产业集群系统演化研究
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摘要
文章以复杂系统理论、演化经济学、产业经济学和空间地理经济学为理论基础,系统分析了产业集群的复杂性特征,初步构建了产业集群系统的结构框架;主要从产业集群系统演化的结构、机制、动力和评价等方面分析了产业集群系统演化的机理。并通过实证研究,对相关理论模型进行了验证。全文研究从以下方面展开:
首先,运用复杂系统理论,分析了产业集群系统的规定性和复杂性特征,得出了产业集群是一个复杂性系统的结论。在此基础上,构建了产业集群系统的逻辑结构框架,分析了产业集群系统螺旋式动态演化的特征,及其演化的规则、过程和标度。
其次,应用复杂系统理论的突变与分岔、自组织、涌现性、协同性、非线性等相关原理,针对产业集群系统的复杂性特性,分别从产业集群系统演化的结构、机制、动力和评价四个方面对其演化的机理进行了研究。一是产业集群系统演化结构的研究。分别从产业集群系统的网络结构和空间结构两个方面了展开分析。通过网络结构反映产业集群系统内部行业间功能联系,进而反映其功能特征及其演化;通过空间结构反映产业集群系统各组成部分及其组合类型的空间相互作用和空间位置关系,以及反映这种关系的空间集聚规模和集聚程度。二是产业集群系统演化机制研究。论述了产业集群系统演化的自组织特性,得出了自组织是产业集群系统演化的基础性和根本性内在机制;构建了产业集群系统演化的自组织模型,提出了产业集群系统演化过程阶段划分的依据。三是产业集群系统演化动力研究。产业集群系统子系统间既合作又竞争的特性形成了其不断演变发展的基本动力。分析了产业集群系统协同竞争与演化的关系,分别从竞争性协同演化、合作型协同演化和竞争合作型协同演化三个视角,提出了基于Logistic模型的产业集群系统协同演化动力模型,以期探讨产业集群系统演化的动力机制。四是产业集群系统演化评价研究。构建了产业集群系统演化评价指标和模型。指标体系主要由经济效益、创新能力、集群协作和集群环境四个维度的指标组成。通过经济效益指标反映产业集群系统演化的规模和效益;通过创新能力指标反映产业集群系统竞争力和发展潜力;通过集群协作指标反映产业集群系统功能与空间联系;通过集群环境指标反映产业集群系统基础设施和集群氛围的构建。
最后,运用文章提出的产业集群系统演化结构、机制、动力和评价等理论和方法,选取了宝钛产业集群进行实证研究。宝钛产业集群是全国100强产业集群之一,有半个多世纪的演化发展历史,具有较强的代表性和典型性。实证研究对文章提出的相关理论和方法进行检验和校正。
通过从复杂理论视角对产业集群系统演化研究,可以得出以下的结论:
第一、产业集群是一个复杂系统。文章将集群视为一个系统,子系统之间、内外环境要素之间发生着复杂的相互作用,正是这种复杂的非线性相互作用,促成了产业集群系统的复杂性。第二、产业集群系统结构的演化主要决定于其网络结构和空间结构两个层面。集群系统网络结构演化反映了集群系统内部系统的发展变化;集群系统空间结构演化反映了产业集群系统内主体长期相互作用后所形成的空间集聚程度和集聚形态。第三、自组织是产业集群系统演进的基础性和根本性的内在机制。产业集群系统具有明显的自组织特性,其各要素的自发行为和其间的非线性相互作用所表现出的自组织行为推动着集群系统的不断演进成长。第四、产业集群系统演化遵循Logistic规律,其子系统间既合作又竞争的特性形成了产业集群系统不断演变发展的基本动力。第五、产业集群系统演化绩效的评价关键在于指标体系的设置。指标体系在时间上应能反映产业集群系统演化的速度和趋向,在空间上应能反映产业集群系统演化的整体布局和结构,在数量上应能反映产业集群系统演化的规模和效益,在层次上应能反映产业集群系统演化的功能和水平。
The article systematically analyzes the complex characteristics of industrial clusters, and initially constructs the structure framework of the industrial cluster system on the basis of the complex system theory, evolutionary economics, industrial economics and spatial & geographical economics theories etc.; The article also systematically analyzes the mechanism of the industrial cluster system evolution mainly according to the evolution structure, mechanism, dynamic analysis and evaluation aspects of the industrial cluster system. And through empirical research, the relevant theoretical model was verified and validated. The full text deals with various aspects as follows:
First, applying the complex system theory, the text analyzes the characteristics of the regularity and complex nature of the industrial cluster system, and obtained such a conclusion as the industrial cluster is a complex system. On this basis, the authors set up the framework of the logical structure of the industrial cluster system, and analyze the characteristics of spiral dynamic evolution and its rules of evolution, procedures, and scaling.
