水处理用阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的合成及其絮凝性能研究
|
摘要
本文以丙烯酰胺(AM)、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)三种单体为原料，采用水溶液聚合法合成了三种不同的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂，通过FT-IR技术对所得产物的结构进行表征，并采用污泥对其絮凝性能进行评价。
考察了不同引发体系对聚合反应的影响，研究了复合引发体系中氧化还原引发剂浓度、氧化剂与还原剂质量比、偶氮类引发剂种类和浓度、反应温度、反应体系pH值、单体浓度、阳离子度、反应时间、干燥时间、干燥温度、络合剂种类和浓度、增链剂种类和浓度、助溶剂种类和浓度、表面活性剂种类和浓度等因素对产物特性粘数和溶解性的影响。结果表明：加入增链剂及络合剂并不能显著的提高产物的特性粘数；随着尿素浓度的增大，产物的特性粘数先增大后减小，而产物的溶解时间缩短却不明显；加入表面活性剂后不仅降低了产物的特性粘数，而且也缩短了产物的溶解时间。在絮凝性能实验中，主要研究了絮凝剂特性粘数、用量及阳离子度等因素对其絮凝性能的影响。
P(DMC-AM)的较佳合成工艺条件是：(NH_4)_2S_2O_8和CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O浓度0.0150％，(NH_4)_2S_2O_8与CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O质量比0.7∶1.0，偶氮类引发剂浓度0.0125％，反应温度25℃，pH值6.0，单体浓度40％，阳离子度40％，反应时间2.5h，干燥温度60℃，干燥时间16.0h，EDTA·2Na浓度0.0002％，尿素浓度0.005％，表面活性剂B浓度7.5％。得到的较佳絮凝条件是：污泥pH值6.0，P(DMC-AM)特性粘数11.9235dL·g~(-1)，阳离子度40％，用量0.027％，离心速度1500rpm，离心时间30min，在此条件下，所得上层清液的透光率达98.0％，絮凝率达66.0％，污泥的脱水率达到70.0％以上。
P(DAC-AM)的较佳合成工艺条件是：pH值6.0，(NH_4)_2S_2O_8和CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O浓度0.0125％，(NH_4)_2S_2O_8与CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O质量比1.0∶1.0，偶氮类引发剂浓度0.0125％，单体浓度35％，阳离子度30％，反应温度25℃，在上述条件下，所得产物的特性粘数为13.8535dL·g~(-1)。得到的较佳絮凝条件是：P(DAC-AM)阳离子度30％，特性粘数13.8535dL·g~(-1)，用量0.027％，在此条件下，污水的透光率达99.6％，脱水率达到90.0％以上。
P(DAC-DMC-AM)的较佳合成工艺条件是：pH值6.0，(NH_4)_2S_2O_8和CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O总浓度0.0150％，(NH_4)_2S_2O_8与CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O质量比0.7∶1.0，偶氮类引发剂浓度0.0125％，单体浓度40％，阳离子度35％(DAC与DMC的比例1.0∶1.0)，反应温度25℃，在上述条件下，所得产物的特性粘数为11.9035dL·g~(-1)。得到较佳的絮凝条件是：P(DAC-DMC-AM)阳离子度35％，特性粘数11.9035dL·g~(-1)，用量0.027％，在此条件下，污水的透光率达98.9％，絮凝率达66.2％，脱水率达81.0％。有关该三元共聚物的研究目前未见文献报道。
Three different kinds of cationic polyacrylamide flocculants were synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization using acrylamide(AM), methacryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride(DMC) and acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride(DAC) as monomers. The structure of obtained products were characterized by FT-IR, theirs capability of flocculating performances were investigated in wastewater.
The influences of factors, such as initiator system, oxidant-reductant concentration, the mass ratio of oxidizer to reductant, azo-compound types and concentration, reaction temperature, pH value, monomer concentration, cationic degree, drying time and temperature, types and concentration of chelator, chain-increase agent, solubilizing agent and surfactant on the intrinsic viscosity of product were studied. The results showed that the effects of increase-chain agent and chelator concentrations on the improving of intrinsic viscosity of product were inapparent, that with the increasing of urea concentration, the intrinsic viscosity of product increased at first and then decreased, but there was no obvious improvement on the solubility of product and that with the increasing of surfactant concentration, both the intrinsic viscosity and the solubility of product decreased. In flocculanting experiment, the effects of intrinsic viscosity, cationic degree and dosage of cationic flocculant on its flocculating performances were investigated.
The obtained optimum reaction conditions for synthesis of P(DMC-AM) were (NH_4)_2S_2O_8 and CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O concentration 0.0150%, the mass ratio of (NH_4)_2S_2O_8 to CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O 0.7:1.0, azo-initiator concentration 0.0125%, reaction temperature 25℃, pH value 6.0, monomer concentration 40%, cationic degree 40%, reaction time 2.5h, drying temperature 60℃, drying time 16.0h, EDTA·2Na concentration 0.0002%, urea concentration 0.005%, surfactant concentration 7.5%. The obtained optimum flocculating conditions were pH value of wastewater 6.0, the intrinsic viscosity of cationic polyacrylamide 11.9234dL·g~(-1), cationic degree 40%, the dosage 0.027%, velocity of centrifuge 1500 rpm, time of centrifuge 30min. Under above conditions, the transmittance of treated wastewater was 98.0%, the flocculating rate was 66.0%, dewatering rate was 70.0%.
The obtained optimum reaction conditions for synthesis of P(DAC-AM) were pH value 6.0, (NH_4)_2S_2O_8 and CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O concentration 0.0125%, the mass ratio of (NH_4)_2S_2O_8 to CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O 1.0:1.0, azo-initiator concentration 0.0125%, monomer concentration 35%, cationic degree 30%, reaction temperature 25℃. Under above conditions, the intrinsic viscosity of product was 13.8535dL·g~(-1). The obtained optimum flocculating conditions were the intrinsic viscosity of P(DAC-AM) 13.8535dL·g~(-1), cationic degree 30%, the dosage 0.027%. Under above conditions, the transmittance of treated wastewater was 99.6%, dewatering rate was up to 90.0%.
