小型车用高速柴油机工作过程模拟计算及试验研究
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摘要
随着社会的快速发展,能源与环境问题也引起了当今社会的高度关注。这对内燃机动力性、经济性及排放性提出了越来越高的要求。通过利用计算机对内燃机工作过程的仿真计算和整机试验相结合的方法,可以缩短产品更新周期、节省人力及物力,这是目前改善和提高发动机的经济性、动力性、排放性最好方式。
本文开展了以下三个方面的研究工作：
1)对发动机各物理子系统建立工作过程数值模型,并在此基础上通过利用大型的通用内燃机工作过程数值模拟软件GT-Power,建立了D19TCI涡轮增压柴油发动机的GT-Power模型,并通过模型计算结果和D19TCI柴油发动机的试验数据的对比验证建立模型的准确性。
2)通过所建立的D19TCI模型,模拟计算不同喷油提前角、增减喷油量、进气增压压力及不同摩擦系数对发动机性能影响。
3)通过改变D19TCI柴油发动机实机的喷油提前角、增减喷油量、外源进气增压及不同的润滑油对发动机性能影响试验。
通过模拟结果和试验数据进行对比分析得出,在不同转速工况时都有使得发动机的动力性及经济性最优的一个最佳喷油提前角；试验值的曲线发展趋势和模拟计算结果表明喷油量为循环油量为70mg时发动机动力性及经济性最优；不同的进排气压力对发动机性能影响是很明显的。进气压力在一定范围内,随着压力的增大有利于发动机的动力性及经济性的改善和提高。反之,超出范围后压力越大则对发动机性能不利影响也会越大；无论在任何工况,摩擦系数越大,发动机的动力性及经济性就越差,随着转速的增加,影响会越来越明显。润滑油粘度过大或过小都会影响到发动机的动力性及经济性,粘度过大,发动机工作时要克服润滑油内部的摩擦,因此会消耗一部分功率使得有效功率下降,燃油消耗也会随之增加；粘度过小使得承载油膜不够会造成磨损过大,造成发动机的动力性及经济性下降等。
With the rapid development of society, energy crisis and environmental problems cause great concern, which are given higher and higher requirements for the dynamic, economy and emission performance of ICE. Research on the working process of ICE is one of the most effective way to solve these problems for renewing production and saving manpower and material resources.Now it is the best way of improving the dynamic, economy and emissions performance of ICE through combining process simulation on computer and experiments.
This paper carried out three aspects of research as follows:
1) Establishing a numerical model of working process for all ICE subsystems and then set up a model of D19TCI-Turbocharged diesel engine based on software such as GT-Power. The accuracy of modeling was verified by comparing the simulation results and experimental data.
2) Changing the injection timing\Fuel injection quantity\pressure behind turbo charger and Friction coefficient to research their effects on performance of ICE on the D19TCI model.
3) Carrying out experiment on the performance of D19TCI-Turbocharged diesel engine by altering injection timing\Fuel injection quantity\pressure after turbo-charger and by changing different types of LO.
Through comparing the simulation results and experimental data we can see: There is an optimum injection advance angle at each speed to get the optimum dynamic and economy performance; the experimental and simulation results show that dynamic and economy performance reach the optimum value when the oil injection is at the amount of 70mg; the influences of different intake and exhaust pressure on the engine performance are obvious. Within a certain range, the increasing of inlet pressure results in a gainful increase of the dynamic and economy performance while without the range to a converse condition. In all condition, the dynamic and economy performance gets poorer as economy performance. The Friction coefficient become larger, Oil viscosity affects the engine dynamic and economy performance whether too large or too small. Too large Viscosity consumes a part of the power and decreases the effective power because the engine has to solve the internal friction of LO when working, which leads to more fuel consumption; too small viscosity leads to insufficient oil film and excessive wear which will result in bad dynamic and economy performance.
