Mahesh M. Subedar, Lina J. Karam, Glen P. Abousleman, An Embedded Scaling-based Arbitrary Shape Region-of-interest Coding Method for JPEG2000, Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2004. Proceedings. (ICASSP '04). IEEE International Conference on Volume 3, 17-21 May 2004.
[30] 成礼智,王红霞,罗永,小波的理论与应用,科学出版社.2004.9
[31] 阮秋琦著,数字图像处理学,电子工业出版社,2001.1
[32] 胡栋著,静止图像编码的基本方法与国际标准,北京邮电大学出版社,2003.12
[33] 澎玉华著,小波变换与工程应用,科学出版社,1999.9
[34] 李弼程,罗建书著,小波分析及其应用,电子工业出版社,2003.5
[35] 颜彦,新一代静止图像压缩标jpeg2000的算法研究和实现,上海交通大学2002年硕士论文
[36] 张旭东,卢国栋,冯建,图像编码基础和小波压缩技术——原理、算法和标准,清华大学出版社.2004.3
[37] David S.Taubman,Michael W.Marcellin著、魏江力、柏正尧译,JPEG2000图像压缩基础、标准和实践,电子工业出版社,2004.4
[38] 汪昀,新型静态图像压缩标准JPEG2000及其ROI功能的分析与实现,西安交通大学2002年硕士论文
[39] ftp://ftp.csd.uwo.ca/pub/from-wu/images,参号图像下载.
[40] http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/index.html
[2] ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC29 WG1 N2000, JPEG2000 Part Ⅱ Final Committee Draft, Dec. 7, 2000.
[3] A. N. Skodras, C. A. Christopoulos and T. Ebrahimi, JPEG2000:The Upcoming Still Image Compression Standard, the 11th Portuguese Conference on Pattern Recognition, Porto, Portugal, May 11th-12th, pp.359-366, 2000.
[4] Michael W. Marcellin, Michael J. Gormish, Ali Bilgin, Martin P. Boliek, An Overview of JPEG-2000, Proc. of IEEE Data Compression Conference, pp. 523-541, 2000.
[5] Athanassios Skadras, Charilaos Christopoulos, and Touradj Ebrahimi, The JPEG2000 Still Image Compression Standard, IEEE Signal Procession Magazine pp. 36-58, September 2001.
[6] Daubechies I., Sweldens W., Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting steps, Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications, 4(3), pp. 245-267, 1998.
[7] W. Sweldens, The lifting scheme: A new philosophy in biorthogonal wavelet construction, http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/wim/papers/index.html
[8] W. Sweldens., The lifting scheme: A custom-design construction of bionhogonal wavelets. Journal of Applied. and Computational Harmonic Analysis, vol. 3(2): 186-200, 1996.
[9] W. Sweldens., The lifting scheme: A construction of second generation wavelets. Technical Report 1995: 6, Industrial Mathematics Initiative, Department of Mathematics, University of South Carolina, 1995.
[10] J. M. Shapiro, An embedded hierarchical image coder using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients, in IEEE Data Compression Conf., Snowbird, UT, 1993, pp. 214-223.
[11] David Taubman, Avideh Zakhor, Multirate 3-D Subband Coding of Video, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 3(5), September 1994.
[12] A. R. Calderbank, I. Daubechies, W. Sweldens etc, Lossless Image Compression Using Integer to Integer Wavelet Transforms, Proc. ICIP-97, Santa Barbara, USA, Oct. 1997.
[13] J. Shapiro, Embedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients, IEEE Trans. on Sig. Proc., vol. 41(12), pp. 3445-3462, Dec. 1993.
[ 14]David Taubman, High Performance Scalable Image Compression with EBCOT, IEEE transactions on image processing, vol. 9(7), JULY 2000.
[ 15]David Taubman, Erik Ordentlich, Marcelo Weiberger, Embedded Block Coding in JPEG2000, Image Processing 2000. Proceedings. 2000 International Conference on, Vol. 2 pp.33-36, 2000.
[ 16]Te-Hao Chang, Li-Lin Chen, Chung-Jr Lian etc. computation reduction technique for lossy JPEG2000 encoding through EBCOT tier-2 feedback processing, Image Processing. 2002. Proceedings. International Conference on, Vol. 3, 24-28 June 2002.