The obtained optimum reaction conditions for synthesis of P(DAC-DMC-AM) were pH value 6.0, (NH_4)_2S_2O_8 and CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O concentration 0.0150%, the mass ratio of (NH_4)_2S_2O_8 to CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O 0.7:1.0, azo-initiator concentration 0.0125%, monomer concentration 40%, cationic degree 35%(the mass ratio of DAC to DMC 1.0:1.0), reaction temperature 25℃. Under above conditions, the intrinsic viscosity of product was 11.9035dL·g~(-1). The obtained optimum flocculating conditions were cationic degree of P(DAC-DMC-AM) 35%, the intrinsic viscosity 11.9035dL·g~(-1), the dosage 0.027%. Under above conditions, the transmittance of treated wastewater was 98.9%, the flocculating rate was 66.2%, dewatering rate was 81.0%. To our knowledge, there is no literature report about the studies on P(DAC-DMC-AM) flocculant.
考察了不同引发体系对聚合反应的影响，研究了复合引发体系中氧化还原引发剂浓度、氧化剂与还原剂质量比、偶氮类引发剂种类和浓度、反应温度、反应体系pH值、单体浓度、阳离子度、反应时间、干燥时间、干燥温度、络合剂种类和浓度、增链剂种类和浓度、助溶剂种类和浓度、表面活性剂种类和浓度等因素对产物特性粘数和溶解性的影响。结果表明：加入增链剂及络合剂并不能显著的提高产物的特性粘数；随着尿素浓度的增大，产物的特性粘数先增大后减小，而产物的溶解时间缩短却不明显；加入表面活性剂后不仅降低了产物的特性粘数，而且也缩短了产物的溶解时间。在絮凝性能实验中，主要研究了絮凝剂特性粘数、用量及阳离子度等因素对其絮凝性能的影响。
P(DMC-AM)的较佳合成工艺条件是：(NH_4)_2S_2O_8和CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O浓度0.0150％，(NH_4)_2S_2O_8与CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O质量比0.7∶1.0，偶氮类引发剂浓度0.0125％，反应温度25℃，pH值6.0，单体浓度40％，阳离子度40％，反应时间2.5h，干燥温度60℃，干燥时间16.0h，EDTA·2Na浓度0.0002％，尿素浓度0.005％，表面活性剂B浓度7.5％。得到的较佳絮凝条件是：污泥pH值6.0，P(DMC-AM)特性粘数11.9235dL·g~(-1)，阳离子度40％，用量0.027％，离心速度1500rpm，离心时间30min，在此条件下，所得上层清液的透光率达98.0％，絮凝率达66.0％，污泥的脱水率达到70.0％以上。
P(DAC-AM)的较佳合成工艺条件是：pH值6.0，(NH_4)_2S_2O_8和CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O浓度0.0125％，(NH_4)_2S_2O_8与CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O质量比1.0∶1.0，偶氮类引发剂浓度0.0125％，单体浓度35％，阳离子度30％，反应温度25℃，在上述条件下，所得产物的特性粘数为13.8535dL·g~(-1)。得到的较佳絮凝条件是：P(DAC-AM)阳离子度30％，特性粘数13.8535dL·g~(-1)，用量0.027％，在此条件下，污水的透光率达99.6％，脱水率达到90.0％以上。
P(DAC-DMC-AM)的较佳合成工艺条件是：pH值6.0，(NH_4)_2S_2O_8和CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O总浓度0.0150％，(NH_4)_2S_2O_8与CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O质量比0.7∶1.0，偶氮类引发剂浓度0.0125％，单体浓度40％，阳离子度35％(DAC与DMC的比例1.0∶1.0)，反应温度25℃，在上述条件下，所得产物的特性粘数为11.9035dL·g~(-1)。得到较佳的絮凝条件是：P(DAC-DMC-AM)阳离子度35％，特性粘数11.9035dL·g~(-1)，用量0.027％，在此条件下，污水的透光率达98.9％，絮凝率达66.2％，脱水率达81.0％。有关该三元共聚物的研究目前未见文献报道。
Three different kinds of cationic polyacrylamide flocculants were synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization using acrylamide(AM), methacryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride(DMC) and acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride(DAC) as monomers. The structure of obtained products were characterized by FT-IR, theirs capability of flocculating performances were investigated in wastewater.
The influences of factors, such as initiator system, oxidant-reductant concentration, the mass ratio of oxidizer to reductant, azo-compound types and concentration, reaction temperature, pH value, monomer concentration, cationic degree, drying time and temperature, types and concentration of chelator, chain-increase agent, solubilizing agent and surfactant on the intrinsic viscosity of product were studied. The results showed that the effects of increase-chain agent and chelator concentrations on the improving of intrinsic viscosity of product were inapparent, that with the increasing of urea concentration, the intrinsic viscosity of product increased at first and then decreased, but there was no obvious improvement on the solubility of product and that with the increasing of surfactant concentration, both the intrinsic viscosity and the solubility of product decreased. In flocculanting experiment, the effects of intrinsic viscosity, cationic degree and dosage of cationic flocculant on its flocculating performances were investigated.
The obtained optimum reaction conditions for synthesis of P(DMC-AM) were (NH_4)_2S_2O_8 and CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O concentration 0.0150%, the mass ratio of (NH_4)_2S_2O_8 to CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O 0.7:1.0, azo-initiator concentration 0.0125%, reaction temperature 25℃, pH value 6.0, monomer concentration 40%, cationic degree 40%, reaction time 2.5h, drying temperature 60℃, drying time 16.0h, EDTA·2Na concentration 0.0002%, urea concentration 0.005%, surfactant concentration 7.5%. The obtained optimum flocculating conditions were pH value of wastewater 6.0, the intrinsic viscosity of cationic polyacrylamide 11.9234dL·g~(-1), cationic degree 40%, the dosage 0.027%, velocity of centrifuge 1500 rpm, time of centrifuge 30min. Under above conditions, the transmittance of treated wastewater was 98.0%, the flocculating rate was 66.0%, dewatering rate was 70.0%.
The obtained optimum reaction conditions for synthesis of P(DAC-AM) were pH value 6.0, (NH_4)_2S_2O_8 and CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O concentration 0.0125%, the mass ratio of (NH_4)_2S_2O_8 to CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O 1.0:1.0, azo-initiator concentration 0.0125%, monomer concentration 35%, cationic degree 30%, reaction temperature 25℃. Under above conditions, the intrinsic viscosity of product was 13.8535dL·g~(-1). The obtained optimum flocculating conditions were the intrinsic viscosity of P(DAC-AM) 13.8535dL·g~(-1), cationic degree 30%, the dosage 0.027%. Under above conditions, the transmittance of treated wastewater was 99.6%, dewatering rate was up to 90.0%.
