复合激光诱导荧光定量标定技术及其对柴油喷雾特性研究的应用
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摘要
低温燃烧概念给出了实现内燃机高效、低污染的新途径,是目前国际内燃机界研究的热点。但是在柴油机上实现低温燃烧仍有许多理论和技术上的难题。全历程加速油气混合,提高喷雾和环境气体之间的混合速率是实现低温燃烧,控制燃烧速度和始点的重要技术手段之一。本文应用复合激光诱导荧光技术,以MULINBUMP-HCCI复合燃烧系统为研究对象,通过光学测量喷雾气相、液相图像、获得喷雾特性信息的方法,开展柴油喷雾基础理论及其控制技术的研究,为全历程加速油气混合提出控制方法和策略手段。
为了研究蒸发喷雾的喷雾特性,模拟发动机中的高温、高压环境,本研究设计开发了定容燃烧弹实验装置,并建立起一套围绕定容燃烧弹开展的复合激光诱导荧光实验系统。该系统能实现柴油喷雾气相、液相浓度场的同时测量;定容燃烧弹最高爆发压力14Mpa、最高模拟温度可达1200K;还开发了一套脉动燃油喷射系统,通过大小活塞面积比为7.5:1或10.5:1的增压装置,可实现高压燃油喷射;另外还开发了实验信号控制系统,可以实现喷油、点火、激光、拍摄、充气等多项工作的信号协同处理。
研究中应用复合激光诱导荧光技术建立起了荧光强度和荧光物质浓度间定量标定的研究方法,获得柴油喷雾气相、液相浓度量化数值,并针对影响定量标定的各种控制参数和影响因素开展了量化研究。实验中,研究了气相荧光强度和荧光物质浓度间系数Kvapor随环境条件变化的情况,并发现,系数Kvapor随环境压力升高而降低,高环境温度下这种效果更为明显,系数Kvapor下降趋势更快;环境气体成分的变化对系数Kvapor并没有明显影响;环境温度升高使得系数Kvapor呈现先上升后下降的趋势,600K左右是拐点位置。最终,根据实验结果建立了系数Kvapor的受环境温度和环境压力影响的三维Map图,并应用其获得喷雾气相当量比浓度数值和液相浓度数值的定量结果。
在改变喷射控制参数和环境参数的喷雾特性研究中,应用定量标定的实验结果深入开展了喷油压力、喷孔孔径、环境压力、环境密度和环境温度对喷雾各个特性参数影响的实验研究。研究中发现,提高喷射压力能提高了喷雾动能,加速液相喷雾的破碎、促进液相蒸发形成气相喷雾,提高喷雾贯穿速率,有利于较均匀的喷雾的形成;小孔径的喷油嘴,由于较短的贯穿距离和喷雾锥角,减弱了喷雾和空气的混合条件、降低了扩散速率,但另一方面,小孔径喷油嘴又促进了喷雾的破碎和蒸发,使得气相喷雾分布均匀程度明显提高,高浓区域浓度值下降;环境密度高的条件下喷雾的贯穿距离明显减小,这样虽然导致喷雾的扩散速率降低,但由于单位体积内气体量的大幅增加,加快了环境气体和喷雾之间的互相作用,更容易形成气相,分布也更为均匀;环境温度对喷雾的蒸发速率起到关键作用,液相喷雾贯穿距离随温度升高而减小,喷雾锥角变大,同时,气相最大当量比出现时间提前,这些说明环境温度升高,加速了环境气体和喷雾间的热交换,提高了喷雾的蒸发速率,最终促进气相快速形成。
在光学发动机实验中发现,BUMP燃烧室限流沿能剥离撞壁喷雾,形成空间二次射流,加速了喷雾和空气间的混合,这种效果在喷油压力提高的条件下,尤其明显。但是有使限流沿有效工作的最小高度存在,并且合适的二次撞壁距离是形成理想的二次射流的关键。另外,多切片扫描(CT)技术可以实现喷雾三维浓度场数据的获得,为分析喷雾特性提出了一个新的分析角度和可能性。
Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) engines are being paid much attention and widely investigated due to their potential of high thermal efficiency and very low emissions of NOx and particulate matter (PM). However, for the diesel-fuel LTC engines, there are still some critical problems that need to be solved. Improvement of the mixing rate between spray and air over the whole injection and ignition period is one of the most important technique to realize LTC and control the combustion rate and ignition time. In this study, both the essential characteristics and control approaches of diesel-spray were investigated by Planar Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence technique by measuring the images of liquid and vapor phase of spray. A constant vessel which designed to simulate the high temperature and pressure environment in diesel engine was developed and Planar Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence system was established for the investigation of evaporated diesel spray. Liquid and vapor phase of spray can be measured simultaneously and the highest ignition pressure of constant vessel can reach up to 14Mpa and simulated temperature up to 1200K. Also, the pulse fuel injection system was developed with the 7.5:1 and 10.5:1 pressure amplifier equipment. And the signal control system for ignition, laser, injection, imaging, gas filling is established to arrange the signal timing according to the need of experiments.
