离子液体及其电解液的研究
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摘要
离子液体具有高化学稳定性、热稳定性、高离子电导率等特点。本文用均匀设计的实验方法探讨了离子液体的最优合成工艺；以最优的方案合成了基于马来酸、邻苯二甲酸为阴离子的六种离子液体。用红外光谱测试并分析了这六种离子液体的结构。系统地研究了这些离子液体的电导率、电化学稳定性、热稳定性及其变化规律，热性能是通过DSC和TG来测试的。对于同一种离子液体来说，电导率随着温度的升高而迅速增加。研究发现电导率和温度之间的关系符合Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher(VTF)方程。对于含有相同阳离子的离子液体，其阴离子是马来酸氢根的离子液体比阴离子是邻苯二甲酸氢根的离子液体的电导率要高得多。
将本文合成的六种离子液体配制成相应的离子液体电解液，详细研究了其电导率和闪火电压的变化规律。结果表明，马来酸氢根的离子液体电解液的电导率高于邻苯二甲酸氢根的离子液体电解液的电导率。闪火电压测试结果显示马来酸系列的闪火电压要高于邻苯二甲酸系列的闪火电压。这些离子液体电解液的闪火电压值在60V-95V之间。
采用这些新型的离子液体电解液代替传统的铝电解电容器的工作电解液制作电容器，对电容器的阻抗、漏电流、电容量、损耗、寿命以及回流焊性能进行了研究。结果表明，含有邻苯二甲酸氢根的离子液体电解液所制备的电容器具有良好电性能，寿命性能以及耐回流焊性能。
Room temperature ionic liquids have attracted increasing attentions due to theirexcellent chemical stability, thermal stability and high conductivity. Influence factors ofionic liquid synthesis were investigated with uniform design in this work. Then six ionicliquids (ILs) based on imidazolium cations and maleic/phthalic acid anions weresynthesized according to the best results of the uniform design. Their structures werecharacterized and analyzed by IR. The thermal property, conductivity and electrochemicalstability have been investigated systematically. The thermal properties of ILs wereevaluated by DSC and TG, which indicated these ILs behave good thermal stability. Theconductivities of these ILs were measured at different temperatures. With the temperatureincreasing, the conductivity becomes higher. The conductivities of maleate anion-based arehigher than that of the corresponding phthalate anion-based ILs at a certain temperature.The Vogel-Tammaun-Fulcher (VTF) equation accurately describes the dependence of theconductivity on temperature.
Electrolytes based on the synthysized ILs were confected. The conductivities and thesparking voltages of these electrolytes were measured. The results show that the sparkingvoltage values of electrolytes based maleate are higher than which based phalate anions.The sparking voltage values of these electrolytes range from 60V to 95V.
The aluminum electrolytic capacitors have been fabricated with these electrolytesbased on ionic liquids. Then the impedance, leakage current, capacitance, loss, the shelflife and the resistance to soldering heat of the capacitors were investigated. The resultsshow that these aluminum electrolytic capacitors utilizing the electrolytes have satisfactorygeneral electric properties, excellent shelf life and high resistance to soldering heat.
将本文合成的六种离子液体配制成相应的离子液体电解液，详细研究了其电导率和闪火电压的变化规律。结果表明，马来酸氢根的离子液体电解液的电导率高于邻苯二甲酸氢根的离子液体电解液的电导率。闪火电压测试结果显示马来酸系列的闪火电压要高于邻苯二甲酸系列的闪火电压。这些离子液体电解液的闪火电压值在60V-95V之间。
采用这些新型的离子液体电解液代替传统的铝电解电容器的工作电解液制作电容器，对电容器的阻抗、漏电流、电容量、损耗、寿命以及回流焊性能进行了研究。结果表明，含有邻苯二甲酸氢根的离子液体电解液所制备的电容器具有良好电性能，寿命性能以及耐回流焊性能。
Room temperature ionic liquids have attracted increasing attentions due to theirexcellent chemical stability, thermal stability and high conductivity. Influence factors ofionic liquid synthesis were investigated with uniform design in this work. Then six ionicliquids (ILs) based on imidazolium cations and maleic/phthalic acid anions weresynthesized according to the best results of the uniform design. Their structures werecharacterized and analyzed by IR. The thermal property, conductivity and electrochemicalstability have been investigated systematically. The thermal properties of ILs wereevaluated by DSC and TG, which indicated these ILs behave good thermal stability. Theconductivities of these ILs were measured at different temperatures. With the temperatureincreasing, the conductivity becomes higher. The conductivities of maleate anion-based arehigher than that of the corresponding phthalate anion-based ILs at a certain temperature.The Vogel-Tammaun-Fulcher (VTF) equation accurately describes the dependence of theconductivity on temperature.