Secondly, applying the mutation theory of complex systems and bifurcation theory and the theories such as self-organization, emergence, collaboration nature, and other related non-linear theory, aiming at the complexity of the industrial cluster system characteristics, the authors study its mechanism of evolution respectively from four aspects i.e. the structure, mechanisms, dynamics and evaluation of industrial cluster evolution. A) The study of industrial cluster system evolution structure: the authors analyze it from three aspects, i.e. network structure, spatial structure and governance structures of the industrial cluster system. Through the network structure, the functional relationship between the trades within the Industrial cluster system can be reflected, and further reflecting the characteristics and evolution of its functions; through space structure, It reflects the industrial cluster system components and their interaction, the types of combination of space and the spatial position relationship, further reflecting the size and level of spatial concentration of this relationship; through the management structure, it reflects the governance mechanisms of the industrial cluster system, further reflecting the governance efficiency. B) The study of the industrial cluster evolution mechanism. Here it discusses the characteristics of self-organization feature of the Industrial cluster system evolution, and drew a conclusion as that the self-organization feature is the basic and fundamental internal mechanism for industrial cluster system evolution; based on this point, the self-organization model of the industrial cluster system evolution is built up, and further put forward the basis for stages division of the process of industrial cluster system evolution; C) The power/dynamics of the industrial cluster system evolution. The basic motivation of the evolving and developing of the industrial cluster system evolution is formed with cooperation and competition nature between the subsystems of the Industrial cluster system. Therefore the authors analyze the relationship between competition & collaboration and evolution of the Industrial cluster system, respectively, from three perspectives such as the competitive collaboration evolution, the cooperative collaboration evolution and competitive & cooperative collaboration evolution of the industrial cluster system, and propose a collaboration convolution dynamic model on the basis of Logistic model in order to research the dynamic mechanism of the industrial cluster system. D) The evaluation study of the industry cluster system evolution. The assessment index and model of the industrial cluster system evolution is set up. Index system is mainly composed of four dimensions indicators such as the economic benefits, innovation capability, and cluster collaboration and cluster environment. Through the economic benefit indicator, it can reflect the size and economic benefit of the industrial cluster system evolution; through innovation capability indicators, it can reflect the competitive capability and development potential of the industrial cluster system evolution; Through the cluster collaboration indicator, it can reflect the industrial cluster system function as well as its spatial linkages; through the cluster environment indicator, it can reflect the structure of industrial cluster facilities and structure of the cluster atmosphere.
Finally, the authors apply the proposed theory and method of system evolution structure, mechanisms, motivation and evaluation of the industrial cluster system evolution, and select the Baoji Titanium Industry Cluster as an empirical research sample, and study Baoji Titanium Industry cluster. Baoji Titanium Industry cluster is one of the top 100 industrial clusters, which have evolved over half a century of history, and it is a strong representative and typical sample for study. This empirical research case positively verifies and proves the relevant theories and methods that the paper presents
From the perspective of complexity theory and through industrial cluster evolution studies, we can draw the following conclusions:
First, the industry cluster is a complex system. Article takes the cluster as a system and found that the interaction complicatedly happened between its subsystems, internal and external environmental factors. And it is the complex nonlinear interaction that contributed to the complexity of the industry cluster system. Second, the evolution of industrial cluster system is mainly determined by their structures of three levels, i.e. network structure, spatial structure and the governance structure etc. The evolution of network structure of the industry cluster system reflects changes in the development of cluster internal systems; the evolution of spatial structure within the industry cluster system reflects the spatial concentration extent and agglomeration patterns which is the result of the long term interaction of its main bodies of the industry cluster system. The governance structure and mechanisms of the industry cluster system jointly decided the efficiency of cluster governance. Third, the self-organization is the fundamental & essential internal mechanisms of the industry cluster system evolution. The industry cluster system itself has the obvious characteristics of self-organization, the spontaneous behavior of various elements and their interaction of nonlinear shows self-organizing behavior which is driving the continuous evolution and growth of the industry cluster system. Fourth, the industrial cluster system evolution follows the Logistic law. The characteristics of both cooperation and competition between its subsystems formed the basic power for evolving & developing of the industrial cluster system. Fifth, the key point of evaluation of the performance of the industrial cluster system evolution lies in the setup of indicator or index system. Indicator or index system should reflect the evolution speed and trends of the industrial cluster system for time; and should reflect the overall layout and structure of evolution of the industrial clusters system in space; and should reflect the scale and efficiency of the industrial cluster system evolution in quantity; and should reflect the function and level of the industrial cluster system evolution in hierarchy.
