蜂窝状生物质燃料及其生产设备的研制
摘要
据专家估计，地球上蕴藏的可开发利用的煤和石油等化石燃料将分别在200年和30-40年以内耗竭，而天然气按储采比也只能用60年。所以，能源短缺将成为制约现代经济、社会发展的主要因素，因此，寻找开发新型能源迫在眉睫。在17世纪末大规模用煤之前，人类用能以生物质为主，然而即便是现在，生物质能在世界总能耗中仍占14％，相当于20.82亿吨标煤，而在发展中国家所占比例则更为突出，大约为35％，相当于16.97亿吨标煤，也就是说，目前全世界大约有25亿人用生物质做饭、取暖和照明。但生物质的利用量还不到其年总产量1200亿吨的1％。由此可知，生物质能的开发利用前景十分广阔。
过去我国农村生活用能年均燃烧秸秆约4．3亿T。然而随着社会、经济的发展和人们环保意识的普遍提高，富裕的农家炊事和取暖已不再烧柴火，致使大部分秸秆闲置堆放、占用耕地，既浪费能源和宝贵的土地资源，又潜在无数的隐患，滥烧秸秆的现象日趋严重，与此有关的火灾年年屡有发生。因此，为解决此问题，很有必要为农村秸秆高效利用提供一条切实可行的途径。
针对此问题，本文提出了蜂窝状生物质燃料的配方及成型原理和技术。即采用添加消烟助燃剂、粘结剂等化学氧化剂，通过实验及分析其燃烧性质，从而选出一套合理的配方。并且依据配方，设计出一套生产率为16块/分的蜂窝状生物质成型装置。整套装置主要包括给料装置、压缩成型装置、出料装置等部分。
According to estimate, the containing coal and oil that can be exploited in the world will be exhausted in 200 years and 30-40 years respectively, moreover, natural gas can only be used 60 years at the ratio of store-pick, therefore, the short of energy will be one of important factors that impedes the development of human society, so it is imperative to discover and exploit new energy. Biomass energy is the main energy used by mankind before the late of 17th century, even today, the utilization of biomass energy still accounts for 14 percent in the world energy consumption, to be equal to 20.82 hundred million tons coal equivalent, however, the ratio in developing countries is bigger, it accounts for 35 percent in total energy consumptions, to be equal to 16.97 hundred million tons coal equivalent. That is to say, there is about 25 hundred million people using biomass energy for cooking, warming and lighting, but the quantity is less than 1 percent in general annual production. In conclusion, the
prospects of using biomass energy are very widely.
There is about 4. 3 hundred million tons biomass straw fired in our country every year. Biomass such as straw, sawdust etc
is burned directly resulting in air pollution as well as waste of energy, however, with the development of society and economy as well as the progress of people' s consciousness about environmental protection, the rich has not fired firewood for cooking and warming, as a result, much straw is discarded here and there. This not only wastes energy but also hides much danger, therefore, it is imperative for us to find a practicable solution to solve this problem.
This discourse comprises prescription of honeycomb-shaped biomass fuel and the designing of the matched equipment. We develop a set of practicable prescription which is composed of eliminating smoke combustion-supporting regent and felt regent as well as chemical oxidant by the analysis of combustion mechanism. We design a set of machine whose productivity is 16 pieces of pellets per minute in terms of biomass specific property. This equipment is composed of providing stuff setting, condensation molding fitting and transport product set, and so on. It compresses loose biomass materials to closer ones which not only improve its combustion characteristic but also make it convenient to carry, as a result, it will benefit to environmental protection and sustainable economy development. In a word, this achievement is worthy to be popularized in our country.
过去我国农村生活用能年均燃烧秸秆约4．3亿T。然而随着社会、经济的发展和人们环保意识的普遍提高，富裕的农家炊事和取暖已不再烧柴火，致使大部分秸秆闲置堆放、占用耕地，既浪费能源和宝贵的土地资源，又潜在无数的隐患，滥烧秸秆的现象日趋严重，与此有关的火灾年年屡有发生。因此，为解决此问题，很有必要为农村秸秆高效利用提供一条切实可行的途径。
针对此问题，本文提出了蜂窝状生物质燃料的配方及成型原理和技术。即采用添加消烟助燃剂、粘结剂等化学氧化剂，通过实验及分析其燃烧性质，从而选出一套合理的配方。并且依据配方，设计出一套生产率为16块/分的蜂窝状生物质成型装置。整套装置主要包括给料装置、压缩成型装置、出料装置等部分。
According to estimate, the containing coal and oil that can be exploited in the world will be exhausted in 200 years and 30-40 years respectively, moreover, natural gas can only be used 60 years at the ratio of store-pick, therefore, the short of energy will be one of important factors that impedes the development of human society, so it is imperative to discover and exploit new energy. Biomass energy is the main energy used by mankind before the late of 17th century, even today, the utilization of biomass energy still accounts for 14 percent in the world energy consumption, to be equal to 20.82 hundred million tons coal equivalent, however, the ratio in developing countries is bigger, it accounts for 35 percent in total energy consumptions, to be equal to 16.97 hundred million tons coal equivalent. That is to say, there is about 25 hundred million people using biomass energy for cooking, warming and lighting, but the quantity is less than 1 percent in general annual production. In conclusion, the
prospects of using biomass energy are very widely.
