前陆冲断带断裂流体流动机制及其油气地质意义
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摘要
在构造运动中形成的断裂,对地层中流体流动的影响及油气成藏的意义重大。目前在断裂在活动期垂向输导流体的部位、断裂活动对流体动力场的影响、活动期开启断裂的垂向输导性及其与油气成藏的关系等关键问题的研究比较薄弱,因此通过研究前陆冲断带断裂流体流动机制,阐述其对油气运移、成藏的影响,不仅具有重要理论意义,而且有助于提高前陆地区的油气勘探水平。
本文选取典型挤压环境下前陆盆地冲断带——库车前陆克拉苏冲断带为主要解剖区,并结合川西北龙门山前陆冲断带野外露头观察,开展了断裂在活动期垂向输导流体的部位及其分布的预测,断裂活动后的流体动力场,断裂活动期的瞬时流场,断裂在活动期的垂向输导性评价及断裂与油气成藏的关系等主要方面的研究,试图阐明前陆冲断带断裂流体的流动机制及其油气地质意义。
研究中,立足野外露头观察及所取样品的室内测试分析,识别出断裂流体,分析其流动规律,总结出挤压型断裂垂向输导流体的有利部位。在此基础上,通过基于地质力学的有限元法,利用ANSYS10.0软件模拟恢复盐下断裂活动期的区域应力场,结合断裂垂向有利输导部位的受力机制的分析,预测断裂在活动期垂向有利输导部位的分布。利用已知流体压力节点约束下的沉积型超压数值模拟、构造挤压增压模型及断裂传递超压量计算,恢复出断裂活动后的流体动力场。利用Processing Modflow软件,进行断裂活动中瞬时流场的刻画,并提取关键参数——活动期开启断裂的渗透系数,进而计算综合考虑渗透性和流体动力,表征断裂输导性的参数——断裂流动系数。最后,应用以上研究成果,结合油气成藏年代、现今油气分布及储量差异等,分析活动期开启断裂与油气成藏的关系,取得了如下的认识。
1)断裂破裂带是流体垂向运移的有利通道,往往处于应力扰动的部位。库车克拉苏冲断带平面应力扰动部位主要分布在断裂转换带、断裂走向交叉处、断裂末端,这些部位是断裂在活动期破裂带发育和流体垂向运移的有利部位。
2)克拉苏冲断带断裂活动后的流体动力场具有多个低势或高势区；北部构造高部位低气势区向南迁移,北部气势总体高于南部；断裂传递超压后,气势在断裂顶部增大,在被传递压力的底部降低。
3)在断裂活动期的瞬时流场中,断裂的顶部出现局部高气势的凸起区,是流体向围岩的释放区；而底部出现“U”字形低气势下凹区,为压力的释放和流体的吸入区；顺断裂纵向气势梯度减小
4)克拉苏冲断带盐下断裂在活动期的断裂流动系数,受挤压构造强度影响,北部靠近山前断裂大于南部,克拉苏地区高于大北地区。其中大北地区各断裂流动系数,主要由断裂的渗透系数决定；克拉苏地区断裂流动系数,由本身对流体的渗透性和流体在断裂内运移时的流体动力共同决定。
5)通过对比大北1气田和克拉2气田天然气成藏受断裂影响的异同,发现克拉2气田天然气的分布,明显受断裂在活动期垂向有利输导部位的控制,以垂向运移成藏为特色；而大北1气田的形成主要以天然气的侧向运移成藏为主。断裂活动中的瞬时流场产生的“泵吸”作用,提高了断裂的输导和油气成藏效率。形成各气田各相关断裂加权后的流动系数,克拉2气田高大北1气田3个数量级,可能是是引起了两气区成藏效率及探明地质储量的巨大差异主要原因。穿越处于脆-塑性转化深度段以上的盐岩滑脱层的“通天断裂”,往往会破坏油气成藏,降低成藏有效性。
Faults formed during tectonic movement play an important part on fluid flowing and hydrocarbon accumulation. Nowadays, the research of issues include the part and capability of vertical transporting fluid of faults during the activity stage, the active faults influence on hydrodynamic field, and their relationship with hydrocarbon accumulation is weak and the further study is necessary. Thus, the studying of fluid flowing mechamism in forland basin and its influence on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation has not only great theoretical significance but also contributing to improving the exploration level.