The quantitative calibration method for PLIEF was developed and established to acquire the relation betweent the fluorescence and concentration of spray, i.e. to get the coefficient Kvapor. Quantitative concentration distribution of vapor and liquid-phase spray were acquired by the method. Also, the factors which had effect on the calibration were investigated during the experiments. It was found that with the increasing of ambient pressure the Kvapor decreased and at higher ambient temperature the faster rate of the decreasing. And ambient gas component had no influence on the Kvapor. The enhancement of ambient temperature promoted the K before 600K and lower the Kvapor after 600K which is the inflexion. According the results the 3-D Map about ambient temperature and pressure for Kvapor was established and the quantitative information of spray concentration can be acquired from the 3-D Map.
In the research of evaporated spray characteristics some injection parameters such as injection pressure and nozzle diameters, and ambient parameters such as ambient pressure, density and temperature were investigated by using the quantitative calibration results. It was found that the improvement of injection pressure promoted the kinetic energy of the spray and the penetration rate of vapor-phase was enhanced. It also affected the breakup of liquid-phase so as to accerelate the form of vapor-phase and increased the homogeneity of the spray as a result. Smaller injector nozzle diameter shorten the penetration and narrow the angle of the spray. The mixing condition between fuel and air was deteriorated. But on the other hand the breakup and evaporation of liquid-phase was enhanced clearly because of smaller nozzle. The vapor-phase of spray distributed more homogeneously. The shorter penetration was got with the higher density of ambient gas so as to the diffusion rate decreased. But the mixing rate of fuel and air increased because of higher density environment bring more gas in constant space volume. Ambient temperature had a key effect on the evaporating rate of the spray. The liquid penetration was shorten and max equivalence appeared earlier with the increasing of ambient temperature. It proved that the temperature enhancement promoted the heat exchange between fuel and air. Therefore the evaporating rate was increased and the form of vapor-phase became easier and faster.
In the experiment in optical engine it was found that the bump ring in the BUMP combustion chamber can strip off the wall jet to form secondary jet and after the impingement more homogeneous and broader distribution of vapor was formed. And this effect was significantly enhanced with the rising of injection pressure. But there was a minimal height of bump and appropriate secondary distance existing for the bump ring to work effectively. CT technique can acquire the 3-D distribution of spray with different sheet position betweent laser and spray. It provided the new way for analysis the spray characteristics and in favor of acquirement of precise information of the spray.
为了研究蒸发喷雾的喷雾特性,模拟发动机中的高温、高压环境,本研究设计开发了定容燃烧弹实验装置,并建立起一套围绕定容燃烧弹开展的复合激光诱导荧光实验系统。该系统能实现柴油喷雾气相、液相浓度场的同时测量;定容燃烧弹最高爆发压力14Mpa、最高模拟温度可达1200K;还开发了一套脉动燃油喷射系统,通过大小活塞面积比为7.5:1或10.5:1的增压装置,可实现高压燃油喷射;另外还开发了实验信号控制系统,可以实现喷油、点火、激光、拍摄、充气等多项工作的信号协同处理。
研究中应用复合激光诱导荧光技术建立起了荧光强度和荧光物质浓度间定量标定的研究方法,获得柴油喷雾气相、液相浓度量化数值,并针对影响定量标定的各种控制参数和影响因素开展了量化研究。实验中,研究了气相荧光强度和荧光物质浓度间系数Kvapor随环境条件变化的情况,并发现,系数Kvapor随环境压力升高而降低,高环境温度下这种效果更为明显,系数Kvapor下降趋势更快;环境气体成分的变化对系数Kvapor并没有明显影响;环境温度升高使得系数Kvapor呈现先上升后下降的趋势,600K左右是拐点位置。最终,根据实验结果建立了系数Kvapor的受环境温度和环境压力影响的三维Map图,并应用其获得喷雾气相当量比浓度数值和液相浓度数值的定量结果。
在改变喷射控制参数和环境参数的喷雾特性研究中,应用定量标定的实验结果深入开展了喷油压力、喷孔孔径、环境压力、环境密度和环境温度对喷雾各个特性参数影响的实验研究。研究中发现,提高喷射压力能提高了喷雾动能,加速液相喷雾的破碎、促进液相蒸发形成气相喷雾,提高喷雾贯穿速率,有利于较均匀的喷雾的形成;小孔径的喷油嘴,由于较短的贯穿距离和喷雾锥角,减弱了喷雾和空气的混合条件、降低了扩散速率,但另一方面,小孔径喷油嘴又促进了喷雾的破碎和蒸发,使得气相喷雾分布均匀程度明显提高,高浓区域浓度值下降;环境密度高的条件下喷雾的贯穿距离明显减小,这样虽然导致喷雾的扩散速率降低,但由于单位体积内气体量的大幅增加,加快了环境气体和喷雾之间的互相作用,更容易形成气相,分布也更为均匀;环境温度对喷雾的蒸发速率起到关键作用,液相喷雾贯穿距离随温度升高而减小,喷雾锥角变大,同时,气相最大当量比出现时间提前,这些说明环境温度升高,加速了环境气体和喷雾间的热交换,提高了喷雾的蒸发速率,最终促进气相快速形成。
在光学发动机实验中发现,BUMP燃烧室限流沿能剥离撞壁喷雾,形成空间二次射流,加速了喷雾和空气间的混合,这种效果在喷油压力提高的条件下,尤其明显。但是有使限流沿有效工作的最小高度存在,并且合适的二次撞壁距离是形成理想的二次射流的关键。另外,多切片扫描(CT)技术可以实现喷雾三维浓度场数据的获得,为分析喷雾特性提出了一个新的分析角度和可能性。
Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) engines are being paid much attention and widely investigated due to their potential of high thermal efficiency and very low emissions of NOx and particulate matter (PM). However, for the diesel-fuel LTC engines, there are still some critical problems that need to be solved. Improvement of the mixing rate between spray and air over the whole injection and ignition period is one of the most important technique to realize LTC and control the combustion rate and ignition time. In this study, both the essential characteristics and control approaches of diesel-spray were investigated by Planar Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence technique by measuring the images of liquid and vapor phase of spray. A constant vessel which designed to simulate the high temperature and pressure environment in diesel engine was developed and Planar Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence system was established for the investigation of evaporated diesel spray. Liquid and vapor phase of spray can be measured simultaneously and the highest ignition pressure of constant vessel can reach up to 14Mpa and simulated temperature up to 1200K. Also, the pulse fuel injection system was developed with the 7.5:1 and 10.5:1 pressure amplifier equipment. And the signal control system for ignition, laser, injection, imaging, gas filling is established to arrange the signal timing according to the need of experiments.
The quantitative calibration method for PLIEF was developed and established to acquire the relation betweent the fluorescence and concentration of spray, i.e. to get the coefficient Kvapor. Quantitative concentration distribution of vapor and liquid-phase spray were acquired by the method. Also, the factors which had effect on the calibration were investigated during the experiments. It was found that with the increasing of ambient pressure the Kvapor decreased and at higher ambient temperature the faster rate of the decreasing. And ambient gas component had no influence on the Kvapor. The enhancement of ambient temperature promoted the K before 600K and lower the Kvapor after 600K which is the inflexion. According the results the 3-D Map about ambient temperature and pressure for Kvapor was established and the quantitative information of spray concentration can be acquired from the 3-D Map.
In the research of evaporated spray characteristics some injection parameters such as injection pressure and nozzle diameters, and ambient parameters such as ambient pressure, density and temperature were investigated by using the quantitative calibration results. It was found that the improvement of injection pressure promoted the kinetic energy of the spray and the penetration rate of vapor-phase was enhanced. It also affected the breakup of liquid-phase so as to accerelate the form of vapor-phase and increased the homogeneity of the spray as a result. Smaller injector nozzle diameter shorten the penetration and narrow the angle of the spray. The mixing condition between fuel and air was deteriorated. But on the other hand the breakup and evaporation of liquid-phase was enhanced clearly because of smaller nozzle. The vapor-phase of spray distributed more homogeneously. The shorter penetration was got with the higher density of ambient gas so as to the diffusion rate decreased. But the mixing rate of fuel and air increased because of higher density environment bring more gas in constant space volume. Ambient temperature had a key effect on the evaporating rate of the spray. The liquid penetration was shorten and max equivalence appeared earlier with the increasing of ambient temperature. It proved that the temperature enhancement promoted the heat exchange between fuel and air. Therefore the evaporating rate was increased and the form of vapor-phase became easier and faster.
In the experiment in optical engine it was found that the bump ring in the BUMP combustion chamber can strip off the wall jet to form secondary jet and after the impingement more homogeneous and broader distribution of vapor was formed. And this effect was significantly enhanced with the rising of injection pressure. But there was a minimal height of bump and appropriate secondary distance existing for the bump ring to work effectively. CT technique can acquire the 3-D distribution of spray with different sheet position betweent laser and spray. It provided the new way for analysis the spray characteristics and in favor of acquirement of precise information of the spray.
引文
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