There is about 4. 3 hundred million tons biomass straw fired in our country every year. Biomass such as straw, sawdust etc
is burned directly resulting in air pollution as well as waste of energy, however, with the development of society and economy as well as the progress of people' s consciousness about environmental protection, the rich has not fired firewood for cooking and warming, as a result, much straw is discarded here and there. This not only wastes energy but also hides much danger, therefore, it is imperative for us to find a practicable solution to solve this problem.
This discourse comprises prescription of honeycomb-shaped biomass fuel and the designing of the matched equipment. We develop a set of practicable prescription which is composed of eliminating smoke combustion-supporting regent and felt regent as well as chemical oxidant by the analysis of combustion mechanism. We design a set of machine whose productivity is 16 pieces of pellets per minute in terms of biomass specific property. This equipment is composed of providing stuff setting, condensation molding fitting and transport product set, and so on. It compresses loose biomass materials to closer ones which not only improve its combustion characteristic but also make it convenient to carry, as a result, it will benefit to environmental protection and sustainable economy development. In a word, this achievement is worthy to be popularized in our country.
引文
1．马经国著。新能源技术，南京：江苏科学出版社，1992
2．张百良著。农村能源工程学，北京：中国能源出版社，1999
3．易维明。生物质利用导论，北京：中国农业出版社，1996
4．张无敌等。生物质潜力及其能源转换。自然资源，1996(4)：22-25
5．龚运淮，陈惠泉等。生物质能源的开发前景。云南化工，1995，23-25
6．丁素珍，王孟杰。生物质能的开发与利用。农业工程学报，1993，Vol．9，No．4：51-57
7．徐康富，龙兴。浅谈生物质型煤利用生物质能的意义及环保效益。能源研究和利用，1996，No．3：3-6
8．夏朝凤等。全球城市固体废弃物及其能源潜力概述。云南师范大学学报，1998，18(2)，32-35
9. N K Bansal M Kleemann. M Meliss. Renewable Energy Sources and Conversion Technology. pellets cob
10. Amand L E, Andersson S, Emission of Nitrous Oxide(N_2O)from Fluidized Bed Boilers. In Arnold M Med. Proceeding of the 1989 International Conference on Fluidized Bed combustion. San Francisco, California. New York: The America Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989,49～56
11. Muxio L J, Teague M E, Kramlich J C, et al. Errore in Grab Sample Measurements of N_2O from combustion Sources. JACPA, 1989,39(3),287～293