The obtained optimum reaction conditions for synthesis of P(DAC-DMC-AM) were pH value 6.0, (NH_4)_2S_2O_8 and CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O concentration 0.0150%, the mass ratio of (NH_4)_2S_2O_8 to CH_3NaO_3S·2H_2O 0.7:1.0, azo-initiator concentration 0.0125%, monomer concentration 40%, cationic degree 35%(the mass ratio of DAC to DMC 1.0:1.0), reaction temperature 25℃. Under above conditions, the intrinsic viscosity of product was 11.9035dL·g~(-1). The obtained optimum flocculating conditions were cationic degree of P(DAC-DMC-AM) 35%, the intrinsic viscosity 11.9035dL·g~(-1), the dosage 0.027%. Under above conditions, the transmittance of treated wastewater was 98.9%, the flocculating rate was 66.2%, dewatering rate was 81.0%. To our knowledge, there is no literature report about the studies on P(DAC-DMC-AM) flocculant.
引文
[1] 祝春兰，反馈过程神经网络法测定聚丙烯酰胺分子质量[J]，化学工程师，2005，112(1)：20-22．
[2] CHO M S, YOON K J, SONG B K, Dispersion Polymerization of Acrylamide in Aqueous Solution of Ammonium Sulfate: Synthesis and Characterization[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2002, 83: 1397-1405.
[3] Hashimoto K, Suzuki K, Kamaya Y, Wet-end properties of cationic graft terpolymerized polyacrylamides[J], Journal of Wood Science, 2004, 50(3): 271-274.
[4] Heinrich A, Control of Rainfall-Induced Soil Erosion with Various Types of Polyacrylamide[J], Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2006, 6(3): 137-144.
[5] Yan Zegui, Yu Lin, Cationic microparticle based flocculation and retention systems[J], Chemical Engineering Journal, 2000, 80(1-3): 31-35.
[6] Ovenden C, Xiao H, Flocculation behaviour and mechanisms of cationic inorganic microparticle/polymer systems[J], Colloids and Suifaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2002, 197(13): 225-227.
[7] Huang Sun-Yi, Joseph J K, Louis R, Aqueous Dispersions[P], US: 6262168 B1, 2001-07-17.
[8] 黄泽涓，郭丽梅，武首香，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂制备与应用[J]，天津化工，2005，19(5)：13-15．
[9] 刘睿，周启星，张兰英，等，水处理絮凝剂研究与应用进展[J]，应用生态学报，2005，16(8)：1558-1562．
[10] 姚晓军，马迎，城市污水处理用阳离子絮凝剂的生产工艺[J]，河南化工，2005，22(10)：50-51．
[11] 酒红芳，多功能阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的研究[D]，硕士论文，河北：河北工学院，2002，1-2．
[12] 房秀福，李浩然，王玉兰，水处理中絮凝剂的研究进展[J]，黑龙江水利科技，2005，33(3)：36-37．
[13] 申迎华，王斌，王志忠，有机高分子絮凝剂在污泥脱水中的应用[J]，高分子材料科学与工程，2004，20(5)：55-58．
[14] 凌永泰，陈少平，游纪萍，不同分子质量的DADMAC-AM共聚物在造纸白水中的絮凝作用[J]，造纸化学品，2005(1)：5-8．
[15] 王晓春，王共远，郁桂云，等，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的合成及水质对其影响的研 究[J]，化学推进剂与高分子材料，2004，2(5)：42-45．
[16] 高宝玉，张华，岳钦艳，等，有机絮凝剂聚环氧氯丙烷胺的脱色性能研究[J]，工业水处理，2005，25(10)：39-41．
[17] 刘宇程，万里平，陈明燕，水处理絮凝剂研究进展[J]，化工时刊，2005，19(5)：63-66．
[18] 岳元朝，贾正舍，丁波等，新型SN-1絮凝剂在河南油田稠油污水处理中的应用[J]，河南石油，2006，20(1)：83-86．
[19] 张元成，刘树强，高宝玉，污水处理用阳离子PAM的开发现状和前景[J]，工业水处理，2002，22(7)：15-17．
[20] 关毅，周先锋，张娟，合微生物产絮凝剂的絮凝性能研究[J]，天津理工大学学报，2006，22(1)：36-39．
[21] 靳慧霞，马放，孟路，等，复合型微生物絮凝剂与化学絮凝剂的复配及其应用[J]，化工进展，2006，25(1)：105-109．
[22] 赵谨，国内有机高分子絮凝剂的开发及应用[J]，工业水处理，2003，23(3)：9-12．
[23] 李正惠，郭艳丽，共聚合阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成及性能测试[J]，工业水处理，2003，23(4)：38-41．
[24] 张祥丹，阳离子型及两性絮凝剂现状与发展方向[J]，工业水处理，2001，21(1)：1-4．
[25] Mallon J J, Farinato R S, Cationic water-soluble polymer precipitation in salt solution[P], US: 6013708, 2000-01-11.
[26] 周耿华，邢会敏，李正惠，两性聚合物絮凝剂的合成和性能测试[J]，工业水处理，2005，25(8)：20-23．
[27] Struck O, Przybyla C, Sieger A, et. al, PROCESS FOR PREPARING A POLYMER DISPERSION[P], US 7091276 B2, 2006-08-15.
[28] 周华，胡瑞，李田霞，等，制备阴离子聚丙烯酰胺影响因素的研究[J]，化学工程师，2005，118(7)：31-33．
[29] 沈一丁，张宇，P(DMC-AM)高分子絮凝剂的制备及絮凝性能[J]，精细化工，2005，22(8)：607-610．
[30] Ni Huafang, David H, Predition of copolymer composition drift using artificial neural networks: copolymerization of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic monomers[J], J Polymer, 1997, 38(3): 667-675.
[31] Vyshkina T V, Mannich base copolymer and method for making it[P], US: 5744563, 1998-04-28.
[32] 刘茂刚，孔振兴，蒋拥华，等，高分子量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺共聚物P(DMDAAC-AM)的合成[J]，化学与生物工程，2006，23(3)：18-20．
[33] 杭春涛，蒋平平，韩月丽，等，水溶液聚合制备高固含量阳离子絮凝剂及其应用[J]， 精细化工，2006，23(7)：692-694．
[34] 陈密峰，杨健茂，石启增，等，两性絮凝剂P(AM-AMPS-DMDAAC)的合成及应用[J]，工业水处理，2005，25(7)：1-4．
[35] Hocking M B, Syme D T, Water-soluble imide-amide copolymers: Ⅰ preparation and characterization of poly(acrylamide-co-sodium N-(4- sulfopheny 1)maleimide)[J], J Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym Chem, 1990, 28: 2949.
