复合生物反应器—膜分离技术处理城市污水的试验研究
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摘要
本论文是国家自然科学基金重点项目“西部干旱缺水地区水资源再生利用研究”的专题之一,针对城市污水的特点,采用复合淹没式膜生物反应器中试装置对其进行了处理试验与回用研究。复合膜生物反应器是在传统活性污泥反应器中投加悬浮载体,形成悬浮生长的活性污泥和附着生长的生物膜两种微生物共同承担生物降解的作用,并将淹没式微滤(MF)膜组件安置于复合生物反应器内,以实现固液分离的目的。
对复合生物反应器和活性污泥反应器处理城市污水的功效进行了对比试验,探讨了复合生物反应器中微生物比耗氧速率与出水底物浓度之间的相关关系;研究了复合淹没式膜生物反应器处理城市污水及回用的特性,从微生物维持能角度出发,计算了系统的维持能和污泥产率系数;分析了复合系统微生物组成的特点,对同时硝化反硝化的现象和机理进行了研究,并对其动力学问题进行了数学描述;对影响膜污染的一些控制因素进行了试验检验,建立了膜过滤污染机理评价模型;初步分析了膜生物反应器污水处理系统的技术经济性。论文的主要工作及其成果包括以下几个方面:
1.在对等的试验条件下,对复合生物反应器和传统活性反应器两系统处理城市污水的功效进行了对比分析。试验表明复合生物反应器出水中色度、COD、TOC、NH_3-N的浓度比活性污泥反应器低,证明HBR系统比CAS系统具有较高的污染物去除能力和较强的抗冲击负荷能力,硝化作用显著。因生物膜的存在,HBR改善了活性污泥易膨胀、流失和沉降性差等缺点,使HBR系统比活性污泥系统具有更佳的运行稳定性。对好氧复合生物处理系统而言,微生物的比耗氧速率更能准确地反映其活性程度,且微生物的比耗氧速率与出水底物COD之间存在Monod关系。复合生物反应器生物降解过程中,生物膜起着重要作用。
2.采用复合淹没式膜生物反应器试验装置在西安市北石桥污水净化中心对城市污水进行了处理试验。试验结果表明,系统出水浊度小于1NTU(平均值为0.59NTU),SS未检出,色度值在9-39度之间(平均值为30度),COD浓度为6.0-22.8mg/L(平均值为14.5mg/L,去除率达95.5%),NH_3-N浓度在0.1-1.6mg/L之间(平均去除率为97.8%),TN浓度在
This dissertation is a component of the key project 'Study on the recycling and reuse of water resources for the arid and water-deficient area in west China' founded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). A hybrid submerged membrane bioreactor (HSMBR) was devised for municipal wastewater treatment and reuse, combining both suspended growth-activated sludge and attached growth-biofilm in one bioreactor by adding suspended carriers into the mixed suspension, a submerged MF membrane module was equipped in the bioreactor for solid/liquid separation.The comparison of treated effects between hybrid bioreactor (HBR) and conventional activated sludge bioreactor (CAS) was analyzed. The properties of the HSMBR process for municipal wastewater treatment and reuse was studied, the coefficient of maintenance, E, and the theoretical conversion (sludge) yield, y, were therefore calculated on the basis of the maintenance energy of bacteria in growing cultures. In addition, the microorganism characteristics and these simultaneous nitrification and denitrification were studied, and the kinetics was described mathematically. The controlling parameters on membrane fouling were detected experimentally. Finally, the primary cost analysis of membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment was evaluated. The main results of this study are as follows:1. The efficiencies of HBR and CAS for wastewater treatment were compared at parallel operational conditions. The experimental results showed that the color, COD, TOC and NH3-N of effluent in HBR system were lower than that in CAS system as well as increased organics removal and shock loading rate, marked nitrification. The attached growth-biofilm in HBR system can improved the disadvantages caused by sludge expansion and poor settlement, with the result of good operational stability in HBR process. According to the aerobic HBR system, the SOUR can reflects the extent of microbial viability and activity and the SOUR can be related to the equilibrium substrate concentration similar to the classical Monod equation. The biofilm plays a main role in biodegradation comparison with activated sludge.