本文开展了以下三个方面的研究工作：
1)对发动机各物理子系统建立工作过程数值模型,并在此基础上通过利用大型的通用内燃机工作过程数值模拟软件GT-Power,建立了D19TCI涡轮增压柴油发动机的GT-Power模型,并通过模型计算结果和D19TCI柴油发动机的试验数据的对比验证建立模型的准确性。
2)通过所建立的D19TCI模型,模拟计算不同喷油提前角、增减喷油量、进气增压压力及不同摩擦系数对发动机性能影响。
3)通过改变D19TCI柴油发动机实机的喷油提前角、增减喷油量、外源进气增压及不同的润滑油对发动机性能影响试验。
通过模拟结果和试验数据进行对比分析得出,在不同转速工况时都有使得发动机的动力性及经济性最优的一个最佳喷油提前角；试验值的曲线发展趋势和模拟计算结果表明喷油量为循环油量为70mg时发动机动力性及经济性最优；不同的进排气压力对发动机性能影响是很明显的。进气压力在一定范围内,随着压力的增大有利于发动机的动力性及经济性的改善和提高。反之,超出范围后压力越大则对发动机性能不利影响也会越大；无论在任何工况,摩擦系数越大,发动机的动力性及经济性就越差,随着转速的增加,影响会越来越明显。润滑油粘度过大或过小都会影响到发动机的动力性及经济性,粘度过大,发动机工作时要克服润滑油内部的摩擦,因此会消耗一部分功率使得有效功率下降,燃油消耗也会随之增加；粘度过小使得承载油膜不够会造成磨损过大,造成发动机的动力性及经济性下降等。
With the rapid development of society, energy crisis and environmental problems cause great concern, which are given higher and higher requirements for the dynamic, economy and emission performance of ICE. Research on the working process of ICE is one of the most effective way to solve these problems for renewing production and saving manpower and material resources.Now it is the best way of improving the dynamic, economy and emissions performance of ICE through combining process simulation on computer and experiments.
This paper carried out three aspects of research as follows:
1) Establishing a numerical model of working process for all ICE subsystems and then set up a model of D19TCI-Turbocharged diesel engine based on software such as GT-Power. The accuracy of modeling was verified by comparing the simulation results and experimental data.
2) Changing the injection timing\Fuel injection quantity\pressure behind turbo charger and Friction coefficient to research their effects on performance of ICE on the D19TCI model.
3) Carrying out experiment on the performance of D19TCI-Turbocharged diesel engine by altering injection timing\Fuel injection quantity\pressure after turbo-charger and by changing different types of LO.
Through comparing the simulation results and experimental data we can see: There is an optimum injection advance angle at each speed to get the optimum dynamic and economy performance; the experimental and simulation results show that dynamic and economy performance reach the optimum value when the oil injection is at the amount of 70mg; the influences of different intake and exhaust pressure on the engine performance are obvious. Within a certain range, the increasing of inlet pressure results in a gainful increase of the dynamic and economy performance while without the range to a converse condition. In all condition, the dynamic and economy performance gets poorer as economy performance. The Friction coefficient become larger, Oil viscosity affects the engine dynamic and economy performance whether too large or too small. Too large Viscosity consumes a part of the power and decreases the effective power because the engine has to solve the internal friction of LO when working, which leads to more fuel consumption; too small viscosity leads to insufficient oil film and excessive wear which will result in bad dynamic and economy performance.
引文
[1]赵士林.国外内燃机技术发展动向综述.内燃机.1996.No.2
[2]Noboru Hikosaka, A View of the Future of Automotive Diesel Engines, SAE-paper972682
[3]廖抒华.汽车技术发展与环境[J].上海汽车,1999.6
[4]王尚勇,杨青.柴油机电子控制技术.机械工业出版社,2004
[5]刘宜,周校平,桥信起.我国柴油机迎接欧Ⅲ排放限制的技术准备.内燃机工程.2005.4
[6]魏国凯.汽车排放法规的现状及发展.世界汽车.1996
[7]吕林,吴锦翔,高孝洪.排放法规给柴油机发展带来的挑战.武汉交通科技大学学报
[8]谢程宁.基于GT-Power仿真模型的6100涡轮增压柴油机的特性分析与研究.北京交通大学硕士学位论文.2006
[9]陈白欣,王荣生,陈树铭.柴油机准维燃烧模型的介绍与探讨.大连工学院学报.1986,3
[10]八田桂三,松木正胜.内燃机测试手册.北京：机械下业出版社,1979.
