汽油机可控机械增压系统的研究
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摘要
直喷汽油机小型增压化是当代发动机发展的趋势，通过降低发动机排量来提高发动机经济性，再对发动机进行增压改进来提高其动力性。这一技术路线也被世界各国的相关企业与研究机构所接受，如德国大众公司的1.4TSI发动机，其采用了涡轮增压与缸内直喷技术相结合的方式，将1.4升发动机的动力性发挥到了极致；而其经济性好于同样动力性的大排量自然吸气发动机，大大的提高了发动机的升功率。
传统的缸内直喷+增压技术都是采用涡轮增压技术，而涡轮增压多年来没有在汽油机上广泛的应用原因之一是因为汽油机的节气门产生的节流损失对于增压器机体的影响相当的严重，而正是由于其节流作用，使增压器无法起到其应有的作用。由于涡轮增压器是通过发动机废气带动涡轮转动，并通过旋转的叶轮为进气增压。这也是导致涡轮增压器必须时刻接入，而无法断开，无论节气门开度为多少都对进气进行压缩的原因。
对于机械增压发动机，机械增压器是通过曲轴传递出动力带动其转动，是通过皮带轮或齿轮连接，这也就决定了可以控制曲轴与机械增压器的通断。正是基于这种特性，本文研究了一种可控制式的机械增压模式，这种模式在传统的机械增压基础上添加了一个电磁离合器，可以有效快捷的控制机械增压器与发动机曲轴的通断，以此控制发动机的进气是否进行增压。同时我们研究了一种有别于传统的机械增压器与发动机固定转速比的控制策略，探索了其转速比可变的方式，具体有以下几点：
1.采用传统的机械增压方式，由于增压器机械性质的影响，很难兼顾高低转速时对于进气量的需求，当采用小转速比时，能够提高发动机高转速时的进气效率，但是对于低转速时，由于机械增压器转速较低，工作状态较差，难以提供足够的新鲜充量；当转速比提高后，在发动机低转速时，机械增压器的转速得到相应的提高，使其可以工作在更优的状态下，这样就提高了发动机的低速性能。但在高速段，机械增压器的转速达到很高，其机械效率严重下降，功耗严重上升，使得发动机性能无法继续提升。
2.采用可通断式机械增压，大大的减小了节气门对发动机进气的影响。在部分负荷时采用自然吸气方式；在外特性时采用机械增压。这种控制方式可以有效的兼顾低负荷的经济性与高负荷的动力性。但同时此种方式也存在着致命的缺点，就是当节气门全开到机械增压器介入后的动力性相差过多，而其二者之间的区间并没有一个很好的过度，导致动力上升过快，严重影响发动机的性能。
3.本文第四章第一节中，在增压器后端增加一个可控开度的进气泄压阀，通过控制泄压阀的开度，来控制进气压力的大小。这样可以使节气门全开后的进气压力逐渐的升高，使发动机动力可以平稳的过渡。
4.本文第四章第二节，提出了一种可变传动比式的机械增压模式。这种模式是基于电磁离合器控制的机械增压发动机的基础之上的。对于在节气门全开与介入机械增压之间的动力区间没有很好的过渡这一缺陷，通过改变不同的传动比，使机械增压器的增压比得以改变。这种可变的增压比可以很好的在节气门全开后，使机械增压的增压压力逐渐上升，使得发动机的过渡变得平顺。同时当发动机需要更高的动力性，可以通过改变转速比，提高机械增压器的增压比，有效的提高进气压力，使发动机气缸进入更多的新鲜充量，为汽车提供足够的动力。而当不需要过多动力的情况下，采用自然吸气的方式可以大大降低发动机油耗，实现了高经济性和动力性的目标。
Downsizing gasoline direct engine with charger is a trend of the development of contemporaryengine. Through reducing engine displacement to improve economy, then charging to enhance its powerperformance. This technology is accepted by the worldwide related enterprises and research institutions.Such as Volkswagen's1.4TSI engine, using the combination of turbocharged and gasoline direct injectionmakes full use of1.4L engine’s power performance, the economy is also better than the same powerperformance of large displacement naturally aspirated engines. It largely improved the engine’s power perliter.
Traditional gasoline direct injection engine with charger technology are based on the turbocharger,but for many years turbocharger was not widely used by gasoline engines because throttling loss causedby throttle has serious influence on the supercharger, just because of throttling, which makes turbochargernot play its due role, As the turbocharger is driven by exhaust to provide impetus turbine rotation, andsupercharges intake by rotating impeller. Because of this, turbocharger must always access, and can'tdisconnect, no matter how much throttle percentage it always compress intake.