Combining observation of outcrop in Longmen Mountain thrust belt of Northwest in Sichuan province, Kelasu thrust belt under the typical tectonic compressive stress invironment in Kuqa forland basin is the main study area. Focused on the vertical transporting fluid parts of fault and their distribution prediction in the activity stage, the hydrodynamic field after faulting, the transient flow field during faulting, the estimate of vertical transportation capability of faults in the activity stage, and their relationship with hydrocarbon accumulation, the flowing mechanism of fault fluid and its significance in petroleum geology are tried to state.
Based on outcrop observation and the samples tests, fluid flowing related with faulting is identified and the flowing regulation of fault fluid is analyzed. Finally, the favorable vertical transportation parts of compressional faults are summarized. Finite-element method based on geomechanics is used to restoring regional stress field during faulting by ANASYS10.0. Then, combining the force mechanism analysis, the distribution of favorable vertical transportation parts of faults is predicted. The hydrodynamic after faulting is restored by numerical simulation of overpressure stemming from undercompaction, the model of increasing pressure stemming from the maximum horizontal principal compressive stress of tectonic, the calculation of overpressure transferred by faults. The transient flow field during faulting is characterized by the software of Processing Modflow. During the modeling, hydraulic conductivity, the key parameter of faults in activity stage is extracted. Then, the flow coefficient of faults, which characterized the transportation capability of faults and considered the permeability of faults and hydrodynamic, is calculated. Finally, by using above research results and combining geochronology of hydrocarbon accumulation, hydrocarbon distribution and difference of oil and gas reserves, etc., the relationship between hydrocarbon accumulation and opening faults during activity stage is analyzed. The main research results are as follows:
1) The damage zones of faults are the favorable pathway of fluid vertical migration, which usually develops in the zone of stress perturbation. The zones of plane stress perturbation in Kelasu thrust belt mainly distribute in the fault transformation belts, fault segment intersection and fault termination, which also are the favorable part of fault damage zone development and vertical fluid migration.
2) The hydrodynamic after faulting in Kelasu thrust belt have multiple low and high potential zones. The low gas potential zone of structural high part in north moves towards the south. As a result, the gas potential of north is higher than the south. The overpressure transfer by faults results in enhancing the regional gas potential and reducing the gas potential of strata in which the overpressure is transferred by faults.
3) In the transient flow field during faulting, the upwarp areas of high gas potential are the releasing areas of fluid and the sinking areas of low gas potential in the shape of letter "U" are the areas of pressure releasing and fluid suction. The potential gradient gas is decreased along fault.
4) Influenced by the strength of tectonic compression, the flow coefficient of under-salt faults in the north is greater than the south and the coefficient in Kelasu area is greater than Dabei area. Between the two areas, the coefficient in Dabei area is determined by hydraulic conductivity and the coefficient in Kelasu area is determined by both hydraulic conductivity and hydrodynamic.
5) By comparing the difference of gas accumulation influenced by faults with Dabeil and Kela2gasfield, the characteristic is that the gas distribution of Dabeil gasfield is controlled obviously by the parts of vertical transportation and the gas has the characteristic of vertical migration and accumulation, and the gas of Dabeil gas oilfield mainly migrate and accumulate laterally. The pump sucks function generated from transient flow field enhances the efficiency of fault transformation and hydrocarbon accumulation. The weighted average number of the flow coefficient of faults related with the formation of each gas field indicates that the Kela2gas field is three orders of magnitude higher than Dabei1gas field, which is probably primary cause of the difference in gas accumulation efficency and proven gas reserves. When the fault cut off the salt detachment strata which are above the depth in conversion of plastic to stiffness, the reservoir would be destroyed, and the hydrocarbon accumulation efficency would be decreased.