[11]MA.普林特、L.伯斯威特.流体力学实验教程.北京：计量出版社,1989.6
[12]刘永长.内燃机热力过程模拟.机械工业出版社.2001
[13]沈颖刚,王宇琳,郑伟.内燃机燃烧过程数值模拟技术发展概况.拖拉机与农用运输车,2004年第1期
[14]王鸿舰.柴油机缸内工作过程零维仿真建模分析.中外船舶科技,2005.1
[15]易正根,陈国华,杨万里.四冲程汽油机准维循环模拟的应用.小型内燃机与摩托车,2001年第6期
[16]Theissen M. Engine design in the 90s-CAE simulation to ensure realistic draftsfrom the start[C], SAE Paper 945022.
[17]Moser F X, Flotho A W. Dieneuen was sergekuhlten deutz-diesel motoren BFM 1015. MTZ1994.
[18]姚军.六缸增压发动机仿真程序的研究[D].北京理工大学硕士学位论文,1985.
[19]顾宏中.内燃机中的气体流动及其数值分析.国防工业出版社.1985.
[20]姚小刚.用于微型计算机的四缸机循环模拟程序研究[D].清华大学硕士学位.1984
[21]Richard D.Rucker, An analysis of the parallel combustion two-stroke engine. SAE2000-01-1022.
[22]Bruno Dillies, Arnaud Ducamin, Laurent Lebrere et al. Direct injection diesel engine simulation:A combined numerical and experimental approach from aerodynamics to combustion. SAE 970880.
[23]A Pires da Cruz, T.Baritaud, T. Poinsot, Turbulent self—ignition and combustion modeling in diesel engines. SAE 1999-01-1176.
[24]E.Mattarelli, P.Patroncini. Comparison Between a Natural Gas and a Diesel Engine for Small Industrial Vehicles. SAE 2004-01-0615
[25]周龙保.内燃机学.北京机械工业出版社.1999.6
[26]Gamma Technologies Inc. GT-Power Engine simulation software. Version6.0
[27]GT-Power Tutorial Version6.0, Gamma Technologies,2003.3
[28]GT-Power users manual and Tutorial:Modeling Fluid Flow [S],13-28.
[29]顾洪中.柴油机工作过程.国防工业出版社.1987
[30]王鹏,王德海,居钰生等,废气再循环时增压柴油机性能和排放的模拟计算,江苏大学学报(自然科学版)[J],2002(23),74-76.
[31]徐秀华,夏少华.模拟计算在发动机优化过程中的应用.现代车用动力,002(3)：22-24
[32]李彬轩,徐航,何文华.柴油机实时仿真中燃烧模型的建立.[J]2001,19(2):148-152
[33]孙燕碧,范明强.先进的重载柴油机涡轮增压技术[J].现代车用动力,2004(1)：6-1
[34]郭林福,马朝臣等.可变几何涡轮增压器与发动机稳态匹配模型的研究[J].内燃机学报,2003,21(2)：155-160
[35]吴君华.车用增压柴油机VNT和EGR系统匹配试验研究[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2003
[36]郭猛超.基于燃烧器再生的柴油机排气微粒后处理系统研究.军事交通学院硕士学位论文,2009
[37]E.Mattarelli, P.Patroncini. Comparison Between a Natural Gas and a Diesel Engine for Small Industrial Vehicles. SAE 2004-01-06
[38]张海艳.应用GT-Power软件优化柴油机性能,CDAJ中国用户论文集.2006.
[39]F.Bozza and A.Gimelli, V.Pianese et al. An Acoustic Design Procedure for Intake Systems 1D Analysis and Experimental Validation. SAE 2004-01-0412.
[40]A.Ceviz. Intake plenum volume and its influence on the engine performance, cyclic variability and emissions. Energy Conversion and Management.2006(9).