[36] Yao K J, Zhuo G W, Synthesis and rheological properties in aqueous solution of poly(acrylamide-co-sodium allylsulfonate)[J], J Appl. Polym. Sci., 1992, 44: 1-7.
[37] McCarron A M, Crispo S, Smith-Palmer, The flocculation of kaolin by cationic polyacrylamides and the effect of cationic surfactant on this process[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2002, 83(11): 2382-2389.
[38] Khalil M L, Aly A A, Preparation and Evaluation of Some Cationic Starch Deriatives as Flocculants[J], Starch-Starke, 2001, 53(2): 84-89.
[39] Pelton R H, Model cationic flocculants from Mannich reaction of polyacrylamide[J], Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition, 2003, 22(12): 3955-3966.
[40] 田华，微乳阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂研制[J]，化工科技，2000，8(5)：35-37．
[41] Roche P, A new and simple way of preparing polycation-grafted fibrous cellulose[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006, 102(4): 3149-3157.
[42] Pinotti A, Bevilacqua A, Zaritzky N, Comparison of the Performance of Chitosan and a Cationic Polyacrylamide as Flocculants of Emulsion Systems[J], Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 2001, 4(1): 57-63.
[43] 路婷，何静，吴玉英，阳离子型天然高分子改性絮凝剂的合成及其絮凝效果研究[J]，林产化工通讯，2005，39(2)：1-4．
[44] Dae H K, Seong K N, Jong S P, Studies on the preparation of hydrolyzed starch-g-PAN(HSPAN)/PVA blend films effect of the reaction with epichlorohydrin[J], European Polymer Journal, 2002, 38: 1199-1204.
[45] Cho C G, Lee K H, Preparation of starch-g-polystyrene copolymer by emulsion polymerization[J], Carbohydrate Polymers, 2002, (48): 125-130.
[46] 廖丹葵，柳雨春，均匀设计在淀粉接枝丙烯酸超强吸水剂合成中的应用[J]，高校化学工程学报，2005，19(5)：242-247．
[47] Harvey M R, Modified starch and process therefore[P], TW: 247025B, 2006-01-11.
[48] Ziyun Cai, Huihua Yan, Yingxiang Tao, Method for manufacturing grafted polyacrylamide flocculant of cationic/ ampholytic ions [P], US: 5990216, 1999, 11-23.
[49] Willet J L, Finkenstadt V L, Reactive Extrusion of Starch-polyacrylamide Graft Copolymers Using Various Starches[J], Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2006, 14(2): 125-129.
[50] 唐星华，舒红英，吴再国，CTS-AM-DMC强刚离子型天然高分子絮凝剂的合成[J]，水处理技术，2005，31(9)：52-55．
[51] Lu Shaojie, Lin Tong, Cao Deyong, Inverse Emulsion of Starch-graft-Polyacrylamide[J], Stareh-Starke, 2003, 55(5): 222-227.
[52] Khalil M I, Farag S, Utilization of Some Starch Derivatives in Heavy Metal Ions Removal[J], J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1998, 69: 45-50.
[53] Khalil M I, Abdel-Halim M G, Preparation of Anionic Starch Containing Carboxyl Groups and Its Utilization as Chelating Agent[J], Starch/Starke, 2001, 53: 35-41.
[54] Khalil M I, Aly Areal A, Evaluation of Some Starch Derivatives Containing Amide Groups as Flocculants[J], Starch/Starke, 2001, 53: 323-329.
[55] Khalil M I, Aly Areal A, Use of Cationic Starch Derivatives for the Removal of Anionic Dyes from Textile Effluents[J], J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2004, 93: 227-234.
[56] 郭玲，金志浩，改性淀粉絮凝剂的研制及在污水处理中的应用[J]，环境科学与技术，2004，27(5)：73-75．
[57] Lu Shaojie, Lin Songbai, Yao Kangde, Study on the Synthesis and Application of Starch-graft-Poly(AM-co-DADMAC) by Using a Complex Initiation System of CS-KPS[J], Starch-Starke, 2004, 56(3-4): 138-143.
[58] 唐宏科，周鹏刚，刚离子淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能[J]，化工环保，2006，26(3)：246-249．
[59] Ichiura H, Kubota Y, Wu Zonghua, et. al, Preparation of zeolite sheets using a papermaking technique Part Ⅰ Dual polymer system for high retention of stock components[J], Journal of Materials Science, 2001, 36(4): 913-917.
[60] Roger E N, Joseph J P, Roderick G R, High performance dewatering aids[P], US: 5405554, 1995-04-11.
[61] Ovenden Cherie, Xiao huining, Wiseman Nicholas, et. al, Flocculent system[P], GB: 2366576, 2002-03-13.
[62] 吕生华，马建中，吕庆强，等，二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与丙烯酰胺共聚物的结构表征及应用[J]，精细化工，2000，17(7)：386-387．
[63] 杨菊萍，新型废水絮凝剂的合成及稳定性的研究[J]，印染助剂，2006，23(4)：25-27．
[64] Baade W, Hunkeler D, Hamielec A E, Copolymerization of acrylamide with cationic monomers in solution and inverse-microsuspension[J], J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1989, 38(1): 185-201.
[65] 张万忠，乔学亮，陈建国，等，AIBN·2HCL-NaHSO_3引发下DMDAAC-AM共聚物的 合成与表征[J]，化工学报，2005，56(10)：1998-2003．
[66] Griebel T, Kulicke W M, Hashemzadeh A, Characterization of water-soluble, cationic polyelectrolytes as exemplified by poly (acrylamide-co-trimethylammoniumethylmethacryate choride) and the establishment of structure-property relationships[J], Colloide & Polymer Science, 1991, 269: 113-120.
[67] Cadel J S, Larson E H, Novel water-soluble cationic acrylamide polymers having relatively uniform cationic quaternary amine functional unit distribution[P], US: 4783513, 1988-11-08.
[68] Cho M S, Song B K, Yoon K J, Flocculation characteristics of copolymer of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic monomer (running) flocculation by cationic polyacrylamide[J], Journal of Industrial and Engeering Chemistry, 2002, 8(2): 131-137.
[69] 杨超，黎钢，何彦刚，等，丙烯酰胺与2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵在柠檬酸钾溶液中的沉淀聚合[J]，石油化工，2006，35(2)：151-155．
[70] Chen Dongnian, Liu Xiaoguang, Yue Yumei, et. al, Dispersion copolymerization of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic monomer in aqueous salts solution[J], European Polymer Journal, 2006, 42: 1284-1297.