首先,运用复杂系统理论,分析了产业集群系统的规定性和复杂性特征,得出了产业集群是一个复杂性系统的结论。在此基础上,构建了产业集群系统的逻辑结构框架,分析了产业集群系统螺旋式动态演化的特征,及其演化的规则、过程和标度。
其次,应用复杂系统理论的突变与分岔、自组织、涌现性、协同性、非线性等相关原理,针对产业集群系统的复杂性特性,分别从产业集群系统演化的结构、机制、动力和评价四个方面对其演化的机理进行了研究。一是产业集群系统演化结构的研究。分别从产业集群系统的网络结构和空间结构两个方面了展开分析。通过网络结构反映产业集群系统内部行业间功能联系,进而反映其功能特征及其演化;通过空间结构反映产业集群系统各组成部分及其组合类型的空间相互作用和空间位置关系,以及反映这种关系的空间集聚规模和集聚程度。二是产业集群系统演化机制研究。论述了产业集群系统演化的自组织特性,得出了自组织是产业集群系统演化的基础性和根本性内在机制;构建了产业集群系统演化的自组织模型,提出了产业集群系统演化过程阶段划分的依据。三是产业集群系统演化动力研究。产业集群系统子系统间既合作又竞争的特性形成了其不断演变发展的基本动力。分析了产业集群系统协同竞争与演化的关系,分别从竞争性协同演化、合作型协同演化和竞争合作型协同演化三个视角,提出了基于Logistic模型的产业集群系统协同演化动力模型,以期探讨产业集群系统演化的动力机制。四是产业集群系统演化评价研究。构建了产业集群系统演化评价指标和模型。指标体系主要由经济效益、创新能力、集群协作和集群环境四个维度的指标组成。通过经济效益指标反映产业集群系统演化的规模和效益;通过创新能力指标反映产业集群系统竞争力和发展潜力;通过集群协作指标反映产业集群系统功能与空间联系;通过集群环境指标反映产业集群系统基础设施和集群氛围的构建。
最后,运用文章提出的产业集群系统演化结构、机制、动力和评价等理论和方法,选取了宝钛产业集群进行实证研究。宝钛产业集群是全国100强产业集群之一,有半个多世纪的演化发展历史,具有较强的代表性和典型性。实证研究对文章提出的相关理论和方法进行检验和校正。
通过从复杂理论视角对产业集群系统演化研究,可以得出以下的结论:
第一、产业集群是一个复杂系统。文章将集群视为一个系统,子系统之间、内外环境要素之间发生着复杂的相互作用,正是这种复杂的非线性相互作用,促成了产业集群系统的复杂性。第二、产业集群系统结构的演化主要决定于其网络结构和空间结构两个层面。集群系统网络结构演化反映了集群系统内部系统的发展变化;集群系统空间结构演化反映了产业集群系统内主体长期相互作用后所形成的空间集聚程度和集聚形态。第三、自组织是产业集群系统演进的基础性和根本性的内在机制。产业集群系统具有明显的自组织特性,其各要素的自发行为和其间的非线性相互作用所表现出的自组织行为推动着集群系统的不断演进成长。第四、产业集群系统演化遵循Logistic规律,其子系统间既合作又竞争的特性形成了产业集群系统不断演变发展的基本动力。第五、产业集群系统演化绩效的评价关键在于指标体系的设置。指标体系在时间上应能反映产业集群系统演化的速度和趋向,在空间上应能反映产业集群系统演化的整体布局和结构,在数量上应能反映产业集群系统演化的规模和效益,在层次上应能反映产业集群系统演化的功能和水平。
The article systematically analyzes the complex characteristics of industrial clusters, and initially constructs the structure framework of the industrial cluster system on the basis of the complex system theory, evolutionary economics, industrial economics and spatial & geographical economics theories etc.; The article also systematically analyzes the mechanism of the industrial cluster system evolution mainly according to the evolution structure, mechanism, dynamic analysis and evaluation aspects of the industrial cluster system. And through empirical research, the relevant theoretical model was verified and validated. The full text deals with various aspects as follows:
First, applying the complex system theory, the text analyzes the characteristics of the regularity and complex nature of the industrial cluster system, and obtained such a conclusion as the industrial cluster is a complex system. On this basis, the authors set up the framework of the logical structure of the industrial cluster system, and analyze the characteristics of spiral dynamic evolution and its rules of evolution, procedures, and scaling.