[41]康秀玲,付光琦等.4气门柴油机进气特性的数值模拟和试验研究.内燃机学报.2003(3).
[42]朱访君,吴坚.内燃机工作过程数值计算及其优化.第1版.北京：国防出版社,1997(2):21-22
[43]林杰伦.内燃机工作过程数值计算.第1版.西安：西安交通大学出版社,1986：11-30
[44]Aaron Joseph King. A turbocharger unsteady performance model for the GT-Power internal combustion engine simulation. Master of Purdue University Graduate School.2002:64-68
[45]顾宏中.涡轮增压柴油机性能研究[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,1998
[46]J.B.Heywood. Internal combustion engine fundamentals [M]. McGraw-Hill Book Company,1988
[47]尧命发.GT-Power发动机工作过程模拟软件计算分析报告.博士后课题阶段研究报告,2002:1-3
[48]张小红.基于GT-POWER仿真模拟的可变喷嘴增压器与柴油机的匹配研究.天津大学硕士学位论文.2008
[49]蒋德明.内燃机燃烧学[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2001
[50]Tanaka T, Ando A.Sizaka K.Study on pilot injection of DI diesel engine using common rail injection system[c]. SAE 2002-01-2828
[51]F.Mallamo, M.Badami F.Millo. Effect of Compression Ratio and Injection Pressure on Emissions and Fuel Consumption of a Small Displacement Common Rail Diesel Engine[R]. SAE,2005-01-0379.
[52]田径,李勇,刘忠长.燃油喷射系统参数对共轨柴油机性能的影响规律及其优化.中国工程热物理学会学术会议论文.2008
[53]郁建明,胡林峰,庄福如CA6110/125ZLRA5高压共轨电控柴油机的试验研究.2005年APC联合学术年会论文集
[54]谢惊春,牛成继,刘文俊.车用润滑油新规格及台架评定方法的发展[C].中国汽车工程学会油料委员会第十届年会论文专集,2002.
[55]翟月奎,孙翔兰.轻负荷柴油发动机润滑特点及其润滑油规格发展[J].《润滑油》第23卷第3期,2008(6).
[2]Noboru Hikosaka, A View of the Future of Automotive Diesel Engines, SAE-paper972682
[3]廖抒华.汽车技术发展与环境[J].上海汽车,1999.6
[4]王尚勇,杨青.柴油机电子控制技术.机械工业出版社,2004
[5]刘宜,周校平,桥信起.我国柴油机迎接欧Ⅲ排放限制的技术准备.内燃机工程.2005.4
[6]魏国凯.汽车排放法规的现状及发展.世界汽车.1996
[7]吕林,吴锦翔,高孝洪.排放法规给柴油机发展带来的挑战.武汉交通科技大学学报
[8]谢程宁.基于GT-Power仿真模型的6100涡轮增压柴油机的特性分析与研究.北京交通大学硕士学位论文.2006
[9]陈白欣,王荣生,陈树铭.柴油机准维燃烧模型的介绍与探讨.大连工学院学报.1986,3
[10]八田桂三,松木正胜.内燃机测试手册.北京：机械下业出版社,1979.
[11]MA.普林特、L.伯斯威特.流体力学实验教程.北京：计量出版社,1989.6
[12]刘永长.内燃机热力过程模拟.机械工业出版社.2001
[13]沈颖刚,王宇琳,郑伟.内燃机燃烧过程数值模拟技术发展概况.拖拉机与农用运输车,2004年第1期
[14]王鸿舰.柴油机缸内工作过程零维仿真建模分析.中外船舶科技,2005.1
[15]易正根,陈国华,杨万里.四冲程汽油机准维循环模拟的应用.小型内燃机与摩托车,2001年第6期
[16]Theissen M. Engine design in the 90s-CAE simulation to ensure realistic draftsfrom the start[C], SAE Paper 945022.
[17]Moser F X, Flotho A W. Dieneuen was sergekuhlten deutz-diesel motoren BFM 1015. MTZ1994.
[18]姚军.六缸增压发动机仿真程序的研究[D].北京理工大学硕士学位论文,1985.