[71] 赵仕林，朱明，罗娅君，P(DMC-AM)阳离子絮凝剂的絮凝性能研究[J]，四川师范大学学报，2002，25(5)：503-506．
[72] 李朝艳，王玉鹏，于跃芹，等，甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵／丙烯酰胺反相乳液的聚合及表征[J]，青岛科技大学学报，2005，26(1)：31-35．
[73] 张宇，沈一丁，阳离子高分子絮凝剂的制备及在造纸废水中的应用[J]，中国造纸，2005，24(10)：28-31．
[74] 胡瑞，周华，李田霞，等，阳离子高分子絮凝剂的制备及其影响因素的研究[J]，化工时刊，2005，19(8)：4-6．
[75] 胡瑞，周华，李田霞，等，复合引发体系制备阳离子絮凝剂在污水处理中的应用[J]，工业水处理，2006，26(8)：32-35．
[76] 胡瑞，周华，李田霞，等，复合引发体系制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺及其应用[J]，工业用水与废水，2006，37(1)：73-75．
[77] 沈俊菊，庄源益，有机絮凝剂P(AM-DMC)的脱色性能[J]，南开大学学报，2006，39(1)：24-28．
[78] 孙艳霞，车吉泰，高相对分子质量丙烯酰胺-DAC共聚物的研制[J]，精细石油化工进展，2003，4(9)：44-45．
[79] 丁伟，张艳秋，于涛，等，新型超高相对分子量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成[J]，胶体与聚合物，2004，23(4)：23-25．
[80] 徐景峰，董利，曲长生，等，新型高相对分子质量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成[J]，精细 石油化工进展，2006，7(3)：24-26．
[81] 罗慧，徐初阳，陈志敏，光聚合法合成阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺的研究[J]，衡阳师范学院学报，2006，27(3)：59-62．
[82] 刘莲英，何辰凤，孙玉凤，等，光引发淀粉-AM／AA反相乳液接枝聚合—光引发剂的影响[J]，高分子材料科学与工程，2006，22(3)：58-61．
[83] John W S, Richard P C, Cathy C J, et. al, Method of clarifying water using low molecular weight cationic dispersion polymers[P], US: 6398967, 2002-04-20.
[84] Song B K, Cho M S, Yoon K J, et. al, Dispersion polymerization of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic comonomer in aqueous solution[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2003, 87(7): 1101-1108.
[85] McCormick C L, Salazar L C, Water-soluble copolymers XLV ampholytic terpolymers of acrylamide with sodium 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoate and 2-acrylam ido-2-methylpropanetrimethylammonium chloride[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1993, 48(6): 1115-1120.
[86] Takeda, Hisao, Process for preparation of dispersion of water-soluble cationic polymer the dispersion produced thereby and its use[P], US: 5587415, 1996-12-24.
[87] 何彦刚，黎钢，杨超，等，等离子体引发丙烯酰胺与2-甲基-丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵水溶液聚合[J]，石油化工，2005，34(11)：1046-1049．
[88] 张跃军，顾学芳，二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与丙烯酰胺共聚物的研究进展[J]，精细化工，2002，19(9)：521-525．
[89] 赵松梅，刘昆元，二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵／丙烯酰胺共聚物的合成[J]，北京化工大学学报，2005，32(4)：29-32．
[90] 游纪萍，陈少平，凌永泰，DADMAC-AM共聚物的合成及其对细小纤维的絮凝作用[J]，造纸科学与技术，2005，24(5)：1-4．
[91] 谢玉蓉，刘平，黄瑞敏，等，丙烯酰胺-N，N-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵共聚物的合成及其作为絮凝剂的应用[J]，河南科学，2006，24(2)：199-201．
[92] 黄玉洪．聚丙烯酰胺反相乳液聚合研究进展[J]，当代化工，2005，34(1)：56-59．
[93] Ge XueWu, Ye Qiang, Xu XiangLing, et. al, Studies of inverse emulsion copolymerization of (2-methacryloyloxyethyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1998, 67(6): 1005-1010.
[94] 巩冠群，张英杰，尹家贵，等，共聚有机强阳离子絮凝剂的开发及应用[J]，石化技术与应用，2005，23(2)：138-140．
[95] 王新龙，周环，张跃军，油溶性引发剂引发反相乳液聚合制备P(DMDAAC-AM)及其性能[J]，精细化工，2005，22(8)：604-606．
[96] 王新龙，周环，张跃军，反相乳液聚合法制备PDA及其性能[J]，功能高分子学报，2005，18(4)：660-664．
[97] 吴建军，马喜平，郑锟，等，反相乳液聚合合成AM／DMDAAC阳离子共聚物[J]，石油化工，2005，34(2)：140-143．
[98] 李建文，邱化玉，詹怀宁，水包水型CPAM乳液增强剂的合成及应用[J]，精细化工，2005，22(10)：788-791．
[99] 李建文，邱化玉，詹怀宇，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺乳液对木浆增强作用的研究[J]，林产化学与工业，2006，26(1)：79-82．
[100] Vu C, Cabestany J, Characterization of cationic water-soluble polyacrylamides[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2003, 42(11): 2857-2869.
[101] 程雪坚，微乳液聚合研究新进展[J]，化工进展，2003，22(2)：195-198．
[102] Leong Y S, Candau F, Inverse microemulsion polymerization [J], J Phys Chem, 1982, 86(12): 2269-2278.
[103] Peng Xiaohong, Shen Jiarui, Xiao Huining, Preparation and retention of poly(etheylne oxide)-grafted cationic polyacrylamide mocroparticles[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006, 101(1): 359-363.