Electrolytes based on the synthysized ILs were confected. The conductivities and thesparking voltages of these electrolytes were measured. The results show that the sparkingvoltage values of electrolytes based maleate are higher than which based phalate anions.The sparking voltage values of these electrolytes range from 60V to 95V.
The aluminum electrolytic capacitors have been fabricated with these electrolytesbased on ionic liquids. Then the impedance, leakage current, capacitance, loss, the shelflife and the resistance to soldering heat of the capacitors were investigated. The resultsshow that these aluminum electrolytic capacitors utilizing the electrolytes have satisfactorygeneral electric properties, excellent shelf life and high resistance to soldering heat.
引文
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25 Holbrey J D, Seddon K R. The Phase behaviour of 1—alkyl—3—methylimidazolium tetrafluorob—Orates: ionic liquids and ionic liquid crystals. Chem Soc. Dalton Trans, 1999: 2133-2139
26 Varma R. S, Namboodiri V. V., An expeditious solvent—free route to ionic liquids using microwaves. Chem. Commun., 2001: 643-644
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28 Katayama Y., Dan S., Miura T. Electrochemical behavior of silver in 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium terafluororate molten salt. Eiectrochem. Soc., 2001(142): 102-105
29 M Deetlefs, K R Seddon. Improved preparations of ionic liquids using microwave irradiation. Green Chem., 2003(5): 181-186
30 N E Leadbeater, H M Torenius, H Tye. Ionic liquids as reagents and solvents in conjunction with microwave heating: rapid synthesis of alkyl halides from alcohols and nitriles from aryl halides. Tetrahedron, 2003, 59(13): 2253-2258
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3 Shobukawa H, Tokuda H, Tabata S I, Watanabe M. Preparation and transport. properties of novel lithium ionic liquids. Electrochimica Acta, 2004(50): 1-5
4 Adebahr J, Forsyth M, MacFarlane D. R. Cation dynamics in dimethyl-pyrrolidinium-based solid-state ion conductors. Electrochimica Acta, 2005(50): 3853-3858
5 Kosmulski M, Gustafsson J, Rosenholm J B. Electroacoustics in low-temperature ionic liquids. Colloid and Interface Science, 2004(275): 317-321
6 Matsui H, Okada K, Kawashima T, Ezure T, Tanabe N, Kawano T. Application of an ionic liquid-based electrolyte to a 100mm×100mm sized dye-sensibized solar cell. Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2004(164): 129-135
7 Innis P C, Mazurkiewicz J, Nguyen T, Wallace G G. Enhanced electrochemical stability ofpolyaniline in ionic liquids. Current Applied Physics, 2004(4): 389-393
8 顾彦龙，邓友温．离子液体在石油化工催化中的研究与应用．石化技术与应用．2002．20(2)：73-78
9 李汝雄，王建基．绿色溶剂—离子液体的制备与应用．化工进展．2002．21(1)：43-48
10 Wikes J S, Zaworotko M. Air and Water stable 1-ethyl-3-methylimidozolium based ionic liquids. Chem Commun, 1992: 965-967
11 Michiko H, Hiromi S, Hiroyuki O. Preparation of novel room-temperature molten salts by neutralization of Amines. Electrochem Soc, 2000, 147(11): 4168-4172
12 Earle M J, Seddon K R, Adams C J. Friedel Crafts reaction in room temperature ionic liquids. Chem Commun, 1998(19): 2079-2098
13 Star A, Maclean B L, Singer R D. 1-ethyl-3-methyl-limidazolium halogenoaluminate ionic liquids as solvents for Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions of ferrocene. Journal of the Chemical Society Dalton Transaction, 1999(1): 63-66