[19]顾宏中.内燃机中的气体流动及其数值分析.国防工业出版社.1985.
[20]姚小刚.用于微型计算机的四缸机循环模拟程序研究[D].清华大学硕士学位.1984
[21]Richard D.Rucker, An analysis of the parallel combustion two-stroke engine. SAE2000-01-1022.
[22]Bruno Dillies, Arnaud Ducamin, Laurent Lebrere et al. Direct injection diesel engine simulation:A combined numerical and experimental approach from aerodynamics to combustion. SAE 970880.
[23]A Pires da Cruz, T.Baritaud, T. Poinsot, Turbulent self—ignition and combustion modeling in diesel engines. SAE 1999-01-1176.
[24]E.Mattarelli, P.Patroncini. Comparison Between a Natural Gas and a Diesel Engine for Small Industrial Vehicles. SAE 2004-01-0615
[25]周龙保.内燃机学.北京机械工业出版社.1999.6
[26]Gamma Technologies Inc. GT-Power Engine simulation software. Version6.0
[27]GT-Power Tutorial Version6.0, Gamma Technologies,2003.3
[28]GT-Power users manual and Tutorial:Modeling Fluid Flow [S],13-28.
[29]顾洪中.柴油机工作过程.国防工业出版社.1987
[30]王鹏,王德海,居钰生等,废气再循环时增压柴油机性能和排放的模拟计算,江苏大学学报(自然科学版)[J],2002(23),74-76.
[31]徐秀华,夏少华.模拟计算在发动机优化过程中的应用.现代车用动力,002(3)：22-24
[32]李彬轩,徐航,何文华.柴油机实时仿真中燃烧模型的建立.[J]2001,19(2):148-152
[33]孙燕碧,范明强.先进的重载柴油机涡轮增压技术[J].现代车用动力,2004(1)：6-1
[34]郭林福,马朝臣等.可变几何涡轮增压器与发动机稳态匹配模型的研究[J].内燃机学报,2003,21(2)：155-160
[35]吴君华.车用增压柴油机VNT和EGR系统匹配试验研究[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2003
[36]郭猛超.基于燃烧器再生的柴油机排气微粒后处理系统研究.军事交通学院硕士学位论文,2009
[37]E.Mattarelli, P.Patroncini. Comparison Between a Natural Gas and a Diesel Engine for Small Industrial Vehicles. SAE 2004-01-06
[38]张海艳.应用GT-Power软件优化柴油机性能,CDAJ中国用户论文集.2006.
[39]F.Bozza and A.Gimelli, V.Pianese et al. An Acoustic Design Procedure for Intake Systems 1D Analysis and Experimental Validation. SAE 2004-01-0412.
[40]A.Ceviz. Intake plenum volume and its influence on the engine performance, cyclic variability and emissions. Energy Conversion and Management.2006(9).
[41]康秀玲,付光琦等.4气门柴油机进气特性的数值模拟和试验研究.内燃机学报.2003(3).
[42]朱访君,吴坚.内燃机工作过程数值计算及其优化.第1版.北京：国防出版社,1997(2):21-22
[43]林杰伦.内燃机工作过程数值计算.第1版.西安：西安交通大学出版社,1986：11-30
[44]Aaron Joseph King. A turbocharger unsteady performance model for the GT-Power internal combustion engine simulation. Master of Purdue University Graduate School.2002:64-68
[45]顾宏中.涡轮增压柴油机性能研究[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,1998
[46]J.B.Heywood. Internal combustion engine fundamentals [M]. McGraw-Hill Book Company,1988
[47]尧命发.GT-Power发动机工作过程模拟软件计算分析报告.博士后课题阶段研究报告,2002:1-3
[48]张小红.基于GT-POWER仿真模拟的可变喷嘴增压器与柴油机的匹配研究.天津大学硕士学位论文.2008
[49]蒋德明.内燃机燃烧学[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2001
[50]Tanaka T, Ando A.Sizaka K.Study on pilot injection of DI diesel engine using common rail injection system[c]. SAE 2002-01-2828
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