[104] 蒋永华，彭晓宏，谢宇燕，反相微乳液聚合制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺微粒的研究[J]，精细与专用化学品，2004，12(6)：17-18．
[105] 徐生，郭玲香，丙烯酰胺／二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵共聚物的反相微乳液聚合研究[J]，精细石油化工，2006，23(1)：22-25．
[106] 杨建平，赵京波，张兴英，丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸钠共聚物絮凝剂的合成及性能研究[J]，石油化工，2005，34(4)：338-342．
[107] 吴敦虎，熊琼，林辉，等，有机高分子絮凝剂在污泥脱水中的应用研究[J]，水处理技术，2004，30(2)：116-118．
[108] 周华，胡瑞，陈存华，等，阴离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的制备及应用[J]，精细石油化工，2006，23(2)：4-6．
[109] 李福生，左晓玲，段明，等，CuSO_4-NanSO_3引发的丙烯酰胺聚合[J]，精细石油化工，2003，(2)：20-22．
[110] 张贞浴，祖春兴，乔丽艳，含胺基功能性单体的聚合研究XIV．含二甲氨基丙烯酰类衍生物与过硫酸钾引发体系引发的丙烯酰胺聚合~*[J]，高分子学报，1990，(5)：623-625．
[2] CHO M S, YOON K J, SONG B K, Dispersion Polymerization of Acrylamide in Aqueous Solution of Ammonium Sulfate: Synthesis and Characterization[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2002, 83: 1397-1405.
[3] Hashimoto K, Suzuki K, Kamaya Y, Wet-end properties of cationic graft terpolymerized polyacrylamides[J], Journal of Wood Science, 2004, 50(3): 271-274.
[4] Heinrich A, Control of Rainfall-Induced Soil Erosion with Various Types of Polyacrylamide[J], Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2006, 6(3): 137-144.
[5] Yan Zegui, Yu Lin, Cationic microparticle based flocculation and retention systems[J], Chemical Engineering Journal, 2000, 80(1-3): 31-35.
[6] Ovenden C, Xiao H, Flocculation behaviour and mechanisms of cationic inorganic microparticle/polymer systems[J], Colloids and Suifaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2002, 197(13): 225-227.
[7] Huang Sun-Yi, Joseph J K, Louis R, Aqueous Dispersions[P], US: 6262168 B1, 2001-07-17.
[8] 黄泽涓，郭丽梅，武首香，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂制备与应用[J]，天津化工，2005，19(5)：13-15．
[9] 刘睿，周启星，张兰英，等，水处理絮凝剂研究与应用进展[J]，应用生态学报，2005，16(8)：1558-1562．
[10] 姚晓军，马迎，城市污水处理用阳离子絮凝剂的生产工艺[J]，河南化工，2005，22(10)：50-51．
[11] 酒红芳，多功能阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的研究[D]，硕士论文，河北：河北工学院，2002，1-2．
[12] 房秀福，李浩然，王玉兰，水处理中絮凝剂的研究进展[J]，黑龙江水利科技，2005，33(3)：36-37．
[13] 申迎华，王斌，王志忠，有机高分子絮凝剂在污泥脱水中的应用[J]，高分子材料科学与工程，2004，20(5)：55-58．
[14] 凌永泰，陈少平，游纪萍，不同分子质量的DADMAC-AM共聚物在造纸白水中的絮凝作用[J]，造纸化学品，2005(1)：5-8．
[15] 王晓春，王共远，郁桂云，等，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的合成及水质对其影响的研 究[J]，化学推进剂与高分子材料，2004，2(5)：42-45．
[16] 高宝玉，张华，岳钦艳，等，有机絮凝剂聚环氧氯丙烷胺的脱色性能研究[J]，工业水处理，2005，25(10)：39-41．
[17] 刘宇程，万里平，陈明燕，水处理絮凝剂研究进展[J]，化工时刊，2005，19(5)：63-66．
[18] 岳元朝，贾正舍，丁波等，新型SN-1絮凝剂在河南油田稠油污水处理中的应用[J]，河南石油，2006，20(1)：83-86．
[19] 张元成，刘树强，高宝玉，污水处理用阳离子PAM的开发现状和前景[J]，工业水处理，2002，22(7)：15-17．
[20] 关毅，周先锋，张娟，合微生物产絮凝剂的絮凝性能研究[J]，天津理工大学学报，2006，22(1)：36-39．
[21] 靳慧霞，马放，孟路，等，复合型微生物絮凝剂与化学絮凝剂的复配及其应用[J]，化工进展，2006，25(1)：105-109．
[22] 赵谨，国内有机高分子絮凝剂的开发及应用[J]，工业水处理，2003，23(3)：9-12．
[23] 李正惠，郭艳丽，共聚合阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成及性能测试[J]，工业水处理，2003，23(4)：38-41．
[24] 张祥丹，阳离子型及两性絮凝剂现状与发展方向[J]，工业水处理，2001，21(1)：1-4．
[25] Mallon J J, Farinato R S, Cationic water-soluble polymer precipitation in salt solution[P], US: 6013708, 2000-01-11.
[26] 周耿华，邢会敏，李正惠，两性聚合物絮凝剂的合成和性能测试[J]，工业水处理，2005，25(8)：20-23．
[27] Struck O, Przybyla C, Sieger A, et. al, PROCESS FOR PREPARING A POLYMER DISPERSION[P], US 7091276 B2, 2006-08-15.
[28] 周华，胡瑞，李田霞，等，制备阴离子聚丙烯酰胺影响因素的研究[J]，化学工程师，2005，118(7)：31-33．
[29] 沈一丁，张宇，P(DMC-AM)高分子絮凝剂的制备及絮凝性能[J]，精细化工，2005，22(8)：607-610．
[30] Ni Huafang, David H, Predition of copolymer composition drift using artificial neural networks: copolymerization of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic monomers[J], J Polymer, 1997, 38(3): 667-675.
[31] Vyshkina T V, Mannich base copolymer and method for making it[P], US: 5744563, 1998-04-28.
[32] 刘茂刚，孔振兴，蒋拥华，等，高分子量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺共聚物P(DMDAAC-AM)的合成[J]，化学与生物工程，2006，23(3)：18-20．
[33] 杭春涛，蒋平平，韩月丽，等，水溶液聚合制备高固含量阳离子絮凝剂及其应用[J]， 精细化工，2006，23(7)：692-694．
[34] 陈密峰，杨健茂，石启增，等，两性絮凝剂P(AM-AMPS-DMDAAC)的合成及应用[J]，工业水处理，2005，25(7)：1-4．
[35] Hocking M B, Syme D T, Water-soluble imide-amide copolymers: Ⅰ preparation and characterization of poly(acrylamide-co-sodium N-(4- sulfopheny 1)maleimide)[J], J Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym Chem, 1990, 28: 2949.
[36] Yao K J, Zhuo G W, Synthesis and rheological properties in aqueous solution of poly(acrylamide-co-sodium allylsulfonate)[J], J Appl. Polym. Sci., 1992, 44: 1-7.
[37] McCarron A M, Crispo S, Smith-Palmer, The flocculation of kaolin by cationic polyacrylamides and the effect of cationic surfactant on this process[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2002, 83(11): 2382-2389.