For supercharged engine, supercharger is rotated by power passed out by crankshaft. It is linkedthrough the pulley or gear, which decides its connection between crankshaft and supercharger. Based onthe characteristics, this paper studies a controllable supercharged mode which adds an electromagneticclutch on the basis of the traditional supercharger. It can quickly and efficiently control the connection ofsupercharger with crankshaft, by means of this controlling whether to compress intake. At the same timewe also study a control mode which is different from the traditional supercharger.It is variable speed ratiosupercharger, as follows:
1.Using the traditional supercharger, it’s difficult to give consideration on different requirement forthe amount of intake air when the engine works at low or high speed condition. Low speed ratio canimprove the intake efficiency when the engine works at high speed but it can not provide enough fresh airfor its poor condition contributed by the low charger speed. When the speed ratio increased, the speed ofcharger is enhanced accordingly so that it can work on a better state and the performance of the enginecan be improved. The increase of the speed ratio also result in high speed of charger that consume of thepower will rise, which will block the improvement of engine’s performance.
2. Pass-off supercharger can be used to cut down the negative influence of the throttle. At part load,the naturally aspirated engine. At full load, the supercharger will benefit the economy of the part load andthe dynamic of the high load. Innovatively propose a new control strategy. Intervention of thesupercharger will attribute the sudden improvement of the motive power when the throttle is opencompletely. Lacking smooth transform will affect engine performance greatly.
3. The first section of Chapter four of this article, a controlled opening of the intake pressure reliefvalve was introduced in the back end of the turbocharger, by controlling the opening of the pressure reliefvalve to control the inlet pressure. This allows throttle inlet pressure gradually increased, so that theengine power can be a smooth transition.
4. In part two Chapter four, a variable transmission pattern of the supercharger which based on theelectromagnetic clutch control of the supercharger is put forward. For the sudden change of motive power,the pressure ratio of the mechanical supercharger can be changed by changing the transmission ration.This variable pressure ratio can make the supercharger’s pressure increased gradually when the throttleopen completely, making the transition of the engine smooth. When the engine needs more power you canraise the supercharger’s pressure ratio by changing the speed ratio, effectively enhance the amount offresh air into the cylinder. This will provide more power for the car. Intake air naturally can reduce theconsumption of the petrol great when there is no need for too much power, making the goal of high fueleconomy and good power performance.
传统的缸内直喷+增压技术都是采用涡轮增压技术，而涡轮增压多年来没有在汽油机上广泛的应用原因之一是因为汽油机的节气门产生的节流损失对于增压器机体的影响相当的严重，而正是由于其节流作用，使增压器无法起到其应有的作用。由于涡轮增压器是通过发动机废气带动涡轮转动，并通过旋转的叶轮为进气增压。这也是导致涡轮增压器必须时刻接入，而无法断开，无论节气门开度为多少都对进气进行压缩的原因。
对于机械增压发动机，机械增压器是通过曲轴传递出动力带动其转动，是通过皮带轮或齿轮连接，这也就决定了可以控制曲轴与机械增压器的通断。正是基于这种特性，本文研究了一种可控制式的机械增压模式，这种模式在传统的机械增压基础上添加了一个电磁离合器，可以有效快捷的控制机械增压器与发动机曲轴的通断，以此控制发动机的进气是否进行增压。同时我们研究了一种有别于传统的机械增压器与发动机固定转速比的控制策略，探索了其转速比可变的方式，具体有以下几点：
1.采用传统的机械增压方式，由于增压器机械性质的影响，很难兼顾高低转速时对于进气量的需求，当采用小转速比时，能够提高发动机高转速时的进气效率，但是对于低转速时，由于机械增压器转速较低，工作状态较差，难以提供足够的新鲜充量；当转速比提高后，在发动机低转速时，机械增压器的转速得到相应的提高，使其可以工作在更优的状态下，这样就提高了发动机的低速性能。但在高速段，机械增压器的转速达到很高，其机械效率严重下降，功耗严重上升，使得发动机性能无法继续提升。
2.采用可通断式机械增压，大大的减小了节气门对发动机进气的影响。在部分负荷时采用自然吸气方式；在外特性时采用机械增压。这种控制方式可以有效的兼顾低负荷的经济性与高负荷的动力性。但同时此种方式也存在着致命的缺点，就是当节气门全开到机械增压器介入后的动力性相差过多，而其二者之间的区间并没有一个很好的过度，导致动力上升过快，严重影响发动机的性能。
3.本文第四章第一节中，在增压器后端增加一个可控开度的进气泄压阀，通过控制泄压阀的开度，来控制进气压力的大小。这样可以使节气门全开后的进气压力逐渐的升高，使发动机动力可以平稳的过渡。
4.本文第四章第二节，提出了一种可变传动比式的机械增压模式。这种模式是基于电磁离合器控制的机械增压发动机的基础之上的。对于在节气门全开与介入机械增压之间的动力区间没有很好的过渡这一缺陷，通过改变不同的传动比，使机械增压器的增压比得以改变。这种可变的增压比可以很好的在节气门全开后，使机械增压的增压压力逐渐上升，使得发动机的过渡变得平顺。同时当发动机需要更高的动力性，可以通过改变转速比，提高机械增压器的增压比，有效的提高进气压力，使发动机气缸进入更多的新鲜充量，为汽车提供足够的动力。而当不需要过多动力的情况下，采用自然吸气的方式可以大大降低发动机油耗，实现了高经济性和动力性的目标。