14 Kap-Sun Yeung, Michelle E. Farkas,Zhilei Qiu and Zhong Yang. Friedel-Crafts acylation of indoles in acidic imidazolium chloroaluminate ionic liquid at room temperature. Tetrahedron Letters, 2002(43): 5793-5795
15 赵东滨，寇元．室温离子液体合成，性质及应用．大学化学．2002，17(1)：42-46
16 阎立峰，朱清时．离子液体及其在有机合成中应用．化学通报．2001，11：673-97
17 石家华，孙逊，杨春和．离子液体研究进展．化学通报．2002，4：243-250
18 Charles M. Gordon. New developments in catalysis using ionic liquids. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2001,222:101-117
19 Welton T. Room temperature ionic liquids solvoent for synthesis and catalysis. Chem Rev, 1999, 99: 2071-2074
20 Seddon K R, Holbrey J D. The phase behaviour of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tretrafluoroborates ionic liquids and ionic liquids crystals. Chem Soc. Dalton Trans., 1999: 21-23
21 Pierre Bonhote, Ana-Paula Dias, Nicholas Papageorgiou. Highly inductive Ambient Temperature Molten Salts. Inorg. Chem.,1996(35): 1168-1178
22 ThomasW. Room temperature ionic liquids solvents for synthesis and catalysis. Chem. Rev., 1999, 99(8): 2071-2083
23 Sandeep Kumar, Santanu Kumar Pal. Synthesis and characterization of novel imidazolium based ionic discotic liquid crystals with a triphenylene moiety. Tetrahdron Letters., 2005, 1:2607-2610
24 Souza Roberto F, Padilha Janine C, GoncalvesReinaldo S. Room temperature dialky-limidazolium ionic liquid based fuel cells. Electrochemistry Communications, 2003, 5(8): 728-731
25 Holbrey J D, Seddon K R. The Phase behaviour of 1—alkyl—3—methylimidazolium tetrafluorob—Orates: ionic liquids and ionic liquid crystals. Chem Soc. Dalton Trans, 1999: 2133-2139
26 Varma R. S, Namboodiri V. V., An expeditious solvent—free route to ionic liquids using microwaves. Chem. Commun., 2001: 643-644
27 Namboodiri V. V., Varma R. S., Microwave—assisted preparation of dialkyl imidazolium tetrachloroaluminates and their use as catalysts in the solvent—free tetrahydranylation of alcohols and phenols. Chem. Commurn., 2002: 342-343
28 Katayama Y., Dan S., Miura T. Electrochemical behavior of silver in 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium terafluororate molten salt. Eiectrochem. Soc., 2001(142): 102-105
29 M Deetlefs, K R Seddon. Improved preparations of ionic liquids using microwave irradiation. Green Chem., 2003(5): 181-186
30 N E Leadbeater, H M Torenius, H Tye. Ionic liquids as reagents and solvents in conjunction with microwave heating: rapid synthesis of alkyl halides from alcohols and nitriles from aryl halides. Tetrahedron, 2003, 59(13): 2253-2258
31 J M Leveque, J L Luche, C Petrier. An improved preparation of ionic liquids by ultrasound. Green Chem., 2002,4:357-360
32 Freemantle M. Eyes on ionic liquids nato workshop examines the industrial potential of green chemistry using room temperature"designer solvents".Chemical Engineering News.,2000,78(20): 37-50
33 Freemantle M. Buffered ionic liquid boosts catalysts activity. Chemical Engineering News,1999,77(9): 11-12
34 Ohno Hiroyuki. Organic ionic liquid as clean solvent. Petrotech(Tokyo),2000,23(7): 556-561
35 张红卫，陈卫东，丁晓峰．铝电解电容器的发展．电子元件与材料．1998，23-24
36 陈国光，曹婉真．电解电容器．第一版．西安：西安交通大学出版社．1994
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