Secondly, applying the mutation theory of complex systems and bifurcation theory and the theories such as self-organization, emergence, collaboration nature, and other related non-linear theory, aiming at the complexity of the industrial cluster system characteristics, the authors study its mechanism of evolution respectively from four aspects i.e. the structure, mechanisms, dynamics and evaluation of industrial cluster evolution. A) The study of industrial cluster system evolution structure: the authors analyze it from three aspects, i.e. network structure, spatial structure and governance structures of the industrial cluster system. Through the network structure, the functional relationship between the trades within the Industrial cluster system can be reflected, and further reflecting the characteristics and evolution of its functions; through space structure, It reflects the industrial cluster system components and their interaction, the types of combination of space and the spatial position relationship, further reflecting the size and level of spatial concentration of this relationship; through the management structure, it reflects the governance mechanisms of the industrial cluster system, further reflecting the governance efficiency. B) The study of the industrial cluster evolution mechanism. Here it discusses the characteristics of self-organization feature of the Industrial cluster system evolution, and drew a conclusion as that the self-organization feature is the basic and fundamental internal mechanism for industrial cluster system evolution; based on this point, the self-organization model of the industrial cluster system evolution is built up, and further put forward the basis for stages division of the process of industrial cluster system evolution; C) The power/dynamics of the industrial cluster system evolution. The basic motivation of the evolving and developing of the industrial cluster system evolution is formed with cooperation and competition nature between the subsystems of the Industrial cluster system. Therefore the authors analyze the relationship between competition & collaboration and evolution of the Industrial cluster system, respectively, from three perspectives such as the competitive collaboration evolution, the cooperative collaboration evolution and competitive & cooperative collaboration evolution of the industrial cluster system, and propose a collaboration convolution dynamic model on the basis of Logistic model in order to research the dynamic mechanism of the industrial cluster system. D) The evaluation study of the industry cluster system evolution. The assessment index and model of the industrial cluster system evolution is set up. Index system is mainly composed of four dimensions indicators such as the economic benefits, innovation capability, and cluster collaboration and cluster environment. Through the economic benefit indicator, it can reflect the size and economic benefit of the industrial cluster system evolution; through innovation capability indicators, it can reflect the competitive capability and development potential of the industrial cluster system evolution; Through the cluster collaboration indicator, it can reflect the industrial cluster system function as well as its spatial linkages; through the cluster environment indicator, it can reflect the structure of industrial cluster facilities and structure of the cluster atmosphere.
Finally, the authors apply the proposed theory and method of system evolution structure, mechanisms, motivation and evaluation of the industrial cluster system evolution, and select the Baoji Titanium Industry Cluster as an empirical research sample, and study Baoji Titanium Industry cluster. Baoji Titanium Industry cluster is one of the top 100 industrial clusters, which have evolved over half a century of history, and it is a strong representative and typical sample for study. This empirical research case positively verifies and proves the relevant theories and methods that the paper presents
From the perspective of complexity theory and through industrial cluster evolution studies, we can draw the following conclusions:
First, the industry cluster is a complex system. Article takes the cluster as a system and found that the interaction complicatedly happened between its subsystems, internal and external environmental factors. And it is the complex nonlinear interaction that contributed to the complexity of the industry cluster system. Second, the evolution of industrial cluster system is mainly determined by their structures of three levels, i.e. network structure, spatial structure and the governance structure etc. The evolution of network structure of the industry cluster system reflects changes in the development of cluster internal systems; the evolution of spatial structure within the industry cluster system reflects the spatial concentration extent and agglomeration patterns which is the result of the long term interaction of its main bodies of the industry cluster system. The governance structure and mechanisms of the industry cluster system jointly decided the efficiency of cluster governance. Third, the self-organization is the fundamental & essential internal mechanisms of the industry cluster system evolution. The industry cluster system itself has the obvious characteristics of self-organization, the spontaneous behavior of various elements and their interaction of nonlinear shows self-organizing behavior which is driving the continuous evolution and growth of the industry cluster system. Fourth, the industrial cluster system evolution follows the Logistic law. The characteristics of both cooperation and competition between its subsystems formed the basic power for evolving & developing of the industrial cluster system. Fifth, the key point of evaluation of the performance of the industrial cluster system evolution lies in the setup of indicator or index system. Indicator or index system should reflect the evolution speed and trends of the industrial cluster system for time; and should reflect the overall layout and structure of evolution of the industrial clusters system in space; and should reflect the scale and efficiency of the industrial cluster system evolution in quantity; and should reflect the function and level of the industrial cluster system evolution in hierarchy.
引文
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