2. The HSMBR process was experimented for municipal wastewater treatment in Xi'an Beishiqiao Wastewater Purification Center. The results show that, the filtrate turbidity was always lower than 1 NTU (average turbidity as 0.59 NTU), showing a remarkable SS removal by the HSMBR. Regarding color, it ranged from 9 to 39 c.u. (average color as 30 c.u.) in the filtrate. The average COD removal by the HSMBR was as high as 95.5%, resulting in a residual COD in the filtrate from 6.0 to 22.8 mg/L (average as 14.5 mg/L). The disinfection of membrane achieved 3-4log removal of F. coliform. This meets the requirement for any reuse purpose with the post-disinfection process. Taking into account the particular conditions imposed by the HSMBR, the kinetics was inspired by works of Pirt's maintenance energy of bacteria, and help to arrive at two parameters, named E and y, which represent the coefficient of maintenance and the theoretical conversion yield, respectively. The calculated results indicated that E=0.0285mgCOD/mgTB.h and y=0.129mgTB/mgCOD. The conclusion can be obtained that the HSMBR process was able to adapt the changes of influent quality and quantity owing to the two smaller values than that of activated sludge MBR process.3. The characteristics of microorganism in HSMBR process were detected periodically by electronic microscope. It can be seen that the bacteria containing zoogloea and filamentous bacteria attached sludge and biofilm, and filamentous bacteria can inhabit on the biofilm prior to the sludge. The biofilm played a key role in the wastewater purification, which the microbial multiformity on attached growth was more rich than on suspended growth. The scanning electronic microscope (SEM) images showed that the biofilm flocs structures were dense compared with sludge flocs, and two flocs were consist of most micrococcus and bacterium. The quantity of micrococcus on biofilm was als
对复合生物反应器和活性污泥反应器处理城市污水的功效进行了对比试验,探讨了复合生物反应器中微生物比耗氧速率与出水底物浓度之间的相关关系;研究了复合淹没式膜生物反应器处理城市污水及回用的特性,从微生物维持能角度出发,计算了系统的维持能和污泥产率系数;分析了复合系统微生物组成的特点,对同时硝化反硝化的现象和机理进行了研究,并对其动力学问题进行了数学描述;对影响膜污染的一些控制因素进行了试验检验,建立了膜过滤污染机理评价模型;初步分析了膜生物反应器污水处理系统的技术经济性。论文的主要工作及其成果包括以下几个方面:
1.在对等的试验条件下,对复合生物反应器和传统活性反应器两系统处理城市污水的功效进行了对比分析。试验表明复合生物反应器出水中色度、COD、TOC、NH_3-N的浓度比活性污泥反应器低,证明HBR系统比CAS系统具有较高的污染物去除能力和较强的抗冲击负荷能力,硝化作用显著。因生物膜的存在,HBR改善了活性污泥易膨胀、流失和沉降性差等缺点,使HBR系统比活性污泥系统具有更佳的运行稳定性。对好氧复合生物处理系统而言,微生物的比耗氧速率更能准确地反映其活性程度,且微生物的比耗氧速率与出水底物COD之间存在Monod关系。复合生物反应器生物降解过程中,生物膜起着重要作用。
2.采用复合淹没式膜生物反应器试验装置在西安市北石桥污水净化中心对城市污水进行了处理试验。试验结果表明,系统出水浊度小于1NTU(平均值为0.59NTU),SS未检出,色度值在9-39度之间(平均值为30度),COD浓度为6.0-22.8mg/L(平均值为14.5mg/L,去除率达95.5%),NH_3-N浓度在0.1-1.6mg/L之间(平均去除率为97.8%),TN浓度在
This dissertation is a component of the key project 'Study on the recycling and reuse of water resources for the arid and water-deficient area in west China' founded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). A hybrid submerged membrane bioreactor (HSMBR) was devised for municipal wastewater treatment and reuse, combining both suspended growth-activated sludge and attached growth-biofilm in one bioreactor by adding suspended carriers into the mixed suspension, a submerged MF membrane module was equipped in the bioreactor for solid/liquid separation.The comparison of treated effects between hybrid bioreactor (HBR) and conventional activated sludge bioreactor (CAS) was analyzed. The properties of the HSMBR process for municipal wastewater treatment and reuse was studied, the coefficient of maintenance, E, and the theoretical conversion (sludge) yield, y, were therefore calculated on the basis of the maintenance energy of bacteria in growing cultures. In addition, the microorganism characteristics and these simultaneous nitrification and denitrification were studied, and the kinetics was described mathematically. The controlling parameters on membrane fouling were detected experimentally. Finally, the primary cost analysis of membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment was evaluated. The main results of this study are as follows:1. The efficiencies of HBR and CAS for wastewater treatment were compared at parallel operational conditions. The experimental results showed that the color, COD, TOC and NH3-N of effluent in HBR system were lower than that in CAS system as well as increased organics removal and shock loading rate, marked nitrification. The attached growth-biofilm in HBR system can improved the disadvantages caused by sludge expansion and poor settlement, with the result of good operational stability in HBR process. According to the aerobic HBR system, the SOUR can reflects the extent of microbial viability and activity and the SOUR can be related to the equilibrium substrate concentration similar to the classical Monod equation. The biofilm plays a main role in biodegradation comparison with activated sludge.
2. The HSMBR process was experimented for municipal wastewater treatment in Xi'an Beishiqiao Wastewater Purification Center. The results show that, the filtrate turbidity was always lower than 1 NTU (average turbidity as 0.59 NTU), showing a remarkable SS removal by the HSMBR. Regarding color, it ranged from 9 to 39 c.u. (average color as 30 c.u.) in the filtrate. The average COD removal by the HSMBR was as high as 95.5%, resulting in a residual COD in the filtrate from 6.0 to 22.8 mg/L (average as 14.5 mg/L). The disinfection of membrane achieved 3-4log removal of F. coliform. This meets the requirement for any reuse purpose with the post-disinfection process. Taking into account the particular conditions imposed by the HSMBR, the kinetics was inspired by works of Pirt's maintenance energy of bacteria, and help to arrive at two parameters, named E and y, which represent the coefficient of maintenance and the theoretical conversion yield, respectively. The calculated results indicated that E=0.0285mgCOD/mgTB.h and y=0.129mgTB/mgCOD. The conclusion can be obtained that the HSMBR process was able to adapt the changes of influent quality and quantity owing to the two smaller values than that of activated sludge MBR process.3. The characteristics of microorganism in HSMBR process were detected periodically by electronic microscope. It can be seen that the bacteria containing zoogloea and filamentous bacteria attached sludge and biofilm, and filamentous bacteria can inhabit on the biofilm prior to the sludge. The biofilm played a key role in the wastewater purification, which the microbial multiformity on attached growth was more rich than on suspended growth. The scanning electronic microscope (SEM) images showed that the biofilm flocs structures were dense compared with sludge flocs, and two flocs were consist of most micrococcus and bacterium. The quantity of micrococcus on biofilm was als
引文
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