[38] Khalil M L, Aly A A, Preparation and Evaluation of Some Cationic Starch Deriatives as Flocculants[J], Starch-Starke, 2001, 53(2): 84-89.
[39] Pelton R H, Model cationic flocculants from Mannich reaction of polyacrylamide[J], Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition, 2003, 22(12): 3955-3966.
[40] 田华，微乳阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂研制[J]，化工科技，2000，8(5)：35-37．
[41] Roche P, A new and simple way of preparing polycation-grafted fibrous cellulose[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006, 102(4): 3149-3157.
[42] Pinotti A, Bevilacqua A, Zaritzky N, Comparison of the Performance of Chitosan and a Cationic Polyacrylamide as Flocculants of Emulsion Systems[J], Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 2001, 4(1): 57-63.
[43] 路婷，何静，吴玉英，阳离子型天然高分子改性絮凝剂的合成及其絮凝效果研究[J]，林产化工通讯，2005，39(2)：1-4．
[44] Dae H K, Seong K N, Jong S P, Studies on the preparation of hydrolyzed starch-g-PAN(HSPAN)/PVA blend films effect of the reaction with epichlorohydrin[J], European Polymer Journal, 2002, 38: 1199-1204.
[45] Cho C G, Lee K H, Preparation of starch-g-polystyrene copolymer by emulsion polymerization[J], Carbohydrate Polymers, 2002, (48): 125-130.
[46] 廖丹葵，柳雨春，均匀设计在淀粉接枝丙烯酸超强吸水剂合成中的应用[J]，高校化学工程学报，2005，19(5)：242-247．
[47] Harvey M R, Modified starch and process therefore[P], TW: 247025B, 2006-01-11.
[48] Ziyun Cai, Huihua Yan, Yingxiang Tao, Method for manufacturing grafted polyacrylamide flocculant of cationic/ ampholytic ions [P], US: 5990216, 1999, 11-23.
[49] Willet J L, Finkenstadt V L, Reactive Extrusion of Starch-polyacrylamide Graft Copolymers Using Various Starches[J], Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2006, 14(2): 125-129.
[50] 唐星华，舒红英，吴再国，CTS-AM-DMC强刚离子型天然高分子絮凝剂的合成[J]，水处理技术，2005，31(9)：52-55．
[51] Lu Shaojie, Lin Tong, Cao Deyong, Inverse Emulsion of Starch-graft-Polyacrylamide[J], Stareh-Starke, 2003, 55(5): 222-227.
[52] Khalil M I, Farag S, Utilization of Some Starch Derivatives in Heavy Metal Ions Removal[J], J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1998, 69: 45-50.
[53] Khalil M I, Abdel-Halim M G, Preparation of Anionic Starch Containing Carboxyl Groups and Its Utilization as Chelating Agent[J], Starch/Starke, 2001, 53: 35-41.
[54] Khalil M I, Aly Areal A, Evaluation of Some Starch Derivatives Containing Amide Groups as Flocculants[J], Starch/Starke, 2001, 53: 323-329.
[55] Khalil M I, Aly Areal A, Use of Cationic Starch Derivatives for the Removal of Anionic Dyes from Textile Effluents[J], J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2004, 93: 227-234.
[56] 郭玲，金志浩，改性淀粉絮凝剂的研制及在污水处理中的应用[J]，环境科学与技术，2004，27(5)：73-75．
[57] Lu Shaojie, Lin Songbai, Yao Kangde, Study on the Synthesis and Application of Starch-graft-Poly(AM-co-DADMAC) by Using a Complex Initiation System of CS-KPS[J], Starch-Starke, 2004, 56(3-4): 138-143.
[58] 唐宏科，周鹏刚，刚离子淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能[J]，化工环保，2006，26(3)：246-249．
[59] Ichiura H, Kubota Y, Wu Zonghua, et. al, Preparation of zeolite sheets using a papermaking technique Part Ⅰ Dual polymer system for high retention of stock components[J], Journal of Materials Science, 2001, 36(4): 913-917.
[60] Roger E N, Joseph J P, Roderick G R, High performance dewatering aids[P], US: 5405554, 1995-04-11.
[61] Ovenden Cherie, Xiao huining, Wiseman Nicholas, et. al, Flocculent system[P], GB: 2366576, 2002-03-13.
[62] 吕生华，马建中，吕庆强，等，二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与丙烯酰胺共聚物的结构表征及应用[J]，精细化工，2000，17(7)：386-387．
[63] 杨菊萍，新型废水絮凝剂的合成及稳定性的研究[J]，印染助剂，2006，23(4)：25-27．
[64] Baade W, Hunkeler D, Hamielec A E, Copolymerization of acrylamide with cationic monomers in solution and inverse-microsuspension[J], J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1989, 38(1): 185-201.
[65] 张万忠，乔学亮，陈建国，等，AIBN·2HCL-NaHSO_3引发下DMDAAC-AM共聚物的 合成与表征[J]，化工学报，2005，56(10)：1998-2003．
[66] Griebel T, Kulicke W M, Hashemzadeh A, Characterization of water-soluble, cationic polyelectrolytes as exemplified by poly (acrylamide-co-trimethylammoniumethylmethacryate choride) and the establishment of structure-property relationships[J], Colloide & Polymer Science, 1991, 269: 113-120.
[67] Cadel J S, Larson E H, Novel water-soluble cationic acrylamide polymers having relatively uniform cationic quaternary amine functional unit distribution[P], US: 4783513, 1988-11-08.
[68] Cho M S, Song B K, Yoon K J, Flocculation characteristics of copolymer of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic monomer (running) flocculation by cationic polyacrylamide[J], Journal of Industrial and Engeering Chemistry, 2002, 8(2): 131-137.
[69] 杨超，黎钢，何彦刚，等，丙烯酰胺与2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵在柠檬酸钾溶液中的沉淀聚合[J]，石油化工，2006，35(2)：151-155．
[70] Chen Dongnian, Liu Xiaoguang, Yue Yumei, et. al, Dispersion copolymerization of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic monomer in aqueous salts solution[J], European Polymer Journal, 2006, 42: 1284-1297.