Downsizing gasoline direct engine with charger is a trend of the development of contemporaryengine. Through reducing engine displacement to improve economy, then charging to enhance its powerperformance. This technology is accepted by the worldwide related enterprises and research institutions.Such as Volkswagen's1.4TSI engine, using the combination of turbocharged and gasoline direct injectionmakes full use of1.4L engine’s power performance, the economy is also better than the same powerperformance of large displacement naturally aspirated engines. It largely improved the engine’s power perliter.
Traditional gasoline direct injection engine with charger technology are based on the turbocharger,but for many years turbocharger was not widely used by gasoline engines because throttling loss causedby throttle has serious influence on the supercharger, just because of throttling, which makes turbochargernot play its due role, As the turbocharger is driven by exhaust to provide impetus turbine rotation, andsupercharges intake by rotating impeller. Because of this, turbocharger must always access, and can'tdisconnect, no matter how much throttle percentage it always compress intake.
For supercharged engine, supercharger is rotated by power passed out by crankshaft. It is linkedthrough the pulley or gear, which decides its connection between crankshaft and supercharger. Based onthe characteristics, this paper studies a controllable supercharged mode which adds an electromagneticclutch on the basis of the traditional supercharger. It can quickly and efficiently control the connection ofsupercharger with crankshaft, by means of this controlling whether to compress intake. At the same timewe also study a control mode which is different from the traditional supercharger.It is variable speed ratiosupercharger, as follows:
1.Using the traditional supercharger, it’s difficult to give consideration on different requirement forthe amount of intake air when the engine works at low or high speed condition. Low speed ratio canimprove the intake efficiency when the engine works at high speed but it can not provide enough fresh airfor its poor condition contributed by the low charger speed. When the speed ratio increased, the speed ofcharger is enhanced accordingly so that it can work on a better state and the performance of the enginecan be improved. The increase of the speed ratio also result in high speed of charger that consume of thepower will rise, which will block the improvement of engine’s performance.
2. Pass-off supercharger can be used to cut down the negative influence of the throttle. At part load,the naturally aspirated engine. At full load, the supercharger will benefit the economy of the part load andthe dynamic of the high load. Innovatively propose a new control strategy. Intervention of thesupercharger will attribute the sudden improvement of the motive power when the throttle is opencompletely. Lacking smooth transform will affect engine performance greatly.
3. The first section of Chapter four of this article, a controlled opening of the intake pressure reliefvalve was introduced in the back end of the turbocharger, by controlling the opening of the pressure reliefvalve to control the inlet pressure. This allows throttle inlet pressure gradually increased, so that theengine power can be a smooth transition.
4. In part two Chapter four, a variable transmission pattern of the supercharger which based on theelectromagnetic clutch control of the supercharger is put forward. For the sudden change of motive power,the pressure ratio of the mechanical supercharger can be changed by changing the transmission ration.This variable pressure ratio can make the supercharger’s pressure increased gradually when the throttleopen completely, making the transition of the engine smooth. When the engine needs more power you canraise the supercharger’s pressure ratio by changing the speed ratio, effectively enhance the amount offresh air into the cylinder. This will provide more power for the car. Intake air naturally can reduce theconsumption of the petrol great when there is no need for too much power, making the goal of high fueleconomy and good power performance.
引文
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