[ 17]Amir Said, William A. Pearlman, A New ,Fast, and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 6(3),June 1996.
[18] J. Li and S. Lei, Rate-distortion optimized embedding, Proc. of Picture Coding Symposium, pp. 201-206, 1997.
[ 19]Marc Antonnini, Michel Barlaud, Pierre Mathieu etc, Image Coding Using Wavelet Transform, IEEE Trans. On Image Processing, Vol. 1(2), pp.205-220, April 1992.
[20]D. Santa Cruz, M. Larsson, T. Ebrahimi etc. region of interest coding in jpeg2000 for interactive client/server applications, IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, Copenhagen, Denmark, 13-15 September 1999.
[21] Charilaos Christopoulos, Joel Askelof etc. efficient methods for encoding regions of interest in the upcoming jpeg2000 still image coding standard, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol. 7(9), pp.247-249, September 2000.
[22]David Nister, Charilaos Christopoulos, lossless region of interest with a naturally progressive still image coding algorithm, Proc. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 98), pp. 856-860, 4-7 October 1998, Chicago, Illinois.
[23]Raphael Grosbois, Diego Santa-Cruz, Touradj Ebrahimi, New approach to JPEG2000 compliant Region of Interest coding, SPIE's 46th annual meeting, Applications of Digital Image Processing XXIV, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 4472, pp. 267-275, San Diego, CA, USA, Jul. 29 -Aug. 3, 2001.
[24] E. Atsumi and N. Farvardin, Lossy/lossless region-of-interest image coding based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees, Proc. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP-98), pp. 87-91, October 4-7, 1998 Chicago, Illinois, USA.
[25] Lijie Liu, Guoliang Fan, A New JPEG2000 Region-of-Interest Image Coding method: Partial Significant Bitplanes Shift, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 35-38, Feb. 2003.
[26] Zhou Wang, Serene Banerjee, Brian L. Evans, Alan C. Bovik, GENERALIZED BITPLANE-BY-BITPLANE SHIFT METHOD FOR JPEG2000 ROI CODING, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, Apr. 22—25, 2002, vol. Ⅲ, pp. 81—84, Rochester, NY.
[27] Men Long, Heng-Ming Tai, region of interest coding for image compression, Circuits and Systems, 2002. MWSCAS-2002. The 2002 45th Midwest Symposium on, Volume 2, 4-7 Aug. 2002 Page(s):Ⅱ-172-Ⅱ-175 vol. 2
[28] Hongjuan Zheng, Bo liu, Hongbin Zhang, Region-of-Interest Coding of 3D Mesh Based on Wavelet Transform, Image and Graphics, 2004. Proceedings. Third International Conference on 18-20 Dec. 2004 Page(s): 438-441
[29] Mahesh M. Subedar, Lina J. Karam, Glen P. Abousleman, An Embedded Scaling-based Arbitrary Shape Region-of-interest Coding Method for JPEG2000, Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2004. Proceedings. (ICASSP '04). IEEE International Conference on Volume 3, 17-21 May 2004.
[30] 成礼智,王红霞,罗永,小波的理论与应用,科学出版社.2004.9
[31] 阮秋琦著,数字图像处理学,电子工业出版社,2001.1
[32] 胡栋著,静止图像编码的基本方法与国际标准,北京邮电大学出版社,2003.12
[33] 澎玉华著,小波变换与工程应用,科学出版社,1999.9
[34] 李弼程,罗建书著,小波分析及其应用,电子工业出版社,2003.5
[35] 颜彦,新一代静止图像压缩标jpeg2000的算法研究和实现,上海交通大学2002年硕士论文
[36] 张旭东,卢国栋,冯建,图像编码基础和小波压缩技术——原理、算法和标准,清华大学出版社.2004.3
[37] David S.Taubman,Michael W.Marcellin著、魏江力、柏正尧译,JPEG2000图像压缩基础、标准和实践,电子工业出版社,2004.4
[38] 汪昀,新型静态图像压缩标准JPEG2000及其ROI功能的分析与实现,西安交通大学2002年硕士论文
[39] ftp://ftp.csd.uwo.ca/pub/from-wu/images,参号图像下载.
[40] http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/index.html