[71] 赵仕林，朱明，罗娅君，P(DMC-AM)阳离子絮凝剂的絮凝性能研究[J]，四川师范大学学报，2002，25(5)：503-506．
[72] 李朝艳，王玉鹏，于跃芹，等，甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵／丙烯酰胺反相乳液的聚合及表征[J]，青岛科技大学学报，2005，26(1)：31-35．
[73] 张宇，沈一丁，阳离子高分子絮凝剂的制备及在造纸废水中的应用[J]，中国造纸，2005，24(10)：28-31．
[74] 胡瑞，周华，李田霞，等，阳离子高分子絮凝剂的制备及其影响因素的研究[J]，化工时刊，2005，19(8)：4-6．
[75] 胡瑞，周华，李田霞，等，复合引发体系制备阳离子絮凝剂在污水处理中的应用[J]，工业水处理，2006，26(8)：32-35．
[76] 胡瑞，周华，李田霞，等，复合引发体系制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺及其应用[J]，工业用水与废水，2006，37(1)：73-75．
[77] 沈俊菊，庄源益，有机絮凝剂P(AM-DMC)的脱色性能[J]，南开大学学报，2006，39(1)：24-28．
[78] 孙艳霞，车吉泰，高相对分子质量丙烯酰胺-DAC共聚物的研制[J]，精细石油化工进展，2003，4(9)：44-45．
[79] 丁伟，张艳秋，于涛，等，新型超高相对分子量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成[J]，胶体与聚合物，2004，23(4)：23-25．
[80] 徐景峰，董利，曲长生，等，新型高相对分子质量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成[J]，精细 石油化工进展，2006，7(3)：24-26．
[81] 罗慧，徐初阳，陈志敏，光聚合法合成阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺的研究[J]，衡阳师范学院学报，2006，27(3)：59-62．
[82] 刘莲英，何辰凤，孙玉凤，等，光引发淀粉-AM／AA反相乳液接枝聚合—光引发剂的影响[J]，高分子材料科学与工程，2006，22(3)：58-61．
[83] John W S, Richard P C, Cathy C J, et. al, Method of clarifying water using low molecular weight cationic dispersion polymers[P], US: 6398967, 2002-04-20.
[84] Song B K, Cho M S, Yoon K J, et. al, Dispersion polymerization of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic comonomer in aqueous solution[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2003, 87(7): 1101-1108.
[85] McCormick C L, Salazar L C, Water-soluble copolymers XLV ampholytic terpolymers of acrylamide with sodium 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoate and 2-acrylam ido-2-methylpropanetrimethylammonium chloride[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1993, 48(6): 1115-1120.
[86] Takeda, Hisao, Process for preparation of dispersion of water-soluble cationic polymer the dispersion produced thereby and its use[P], US: 5587415, 1996-12-24.
[87] 何彦刚，黎钢，杨超，等，等离子体引发丙烯酰胺与2-甲基-丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵水溶液聚合[J]，石油化工，2005，34(11)：1046-1049．
[88] 张跃军，顾学芳，二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与丙烯酰胺共聚物的研究进展[J]，精细化工，2002，19(9)：521-525．
[89] 赵松梅，刘昆元，二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵／丙烯酰胺共聚物的合成[J]，北京化工大学学报，2005，32(4)：29-32．
[90] 游纪萍，陈少平，凌永泰，DADMAC-AM共聚物的合成及其对细小纤维的絮凝作用[J]，造纸科学与技术，2005，24(5)：1-4．
[91] 谢玉蓉，刘平，黄瑞敏，等，丙烯酰胺-N，N-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵共聚物的合成及其作为絮凝剂的应用[J]，河南科学，2006，24(2)：199-201．
[92] 黄玉洪．聚丙烯酰胺反相乳液聚合研究进展[J]，当代化工，2005，34(1)：56-59．
[93] Ge XueWu, Ye Qiang, Xu XiangLing, et. al, Studies of inverse emulsion copolymerization of (2-methacryloyloxyethyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1998, 67(6): 1005-1010.
[94] 巩冠群，张英杰，尹家贵，等，共聚有机强阳离子絮凝剂的开发及应用[J]，石化技术与应用，2005，23(2)：138-140．
[95] 王新龙，周环，张跃军，油溶性引发剂引发反相乳液聚合制备P(DMDAAC-AM)及其性能[J]，精细化工，2005，22(8)：604-606．
[96] 王新龙，周环，张跃军，反相乳液聚合法制备PDA及其性能[J]，功能高分子学报，2005，18(4)：660-664．
[97] 吴建军，马喜平，郑锟，等，反相乳液聚合合成AM／DMDAAC阳离子共聚物[J]，石油化工，2005，34(2)：140-143．
[98] 李建文，邱化玉，詹怀宁，水包水型CPAM乳液增强剂的合成及应用[J]，精细化工，2005，22(10)：788-791．
[99] 李建文，邱化玉，詹怀宇，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺乳液对木浆增强作用的研究[J]，林产化学与工业，2006，26(1)：79-82．
[100] Vu C, Cabestany J, Characterization of cationic water-soluble polyacrylamides[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2003, 42(11): 2857-2869.
[101] 程雪坚，微乳液聚合研究新进展[J]，化工进展，2003，22(2)：195-198．
[102] Leong Y S, Candau F, Inverse microemulsion polymerization [J], J Phys Chem, 1982, 86(12): 2269-2278.
[103] Peng Xiaohong, Shen Jiarui, Xiao Huining, Preparation and retention of poly(etheylne oxide)-grafted cationic polyacrylamide mocroparticles[J], Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006, 101(1): 359-363.
[104] 蒋永华，彭晓宏，谢宇燕，反相微乳液聚合制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺微粒的研究[J]，精细与专用化学品，2004，12(6)：17-18．
[105] 徐生，郭玲香，丙烯酰胺／二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵共聚物的反相微乳液聚合研究[J]，精细石油化工，2006，23(1)：22-25．
[106] 杨建平，赵京波，张兴英，丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸钠共聚物絮凝剂的合成及性能研究[J]，石油化工，2005，34(4)：338-342．
[107] 吴敦虎，熊琼，林辉，等，有机高分子絮凝剂在污泥脱水中的应用研究[J]，水处理技术，2004，30(2)：116-118．
[108] 周华，胡瑞，陈存华，等，阴离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的制备及应用[J]，精细石油化工，2006，23(2)：4-6．
[109] 李福生，左晓玲，段明，等，CuSO_4-NanSO_3引发的丙烯酰胺聚合[J]，精细石油化工，2003，(2)：20-22．
[110] 张贞浴，祖春兴，乔丽艳，含胺基功能性单体的聚合研究XIV．含二甲氨基丙烯酰类衍生物与过硫酸钾引发体系引发的丙烯酰胺聚合~*[J]，高分子学报，1990，(5)：623-625．