本文选取典型挤压环境下前陆盆地冲断带——库车前陆克拉苏冲断带为主要解剖区,并结合川西北龙门山前陆冲断带野外露头观察,开展了断裂在活动期垂向输导流体的部位及其分布的预测,断裂活动后的流体动力场,断裂活动期的瞬时流场,断裂在活动期的垂向输导性评价及断裂与油气成藏的关系等主要方面的研究,试图阐明前陆冲断带断裂流体的流动机制及其油气地质意义。
研究中,立足野外露头观察及所取样品的室内测试分析,识别出断裂流体,分析其流动规律,总结出挤压型断裂垂向输导流体的有利部位。在此基础上,通过基于地质力学的有限元法,利用ANSYS10.0软件模拟恢复盐下断裂活动期的区域应力场,结合断裂垂向有利输导部位的受力机制的分析,预测断裂在活动期垂向有利输导部位的分布。利用已知流体压力节点约束下的沉积型超压数值模拟、构造挤压增压模型及断裂传递超压量计算,恢复出断裂活动后的流体动力场。利用Processing Modflow软件,进行断裂活动中瞬时流场的刻画,并提取关键参数——活动期开启断裂的渗透系数,进而计算综合考虑渗透性和流体动力,表征断裂输导性的参数——断裂流动系数。最后,应用以上研究成果,结合油气成藏年代、现今油气分布及储量差异等,分析活动期开启断裂与油气成藏的关系,取得了如下的认识。
1)断裂破裂带是流体垂向运移的有利通道,往往处于应力扰动的部位。库车克拉苏冲断带平面应力扰动部位主要分布在断裂转换带、断裂走向交叉处、断裂末端,这些部位是断裂在活动期破裂带发育和流体垂向运移的有利部位。
2)克拉苏冲断带断裂活动后的流体动力场具有多个低势或高势区；北部构造高部位低气势区向南迁移,北部气势总体高于南部；断裂传递超压后,气势在断裂顶部增大,在被传递压力的底部降低。
3)在断裂活动期的瞬时流场中,断裂的顶部出现局部高气势的凸起区,是流体向围岩的释放区；而底部出现“U”字形低气势下凹区,为压力的释放和流体的吸入区；顺断裂纵向气势梯度减小
4)克拉苏冲断带盐下断裂在活动期的断裂流动系数,受挤压构造强度影响,北部靠近山前断裂大于南部,克拉苏地区高于大北地区。其中大北地区各断裂流动系数,主要由断裂的渗透系数决定；克拉苏地区断裂流动系数,由本身对流体的渗透性和流体在断裂内运移时的流体动力共同决定。
5)通过对比大北1气田和克拉2气田天然气成藏受断裂影响的异同,发现克拉2气田天然气的分布,明显受断裂在活动期垂向有利输导部位的控制,以垂向运移成藏为特色；而大北1气田的形成主要以天然气的侧向运移成藏为主。断裂活动中的瞬时流场产生的“泵吸”作用,提高了断裂的输导和油气成藏效率。形成各气田各相关断裂加权后的流动系数,克拉2气田高大北1气田3个数量级,可能是是引起了两气区成藏效率及探明地质储量的巨大差异主要原因。穿越处于脆-塑性转化深度段以上的盐岩滑脱层的“通天断裂”,往往会破坏油气成藏,降低成藏有效性。
Faults formed during tectonic movement play an important part on fluid flowing and hydrocarbon accumulation. Nowadays, the research of issues include the part and capability of vertical transporting fluid of faults during the activity stage, the active faults influence on hydrodynamic field, and their relationship with hydrocarbon accumulation is weak and the further study is necessary. Thus, the studying of fluid flowing mechamism in forland basin and its influence on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation has not only great theoretical significance but also contributing to improving the exploration level.