12．刘知新等编．基础化学实验大全．北京：北京教育出版社，1991，581～590
13．江淑琴，生物质燃料燃烧热值的测定。新能源，1991，13(7)：34-36
14．刘伟军，刘兴家。生物质型煤燃烧污染特性的理论分析研究。洁净煤技术，1998，Vol．4，No．4：40-44
15. J.M. Ebeling. B.M. Jenkins. 1985. Physical and Chemical Properties of Biomass Fuels
16. Lavrov N V. The Mechanism of Reactions Taking Place Combustion of a Solid Fuel.
CA 61～64
17. Field M A. Combustion of Pulverized Coal. BCURA, Leatherhead. Surrey (1967)
18．Zelkowski J著．煤的燃烧理论与技术．华东化工学院出版社．1989
19．张天立。消烟除尘与环境保护，杭州：浙江大学出版社，1996
20．张香兰，徐德平，许志华等。生物质型煤粘结剂的研究。煤炭加工与综合利用，2000(4)
21．李爱民。民用型煤复合粘结剂与成型工艺参数的研究。煤炭加工与综合利用，1998(1)
22. Richards S R. Physical testing of fuel briquettes [J]. Fuel Processing Technology. 1990,25:89～100
23．郭康权，赵东等。植物材料压缩成型时粒子的变形及结合形式。农业工程学报，1995，Vol．11，No．1：139-143
24. Pedersen L S, Nielsen H P, Kiil S, et al. Full-Scale CO-Firing of Straw and Coal. Fuel, 1996,75(13),1584～1590
25．王春光，杨明韶等。农业纤维物料压缩流变研究现状。农业机械学报，1998，Vol．29(1)：141-143
26．[英]E G费希尔著．张兆贵译．塑料挤出．北京：轻工业出版社，1989，65～67
27. A.N.g. Rahman, M A. Masood, C.S.N. Prasad, M. Vankatesham, Influence of size and shape on the strength of briquettes, Fuel Processing Technol. 23(1990)185
28．郭康权，佐竹隆显等。农林废弃物粉碎后的压缩特性。农业工程学报，1994，Vol．10(增刊)：140-145
29．李保谦，张百良，马孝琴等。液压驱动式秸秆成型技术研究及其产业化。2000年国际可再生能源研讨会论文集
30．何元斌．生物质压缩成型燃料及成型技术．农村能源．1995，No．5 12～14
31．王民，郭康权等。秸秆制作成型燃料的试验研究。农业工程学报 1993，Vol．9，No．1：99-103
32．孟庆兰，农业废弃物综合利用技术的试验研究。农业工程学报，1994，Vol．10，No．2：78-82
33．周佩成，安立人等。生物可燃废弃物成型过程的研究。农机与食品机械，1995，No．4：13-14
34. I.E. Smith, S.D. Probert, R.J. Hansford, The briquetting of wheat straw, J. Agric. Eng. Res. 22(1997)105
35．吴文渊等。采用流化床技术开发利用生物质能。新能源，1994(10)：12-16
36．袁志发等．试验设计与分析．北京：高等教育出版社，2001，292～299
37．唐焕文等编．数学模型引论．北京：高等教育出版社，2001，278～284
38．张永照，刘全胜，张永福等。废弃物燃烧特性的试验研究及废料锅炉设计。动力工程，1994，14(1)：42-46
39．陈冠益，方梦祥等。燃用稻壳硫化床的燃烧特性研究。燃烧科学与研究，1998，Vol．4，No．2：193-198
40．张殿军，陈之航。生物质燃烧技术的应用。能源研究与信息，1999，15(3)：15-21
41．郭康权等．2，3种农林废弃物的颗粒成型．(日)粉体公学会志．1988，25(12)：800～803
42. J F Kreider and F Kreith "solar Heating and Cooling" Hemisphere Publishing Corp. Washington D C 1987,32～35
43．汪恺主编．机械设计标准应用手册，机械工业出版社，1997，12-12，12-15，20-152．GB1157-89 GB1222
44．孟庆兰。生物质压块积压部件结构参数的优化设计。农业工程学报，1994，Vol．10(4)：142-147
45．单辉祖．材料力学．北京：高等教育出版社，1999，28～32，118，238～239，268～272，273～276，277～280
46．张百良主编．能源技术经济及管理．北京：中国农业出版社，1995，92-122
47．郑戈，杨世关，孔书轩等。生物质压缩成型技术的发展与分析。河南农业大学学报，1998，Vol．10，No．3：121-126
48．张正敏，邓可蕴，Ralph.Overend著。中国生物质能技术商业化设计。北京：中国环境出版社
2．张百良著。农村能源工程学，北京：中国能源出版社，1999
3．易维明。生物质利用导论，北京：中国农业出版社，1996
4．张无敌等。生物质潜力及其能源转换。自然资源，1996(4)：22-25
5．龚运淮，陈惠泉等。生物质能源的开发前景。云南化工，1995，23-25
6．丁素珍，王孟杰。生物质能的开发与利用。农业工程学报，1993，Vol．9，No．4：51-57
7．徐康富，龙兴。浅谈生物质型煤利用生物质能的意义及环保效益。能源研究和利用，1996，No．3：3-6
8．夏朝凤等。全球城市固体废弃物及其能源潜力概述。云南师范大学学报，1998，18(2)，32-35
9. N K Bansal M Kleemann. M Meliss. Renewable Energy Sources and Conversion Technology. pellets cob
10. Amand L E, Andersson S, Emission of Nitrous Oxide(N_2O)from Fluidized Bed Boilers. In Arnold M Med. Proceeding of the 1989 International Conference on Fluidized Bed combustion. San Francisco, California. New York: The America Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989,49～56
11. Muxio L J, Teague M E, Kramlich J C, et al. Errore in Grab Sample Measurements of N_2O from combustion Sources. JACPA, 1989,39(3),287～293
12．刘知新等编．基础化学实验大全．北京：北京教育出版社，1991，581～590
13．江淑琴，生物质燃料燃烧热值的测定。新能源，1991，13(7)：34-36
14．刘伟军，刘兴家。生物质型煤燃烧污染特性的理论分析研究。洁净煤技术，1998，Vol．4，No．4：40-44
15. J.M. Ebeling. B.M. Jenkins. 1985. Physical and Chemical Properties of Biomass Fuels
16. Lavrov N V. The Mechanism of Reactions Taking Place Combustion of a Solid Fuel.
CA 61～64
17. Field M A. Combustion of Pulverized Coal. BCURA, Leatherhead. Surrey (1967)
18．Zelkowski J著．煤的燃烧理论与技术．华东化工学院出版社．1989
19．张天立。消烟除尘与环境保护，杭州：浙江大学出版社，1996
20．张香兰，徐德平，许志华等。生物质型煤粘结剂的研究。煤炭加工与综合利用，2000(4)
21．李爱民。民用型煤复合粘结剂与成型工艺参数的研究。煤炭加工与综合利用，1998(1)
22. Richards S R. Physical testing of fuel briquettes [J]. Fuel Processing Technology. 1990,25:89～100
23．郭康权，赵东等。植物材料压缩成型时粒子的变形及结合形式。农业工程学报，1995，Vol．11，No．1：139-143
24. Pedersen L S, Nielsen H P, Kiil S, et al. Full-Scale CO-Firing of Straw and Coal. Fuel, 1996,75(13),1584～1590
25．王春光，杨明韶等。农业纤维物料压缩流变研究现状。农业机械学报，1998，Vol．29(1)：141-143
26．[英]E G费希尔著．张兆贵译．塑料挤出．北京：轻工业出版社，1989，65～67
27. A.N.g. Rahman, M A. Masood, C.S.N. Prasad, M. Vankatesham, Influence of size and shape on the strength of briquettes, Fuel Processing Technol. 23(1990)185
28．郭康权，佐竹隆显等。农林废弃物粉碎后的压缩特性。农业工程学报，1994，Vol．10(增刊)：140-145
29．李保谦，张百良，马孝琴等。液压驱动式秸秆成型技术研究及其产业化。2000年国际可再生能源研讨会论文集
30．何元斌．生物质压缩成型燃料及成型技术．农村能源．1995，No．5 12～14
31．王民，郭康权等。秸秆制作成型燃料的试验研究。农业工程学报 1993，Vol．9，No．1：99-103
32．孟庆兰，农业废弃物综合利用技术的试验研究。农业工程学报，1994，Vol．10，No．2：78-82
33．周佩成，安立人等。生物可燃废弃物成型过程的研究。农机与食品机械，1995，No．4：13-14
34. I.E. Smith, S.D. Probert, R.J. Hansford, The briquetting of wheat straw, J. Agric. Eng. Res. 22(1997)105
35．吴文渊等。采用流化床技术开发利用生物质能。新能源，1994(10)：12-16
36．袁志发等．试验设计与分析．北京：高等教育出版社，2001，292～299
37．唐焕文等编．数学模型引论．北京：高等教育出版社，2001，278～284
38．张永照，刘全胜，张永福等。废弃物燃烧特性的试验研究及废料锅炉设计。动力工程，1994，14(1)：42-46
39．陈冠益，方梦祥等。燃用稻壳硫化床的燃烧特性研究。燃烧科学与研究，1998，Vol．4，No．2：193-198
40．张殿军，陈之航。生物质燃烧技术的应用。能源研究与信息，1999，15(3)：15-21
41．郭康权等．2，3种农林废弃物的颗粒成型．(日)粉体公学会志．1988，25(12)：800～803
42. J F Kreider and F Kreith "solar Heating and Cooling" Hemisphere Publishing Corp. Washington D C 1987,32～35
43．汪恺主编．机械设计标准应用手册，机械工业出版社，1997，12-12，12-15，20-152．GB1157-89 GB1222
44．孟庆兰。生物质压块积压部件结构参数的优化设计。农业工程学报，1994，Vol．10(4)：142-147
45．单辉祖．材料力学．北京：高等教育出版社，1999，28～32，118，238～239，268～272，273～276，277～280
46．张百良主编．能源技术经济及管理．北京：中国农业出版社，1995，92-122
47．郑戈，杨世关，孔书轩等。生物质压缩成型技术的发展与分析。河南农业大学学报，1998，Vol．10，No．3：121-126
48．张正敏，邓可蕴，Ralph.Overend著。中国生物质能技术商业化设计。北京：中国环境出版社