Combining observation of outcrop in Longmen Mountain thrust belt of Northwest in Sichuan province, Kelasu thrust belt under the typical tectonic compressive stress invironment in Kuqa forland basin is the main study area. Focused on the vertical transporting fluid parts of fault and their distribution prediction in the activity stage, the hydrodynamic field after faulting, the transient flow field during faulting, the estimate of vertical transportation capability of faults in the activity stage, and their relationship with hydrocarbon accumulation, the flowing mechanism of fault fluid and its significance in petroleum geology are tried to state.
Based on outcrop observation and the samples tests, fluid flowing related with faulting is identified and the flowing regulation of fault fluid is analyzed. Finally, the favorable vertical transportation parts of compressional faults are summarized. Finite-element method based on geomechanics is used to restoring regional stress field during faulting by ANASYS10.0. Then, combining the force mechanism analysis, the distribution of favorable vertical transportation parts of faults is predicted. The hydrodynamic after faulting is restored by numerical simulation of overpressure stemming from undercompaction, the model of increasing pressure stemming from the maximum horizontal principal compressive stress of tectonic, the calculation of overpressure transferred by faults. The transient flow field during faulting is characterized by the software of Processing Modflow. During the modeling, hydraulic conductivity, the key parameter of faults in activity stage is extracted. Then, the flow coefficient of faults, which characterized the transportation capability of faults and considered the permeability of faults and hydrodynamic, is calculated. Finally, by using above research results and combining geochronology of hydrocarbon accumulation, hydrocarbon distribution and difference of oil and gas reserves, etc., the relationship between hydrocarbon accumulation and opening faults during activity stage is analyzed. The main research results are as follows:
1) The damage zones of faults are the favorable pathway of fluid vertical migration, which usually develops in the zone of stress perturbation. The zones of plane stress perturbation in Kelasu thrust belt mainly distribute in the fault transformation belts, fault segment intersection and fault termination, which also are the favorable part of fault damage zone development and vertical fluid migration.
2) The hydrodynamic after faulting in Kelasu thrust belt have multiple low and high potential zones. The low gas potential zone of structural high part in north moves towards the south. As a result, the gas potential of north is higher than the south. The overpressure transfer by faults results in enhancing the regional gas potential and reducing the gas potential of strata in which the overpressure is transferred by faults.
3) In the transient flow field during faulting, the upwarp areas of high gas potential are the releasing areas of fluid and the sinking areas of low gas potential in the shape of letter "U" are the areas of pressure releasing and fluid suction. The potential gradient gas is decreased along fault.
4) Influenced by the strength of tectonic compression, the flow coefficient of under-salt faults in the north is greater than the south and the coefficient in Kelasu area is greater than Dabei area. Between the two areas, the coefficient in Dabei area is determined by hydraulic conductivity and the coefficient in Kelasu area is determined by both hydraulic conductivity and hydrodynamic.
5) By comparing the difference of gas accumulation influenced by faults with Dabeil and Kela2gasfield, the characteristic is that the gas distribution of Dabeil gasfield is controlled obviously by the parts of vertical transportation and the gas has the characteristic of vertical migration and accumulation, and the gas of Dabeil gas oilfield mainly migrate and accumulate laterally. The pump sucks function generated from transient flow field enhances the efficiency of fault transformation and hydrocarbon accumulation. The weighted average number of the flow coefficient of faults related with the formation of each gas field indicates that the Kela2gas field is three orders of magnitude higher than Dabei1gas field, which is probably primary cause of the difference in gas accumulation efficency and proven gas reserves. When the fault cut off the salt detachment strata which are above the depth in conversion of plastic to stiffness, the reservoir would be destroyed, and the hydrocarbon accumulation efficency would be decreased.
引文
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